The document discusses the history and theology of Purgatory through analyzing Dante's Divine Comedy and the Council of Lyons II. It describes how Dante depicted the seven levels of Purgatory corresponding to the seven deadly sins. The Council of Lyons II encouraged crusaders to liberate the Holy Land and granted plenary indulgences, or full remission of temporal punishment due to sin, to those who financially supported the crusade. This set a precedent that Luther later criticized regarding indulgences being sold for money.
From Parchment to Cyberspace: How manuscripts help us to think about medieval...SNichols4
1. Medieval manuscripts were complex handwritten artifacts that involved collaboration between scribes, illuminators, and decorators to lay out text, images, and decorations across manuscript pages.
2. The pages were conceived as "generative spaces" with meticulously organized zones for different elements. Reading involved a visual choreography of moving between text and image.
3. Manuscripts from the library of King Charles V of France show how he instituted a "politics of knowledge" through commissioning translations of classical works like Aristotle, which influenced authors like Christine de Pizan in portraying the king's virtues.
His 101 chapter 10a religious & intellectual developments 1100 1300dcyw1112
The document summarizes key events and figures in the relationship between the Papacy and European monarchs from the 11th-14th centuries. Pope Gregory VII asserted papal supremacy over clerical appointments, leading to the Investiture Controversy with Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV. This established the Pope's authority but also strained relations between church and state. The 13th century Popes took on more attributes of kings, launching inquisitions and conflicts with rulers like Philip IV of France, while new theological methods like scholasticism emerged to reconcile authorities.
The document provides an overview of the structure and contents of Dante's Divine Comedy. It is composed of three parts (Inferno, Purgatorio, Paradiso) with 33 cantos each, totaling 100 cantos. The poem describes Dante's journey through Hell, Purgatory and Heaven, guided by Virgil and later Beatrice. Hell is organized into 9 circles punishing different types of sins in order of severity. The circles and their punishments are described, including lust, gluttony, heresy and violence against others.
The document provides background information on Dante Alighieri and an overview of the structure and content of his epic poem Divine Comedy. It describes the poem's three sections - Inferno, Purgatorio, and Paradiso - and how Inferno is structured into 9 circles of Hell containing sinners who are punished for different sins. It summarizes several Cantos from Inferno, describing the circles and the people or monsters encountered in each circle.
Dante's Divine Comedy consists of three parts - Inferno, Purgatorio, and Paradiso - which describe Dante's journey through hell, purgatory, and heaven. In Paradiso, Dante completes his journey to the afterlife guided by Beatrice. He encounters blessed spirits in the seven planetary spheres and ten celestial heavens of ancient cosmology. The spheres are moved by nine orders of angels and souls appear according to their earthly virtues. Beyond is the Empyrean, the heaven of God's presence where angels and saints exist eternally in God's vision.
This document provides an historical and theological analysis of the concept of Purgatory from its roots in early Christian tradition through its development in the Catholic Church and rejection by Protestantism. It examines the views of key figures like Augustine, Luther, and Dante and traces how the concept evolved from the patristic period through the Middle Ages and Reformation, becoming formalized as Catholic dogma while being dismissed by Protestants. It also discusses how the doctrine differs between Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy in the aftermath of the Great Schism of 1054.
Dante's Purgatory consists of seven terraces located on a mountain island in the southern hemisphere. Souls arrive via boat guided by an angel to purge themselves of venial sins through different punishments and prayers on each terrace representing the seven deadly sins: pride, envy, wrath, sloth, greed, gluttony, and lust. As Dante ascends he witnesses stories and sculptures depicting the opposite virtues and has the corresponding letter for each sin erased from his forehead by an angel's touch.
The document summarizes Kelly Scott's Disney Inferno, which depicts the 9 circles of Hell from Dante's Inferno using characters from Disney films. Maleficent rules as Satan due to her cruelty, while Sebastian judges sinners as Minos. The circles punish various sins, with Circle 1 trapping the curious under glass, Circle 2 shocking disobedient sinners with lightning, and Circle 3 making ungrateful sinners crawl through garbage. Subsequent circles punish sins of laziness, sorcery, jealousy, promiscuity, deception, and enslavement through fitting eternal tortures for each sin.
From Parchment to Cyberspace: How manuscripts help us to think about medieval...SNichols4
1. Medieval manuscripts were complex handwritten artifacts that involved collaboration between scribes, illuminators, and decorators to lay out text, images, and decorations across manuscript pages.
2. The pages were conceived as "generative spaces" with meticulously organized zones for different elements. Reading involved a visual choreography of moving between text and image.
3. Manuscripts from the library of King Charles V of France show how he instituted a "politics of knowledge" through commissioning translations of classical works like Aristotle, which influenced authors like Christine de Pizan in portraying the king's virtues.
His 101 chapter 10a religious & intellectual developments 1100 1300dcyw1112
The document summarizes key events and figures in the relationship between the Papacy and European monarchs from the 11th-14th centuries. Pope Gregory VII asserted papal supremacy over clerical appointments, leading to the Investiture Controversy with Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV. This established the Pope's authority but also strained relations between church and state. The 13th century Popes took on more attributes of kings, launching inquisitions and conflicts with rulers like Philip IV of France, while new theological methods like scholasticism emerged to reconcile authorities.
The document provides an overview of the structure and contents of Dante's Divine Comedy. It is composed of three parts (Inferno, Purgatorio, Paradiso) with 33 cantos each, totaling 100 cantos. The poem describes Dante's journey through Hell, Purgatory and Heaven, guided by Virgil and later Beatrice. Hell is organized into 9 circles punishing different types of sins in order of severity. The circles and their punishments are described, including lust, gluttony, heresy and violence against others.
The document provides background information on Dante Alighieri and an overview of the structure and content of his epic poem Divine Comedy. It describes the poem's three sections - Inferno, Purgatorio, and Paradiso - and how Inferno is structured into 9 circles of Hell containing sinners who are punished for different sins. It summarizes several Cantos from Inferno, describing the circles and the people or monsters encountered in each circle.
Dante's Divine Comedy consists of three parts - Inferno, Purgatorio, and Paradiso - which describe Dante's journey through hell, purgatory, and heaven. In Paradiso, Dante completes his journey to the afterlife guided by Beatrice. He encounters blessed spirits in the seven planetary spheres and ten celestial heavens of ancient cosmology. The spheres are moved by nine orders of angels and souls appear according to their earthly virtues. Beyond is the Empyrean, the heaven of God's presence where angels and saints exist eternally in God's vision.
This document provides an historical and theological analysis of the concept of Purgatory from its roots in early Christian tradition through its development in the Catholic Church and rejection by Protestantism. It examines the views of key figures like Augustine, Luther, and Dante and traces how the concept evolved from the patristic period through the Middle Ages and Reformation, becoming formalized as Catholic dogma while being dismissed by Protestants. It also discusses how the doctrine differs between Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy in the aftermath of the Great Schism of 1054.
Dante's Purgatory consists of seven terraces located on a mountain island in the southern hemisphere. Souls arrive via boat guided by an angel to purge themselves of venial sins through different punishments and prayers on each terrace representing the seven deadly sins: pride, envy, wrath, sloth, greed, gluttony, and lust. As Dante ascends he witnesses stories and sculptures depicting the opposite virtues and has the corresponding letter for each sin erased from his forehead by an angel's touch.
The document summarizes Kelly Scott's Disney Inferno, which depicts the 9 circles of Hell from Dante's Inferno using characters from Disney films. Maleficent rules as Satan due to her cruelty, while Sebastian judges sinners as Minos. The circles punish various sins, with Circle 1 trapping the curious under glass, Circle 2 shocking disobedient sinners with lightning, and Circle 3 making ungrateful sinners crawl through garbage. Subsequent circles punish sins of laziness, sorcery, jealousy, promiscuity, deception, and enslavement through fitting eternal tortures for each sin.
Dante's Divine Comedy describes his journey through the spheres of heaven. In Paradiso, Dante ascends through nine celestial spheres with Beatrice, representing increasing perfection. Each sphere corresponds to a virtue and contains souls exemplifying that virtue. The spheres are nested within each other according to medieval cosmology, with the earth at the center and God in the Empyrean, the highest heaven beyond the moving spheres. In the Empyrean, Dante experiences a vision of God as a blinding light.
The Divine Comedy by Dante Alighieri is divided into three sections - Inferno, Purgatorio, and Paradiso. Inferno describes Dante's journey through the nine circles of Hell guided by Virgil. Purgatorio details his ascent up the Mountain of Purgatory in seven terraces. In Paradiso, Dante is guided by Beatrice through the nine spheres of Heaven and one Empyrean, seeing blessed souls and angels. The poem discusses the theological concepts of sin, redemption, and the nature of the afterlife through Dante's journey to understand God and achieve spiritual fulfillment.
The document outlines the seven deadly sins - pride, sloth, gluttony, lust, greed, envy, and wrath. It provides descriptions of each sin and examples from Shakespeare's play Othello to illustrate how the characters commit these sins. The sins are pride in Othello, sloth in the idle group, gluttony in Cassio's drinking, lust in Roderigo's obsession with Desdemona, greed in Iago manipulating Roderigo, envy in Iago's jealousy, and wrath in Othello's violent actions of murder and suicide at the end. The document also notes the medieval punishments associated with each sin.
Este documento describe la doctrina católica del Purgatorio. Explica que el Purgatorio es un estado y lugar de purificación para las almas que mueren en gracia de Dios pero aún necesitan expiar pecados veniales o penas temporales. Detalla las pruebas bíblicas y de la tradición para esta creencia, así como los concilios que la han definido como dogma. También resume perspectivas sobre la naturaleza del sufrimiento en el Purgatorio y testimonios sobre esta realidad sobrenatural.
Dante's Divine Comedy describes his journey through Hell, Purgatory, and Heaven. In Hell, sinners are organized into concentric circles based on their sins and receive specific punishments. Purgatory involves purification and climbing its terraces to erase the seven deadly sins. In Heaven, Dante is guided by Beatrice through the nine celestial spheres, finally glimpsing God at the top. The poem had a profound influence on literature and examines the poetic interpretation of the afterlife.
Dante's Divine Comedy is composed of 100 cantos divided into three parts - Inferno, Purgatorio, and Paradiso. It details Dante's journey through Hell, Purgatory, and Heaven, guided by Virgil and Beatrice. Allegorically, it represents humanity's journey from sin to redemption to salvation. Structures in each part, like the 9 circles of Hell, symbolize theological concepts through numbers significant in the Middle Ages like 3 and 9.
The Divine Comedy is an epic poem by Dante Alighieri written between 1308 and his death in 1321. It describes Dante's journey through Hell (Inferno), Purgatory (Purgatorio), and Heaven (Paradiso) guided by Roman poet Virgil and his ideal woman Beatrice. Each section contains 33 cantos with allegorical descriptions of sins and their punishments. It is considered one of the greatest works of Italian and world literature for its theological depth and complexity.
Seven Deadly Sins and Seven Heavenly VirtuesBrian Sullivan
People usually remember the seven deadly sins, but they forget the seven Heavenly virtues. The seven virtues actually deflate the seven sins. It is about balance with your family, friends, and work. Enjoy.
The document provides an overview of Dante's Divine Comedy, including its structure, themes, and symbolism. It describes the poem's three-part structure (Inferno, Purgatorio, Paradiso), with Inferno depicting Dante's journey through the nine circles of Hell guided by Virgil. Mystical numbers like three, nine, and one hundred are woven into the poem's design. The punishments in Hell are meant to suit each sin in a symbolic way. Overall, the Divine Comedy follows Dante's journey from sin and error to righteousness and salvation.
Frank sewall danteandswedenborg-london-1893Francis Batt
This document discusses Dante's Divine Comedy and its role in shaping popular conceptions of the afterlife during the Middle Ages. It was widely accepted as authoritative on spiritual matters even though not considered a divine revelation. The Comedy brought together diverse traditions about Hell, Purgatory and Heaven into a coherent system. It made the afterlife seem tangible and closely connected to earthly life. The author argues the Comedy, like Plato's philosophy before it, helped prepare the world intellectually for revelations of spiritual truth, in this case the opening of scripture's spiritual sense prophesied as the Second Coming.
Art and Culture - Module 10 - Reformation and Counter-ReformationRandy Connolly
Tenth module for GNED 1201 (Aesthetic Experience and Ideas). This one mainly covers the Reformation and Counter-Reformation of the 16th and early 17th Century. It also covers aesthetic responses to the Reformation, especially Caravaggio and Bernini.
This course is a required general education course for all first-year students at Mount Royal University in Calgary, Canada. My version of the course is structured as a kind of Art History and Culture course. Some of the content overlaps with my other Gen Ed course.
Purgatory... part 4...the councils... florence and lateran vEdward Hahnenberg
Part 4 examines the ecumenical councils of Florence and Lateran V and their contribution, or lack thereof, to codifying Purgatory as dogma in the Catholic Church.
Chapter7 the counter reformation & the rise of the jesuit orderAntonio Bernard
(1) The Counter Reformation was the Catholic Church's response to the Protestant Reformation.
(2) One of the main elements of the Counter Reformation was the founding of the Jesuit order in 1540 by Ignatius Loyola to combat the spread of Protestantism. The Jesuits were devoted to restoring Catholicism and used deception, espionage, education and other means to undermine Protestantism.
(3) The Jesuits rapidly spread across Europe and wherever they went, Catholicism was revived, showing the powerful force they were against the Protestant movement.
The document summarizes aspects of life and culture in Europe during the Late Middle Ages. It discusses the Crusades, the rise of towns and cities, Gothic architecture including key cathedrals, literature such as Dante's Divine Comedy, and the early signs of the Renaissance in figures like Giotto and Petrarch who drew from classical influences. The period saw growing power of kings over feudal lords, expansion of education and universities, and the development of soaring Gothic architecture and stained glass windows to glorify God.
The documents discuss the devastating effects of the Black Death plague that swept through Europe from 1348 to 1351. It killed an estimated 25-50% of Europe's population. Descriptions from Boccaccio and others detail the gruesome symptoms of the disease and the panic, social disruption, and scapegoating of Jews that resulted. Priests had high mortality rates from caring for the sick. Centuries later, it is now understood that the plague was caused by fleas on rats spreading to humans, though at the time its origins and causes were unknown.
This is a study of Jesus being rejected at extreme cost. Those who have escaped the corruption of the world and then go back to it are worse off that first, and thus severely judged and condemned.
This will serve as your reviewer for the ST and TE. Please also search for others terms which meanings are not included (ex. blasphemers, panderer) since they are also included in the exams.
Philip Sidney: The Golden World of English Literatureniamhdowning
This document provides a summary of key events and developments during the Renaissance period in England from the early 1500s through the late 1600s. It discusses the English Reformation under Henry VIII and the establishment of the Church of England. It also mentions the English Civil War between Royalists and Parliamentarians, as well as the Interregnum and Restoration periods. The document provides context on the Renaissance as a rebirth of classical literature and culture. It discusses key figures and developments in Renaissance humanism and the studia humanitatis curriculum. Finally, it touches on some debates around poetry and the role of imitation during this time. The overall summary is that the document outlines important political, religious, and intellectual changes in England during the Renaissance
This is a study of Jesus as the Lamb of God. This title is used in several places about Jesus, and in Revelation we see Jesus as the Lamb, but more like the roaring lion in His wrath.
The document provides an overview of Dante Alighieri's Divine Comedy, one of the greatest poems of European literature. It discusses Dante's life and inspiration for writing the poem, as well as the structure and allegorical nature of the poem as a journey through Hell, Purgatory, and Heaven. The summary focuses on key details like the poem being divided into 100 cantos structured around religious numerology, and its depiction of sins and their punishments divided across 9 circles of Hell.
The document provides an overview of the Renaissance and Reformation periods in Europe between 1450-1600 CE. It summarizes:
1) The Renaissance sparked a rebirth of interest in classical Greek and Roman culture and ideas of humanism and secularism. Writers and artists sought to recover ancient knowledge.
2) The growth of powerful city-states in Italy, dominated by merchants, with Florence and Venice becoming centers of banking, trade and art.
3) Key figures that shaped the period including Machiavelli who analyzed power politics in The Prince and Erasmus who used satire to critique the Catholic Church and push for education reform.
4) The Protestant Reformation began as Martin Luther publicly
Dante's Divine Comedy describes his journey through the spheres of heaven. In Paradiso, Dante ascends through nine celestial spheres with Beatrice, representing increasing perfection. Each sphere corresponds to a virtue and contains souls exemplifying that virtue. The spheres are nested within each other according to medieval cosmology, with the earth at the center and God in the Empyrean, the highest heaven beyond the moving spheres. In the Empyrean, Dante experiences a vision of God as a blinding light.
The Divine Comedy by Dante Alighieri is divided into three sections - Inferno, Purgatorio, and Paradiso. Inferno describes Dante's journey through the nine circles of Hell guided by Virgil. Purgatorio details his ascent up the Mountain of Purgatory in seven terraces. In Paradiso, Dante is guided by Beatrice through the nine spheres of Heaven and one Empyrean, seeing blessed souls and angels. The poem discusses the theological concepts of sin, redemption, and the nature of the afterlife through Dante's journey to understand God and achieve spiritual fulfillment.
The document outlines the seven deadly sins - pride, sloth, gluttony, lust, greed, envy, and wrath. It provides descriptions of each sin and examples from Shakespeare's play Othello to illustrate how the characters commit these sins. The sins are pride in Othello, sloth in the idle group, gluttony in Cassio's drinking, lust in Roderigo's obsession with Desdemona, greed in Iago manipulating Roderigo, envy in Iago's jealousy, and wrath in Othello's violent actions of murder and suicide at the end. The document also notes the medieval punishments associated with each sin.
Este documento describe la doctrina católica del Purgatorio. Explica que el Purgatorio es un estado y lugar de purificación para las almas que mueren en gracia de Dios pero aún necesitan expiar pecados veniales o penas temporales. Detalla las pruebas bíblicas y de la tradición para esta creencia, así como los concilios que la han definido como dogma. También resume perspectivas sobre la naturaleza del sufrimiento en el Purgatorio y testimonios sobre esta realidad sobrenatural.
Dante's Divine Comedy describes his journey through Hell, Purgatory, and Heaven. In Hell, sinners are organized into concentric circles based on their sins and receive specific punishments. Purgatory involves purification and climbing its terraces to erase the seven deadly sins. In Heaven, Dante is guided by Beatrice through the nine celestial spheres, finally glimpsing God at the top. The poem had a profound influence on literature and examines the poetic interpretation of the afterlife.
Dante's Divine Comedy is composed of 100 cantos divided into three parts - Inferno, Purgatorio, and Paradiso. It details Dante's journey through Hell, Purgatory, and Heaven, guided by Virgil and Beatrice. Allegorically, it represents humanity's journey from sin to redemption to salvation. Structures in each part, like the 9 circles of Hell, symbolize theological concepts through numbers significant in the Middle Ages like 3 and 9.
The Divine Comedy is an epic poem by Dante Alighieri written between 1308 and his death in 1321. It describes Dante's journey through Hell (Inferno), Purgatory (Purgatorio), and Heaven (Paradiso) guided by Roman poet Virgil and his ideal woman Beatrice. Each section contains 33 cantos with allegorical descriptions of sins and their punishments. It is considered one of the greatest works of Italian and world literature for its theological depth and complexity.
Seven Deadly Sins and Seven Heavenly VirtuesBrian Sullivan
People usually remember the seven deadly sins, but they forget the seven Heavenly virtues. The seven virtues actually deflate the seven sins. It is about balance with your family, friends, and work. Enjoy.
The document provides an overview of Dante's Divine Comedy, including its structure, themes, and symbolism. It describes the poem's three-part structure (Inferno, Purgatorio, Paradiso), with Inferno depicting Dante's journey through the nine circles of Hell guided by Virgil. Mystical numbers like three, nine, and one hundred are woven into the poem's design. The punishments in Hell are meant to suit each sin in a symbolic way. Overall, the Divine Comedy follows Dante's journey from sin and error to righteousness and salvation.
Frank sewall danteandswedenborg-london-1893Francis Batt
This document discusses Dante's Divine Comedy and its role in shaping popular conceptions of the afterlife during the Middle Ages. It was widely accepted as authoritative on spiritual matters even though not considered a divine revelation. The Comedy brought together diverse traditions about Hell, Purgatory and Heaven into a coherent system. It made the afterlife seem tangible and closely connected to earthly life. The author argues the Comedy, like Plato's philosophy before it, helped prepare the world intellectually for revelations of spiritual truth, in this case the opening of scripture's spiritual sense prophesied as the Second Coming.
Art and Culture - Module 10 - Reformation and Counter-ReformationRandy Connolly
Tenth module for GNED 1201 (Aesthetic Experience and Ideas). This one mainly covers the Reformation and Counter-Reformation of the 16th and early 17th Century. It also covers aesthetic responses to the Reformation, especially Caravaggio and Bernini.
This course is a required general education course for all first-year students at Mount Royal University in Calgary, Canada. My version of the course is structured as a kind of Art History and Culture course. Some of the content overlaps with my other Gen Ed course.
Purgatory... part 4...the councils... florence and lateran vEdward Hahnenberg
Part 4 examines the ecumenical councils of Florence and Lateran V and their contribution, or lack thereof, to codifying Purgatory as dogma in the Catholic Church.
Chapter7 the counter reformation & the rise of the jesuit orderAntonio Bernard
(1) The Counter Reformation was the Catholic Church's response to the Protestant Reformation.
(2) One of the main elements of the Counter Reformation was the founding of the Jesuit order in 1540 by Ignatius Loyola to combat the spread of Protestantism. The Jesuits were devoted to restoring Catholicism and used deception, espionage, education and other means to undermine Protestantism.
(3) The Jesuits rapidly spread across Europe and wherever they went, Catholicism was revived, showing the powerful force they were against the Protestant movement.
The document summarizes aspects of life and culture in Europe during the Late Middle Ages. It discusses the Crusades, the rise of towns and cities, Gothic architecture including key cathedrals, literature such as Dante's Divine Comedy, and the early signs of the Renaissance in figures like Giotto and Petrarch who drew from classical influences. The period saw growing power of kings over feudal lords, expansion of education and universities, and the development of soaring Gothic architecture and stained glass windows to glorify God.
The documents discuss the devastating effects of the Black Death plague that swept through Europe from 1348 to 1351. It killed an estimated 25-50% of Europe's population. Descriptions from Boccaccio and others detail the gruesome symptoms of the disease and the panic, social disruption, and scapegoating of Jews that resulted. Priests had high mortality rates from caring for the sick. Centuries later, it is now understood that the plague was caused by fleas on rats spreading to humans, though at the time its origins and causes were unknown.
This is a study of Jesus being rejected at extreme cost. Those who have escaped the corruption of the world and then go back to it are worse off that first, and thus severely judged and condemned.
This will serve as your reviewer for the ST and TE. Please also search for others terms which meanings are not included (ex. blasphemers, panderer) since they are also included in the exams.
Philip Sidney: The Golden World of English Literatureniamhdowning
This document provides a summary of key events and developments during the Renaissance period in England from the early 1500s through the late 1600s. It discusses the English Reformation under Henry VIII and the establishment of the Church of England. It also mentions the English Civil War between Royalists and Parliamentarians, as well as the Interregnum and Restoration periods. The document provides context on the Renaissance as a rebirth of classical literature and culture. It discusses key figures and developments in Renaissance humanism and the studia humanitatis curriculum. Finally, it touches on some debates around poetry and the role of imitation during this time. The overall summary is that the document outlines important political, religious, and intellectual changes in England during the Renaissance
This is a study of Jesus as the Lamb of God. This title is used in several places about Jesus, and in Revelation we see Jesus as the Lamb, but more like the roaring lion in His wrath.
The document provides an overview of Dante Alighieri's Divine Comedy, one of the greatest poems of European literature. It discusses Dante's life and inspiration for writing the poem, as well as the structure and allegorical nature of the poem as a journey through Hell, Purgatory, and Heaven. The summary focuses on key details like the poem being divided into 100 cantos structured around religious numerology, and its depiction of sins and their punishments divided across 9 circles of Hell.
The document provides an overview of the Renaissance and Reformation periods in Europe between 1450-1600 CE. It summarizes:
1) The Renaissance sparked a rebirth of interest in classical Greek and Roman culture and ideas of humanism and secularism. Writers and artists sought to recover ancient knowledge.
2) The growth of powerful city-states in Italy, dominated by merchants, with Florence and Venice becoming centers of banking, trade and art.
3) Key figures that shaped the period including Machiavelli who analyzed power politics in The Prince and Erasmus who used satire to critique the Catholic Church and push for education reform.
4) The Protestant Reformation began as Martin Luther publicly
Canto v paolo and francesca - barcelona, benedicto and bercasio iv- 8 beedJean Barcelona
Dante encounters the souls of lustful lovers in the second circle of Hell, including Francesca da Rimini. She tells Dante how she fell in love with her husband's brother Paolo while reading the story of Lancelot and Guinevere. Their forbidden love led to both of their deaths, and they are doomed to spend eternity together in Hell. Dante is moved by Francesca's tale of tragic love that she could not control. This canto explores the nature of sin, punishment, and redemption through the story of Francesca and Paolo.
The Protestant Reformation began in 15th century Europe as a reaction against corrupt practices in the Catholic Church. Martin Luther protested the sale of indulgences in 1517 with his 95 Theses. This sparked the Reformation and divided Western Christianity between Protestant and Catholic denominations. Luther's theology emphasized salvation by faith alone rather than works. His refusal to recant at the Diet of Worms in 1521 had wide religious, political, and intellectual impacts that transformed Europe.
Purgatory... part 5...martin luther, indulgences, his excommunication, and hi...Edward Hahnenberg
1) In 1517, Martin Luther nailed 95 theses criticizing the Catholic Church's practice of selling indulgences to the castle church door in Wittenberg, Germany to spark academic debate.
2) Luther was motivated to do this because he disagreed with the commercialization of indulgences by Johann Tetzel to raise funds for the construction of St. Peter's Basilica in Rome.
3) Tetzel's preaching promoted that indulgences could redeem souls from purgatory and absolve people from sins, which Luther believed undermined the Catholic doctrine of salvation by faith alone.
The document discusses the history of dancing in early Christianity and the church. It notes that early church leaders wrote about circle dancing around altars, and there were no pews in churches until the 15th century. Dancing was common in churches until complaints in the late Middle Ages. The document suggests labyrinths in medieval churches may have been used for sacred dancing rituals. Dancing was eventually driven out of churches by church hierarchy who saw it as disruptive and lewd.
Similar to Purgatory part 3 ... dante & the council of lyons ii (17)
The Council of Trent definitively reaffirmed the Catholic Church's doctrine of Purgatory in 1563. It taught that Purgatory exists and souls there are aided by prayers, Masses, and alms from the faithful. The Council also addressed Protestant criticisms of indulgences by condemning abuses but upholding the Church's power to grant them. This settled the doctrines of Purgatory and indulgences as official Catholic dogma despite the theological disputes of the Reformation era.
Purgatory part 2 ... the belief in purgatory in church theological writings...Edward Hahnenberg
The document discusses the Catholic doctrine of Purgatory and its origins in Church tradition and writings of early Church fathers. It provides numerous quotes and summaries of writings from figures like Tertullian, Origen, Augustine, and Catherine of Genoa that describe their beliefs in an intermediate state after death where some sins are purified before entering heaven. It also discusses how later theologians like Aquinas further developed the concept, and how the belief in Purgatory became firmly established in the Church by the 6th century.
Purgatory part 1 ... introduction & early biblical conceptsEdward Hahnenberg
This document provides an overview of the Catholic doctrine of Purgatory, including its roots in Roman Catholic tradition and early biblical concepts. It discusses the evolution of beliefs around Purgatory over time, including Martin Luther's initial acceptance and later rejection of the concept. Key points made include that Purgatory is meant to purify souls not totally rejected by God before they enter heaven, and the Catholic Church continues to observe All Souls Day in commemoration of those believed to be in Purgatory.
Understanding The Bible Part Five Psalms, Isaiah, Tobit, Judith, and EstherEdward Hahnenberg
Part Five presents the classification of Psalms as well as the possible borrowing of textual material from the Ugaritic culture. The Book of Isaiah is discussed as three separate texts with three different authors. Also discussed are the Books of Tobit, Judith, and Esther.
Understanding The Bible Part Four Chapters 1 11 GenesisEdward Hahnenberg
Part Four examines some of the stories and consequent theology of the first eleven chapters of Genesis from the viewpoint of the historical-critical scholar.
Understanding The Bible Part Three Literal, Poetic, Symbolic, And Histori...Edward Hahnenberg
Part Three examines selected biblical stories which are better understood using the historical-critical method rather than the literal, fundamentalist approach.
This document discusses several apocryphal texts including the Life of Adam and Eve, Assumption of Moses, Protevangelium of James, and Gospel of Thomas. It provides overview information and sample passages from each text. The Life of Adam and Eve and Assumption of Moses were written between 100 BC-100 AD and contain details not found in the biblical accounts. The Protevangelium of James from the 2nd century AD expands on Mary and Joseph's story. The Gospel of Thomas reflects Greek influence and may draw from the canonical gospels.
Understanding The Bible Part One The Canons Of The BibleEdward Hahnenberg
The first in a six-part series examining how to understand the Bible using the historical-critical method. The subject of Part One is the Canons of the Old and New Testament, how they were decided, and the difference between the Catholic and Protestant canons.
Jupiter has 63 moons including the largest moons Io, Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto. Saturn has 59 moons including Titan which has methane clouds and landscapes similar to Earth. Uranus has 27 moons including Miranda which has a heavily cratered and fractured surface. Neptune has 13 moons including Triton which has geysers that shoot ice 5 miles high.
Hahnenberg Observatory in Michigan presents information for those interested in building a domed observatory, learning about the different kinds of telescopes and CCD cameras available. Sample astrophotographs, and types of CCD software, are also included in the presentation.
2. Purgatory – Part 3 – The Divine Comedy & II Council of Lyons One of the greatest works of literature is the Divine Comedy, written by Dante Alighieri (1265-1361). Born in Florence, Italy, Dante was educated in Italian and Latin poetry; however, because of Florentine law, in order to participate in public life, one had to be enrolled in a sort of workers’ union. He chose to enroll in the apothecaries’ guild. He did not intend to actually be a pharmacist, but at that time books were sold from apothecaries' shops. As a politician, he accomplished little, but he held various offices over a number of years in a city undergoing political unrest. In his twenties, Dante turned his attention to philosophy and took part in the disputes that the Franciscans and Dominicans held in Florence, where he learned of the theological teachings of St. Bonaventure and St. Thomas Aquinas concerning Purgatory.
3. The Divine Comedy – Cont’d Beginning in 1308, when he was in his early forties, Dante began work on the Divine Comedy. The poem is written in the first person, and tells of Dante's journey through the three realms of the dead. The Roman poet Virgil guides him through Hell and Purgatory. Having survived the depths of Hell, Dante and Virgil ascend to the Mountain of Purgatory on the far side of the world. The mountain is on an island, created with earth taken from the excavation of hell. At the shores of the mountain, they meet Cato, a pagan who has been placed by God as the general guardian of the approach to the mountain. Dante and Virgil start the ascent of Mount Purgatory. On the lower slopes Dante meets first a group of those excommunicated from the Church. Ascending higher, he encounters those too lazy to repent until shortly before death. These souls will be admitted to Purgatory thanks to their genuine repentance, but must wait outside for an amount of time equal to their lives on earth. Finally, Dante is shown a beautiful valley where he sees the kings of the great nations of Europe, and a number of other persons whose attention to public and private duties hampered their faith. From this valley Dante is transported asleep to the gates of Purgatory itself.
4. The Divine Comedy – Cont’d From there, Virgil guides Dante through the seven levels of Purgatory. These correspond to the seven deadly sins, in which souls are purged of that particular sin in an appropriate manner. Souls can leave their level whenever they like, but essentially there is an honor system where no one leaves until they have corrected the nature within themselves that caused them to commit that sin. Souls can ascend upwards but never backwards, since Purgatory’s purpose is for souls to ascend towards God in Heaven.
5. The Divine Comedy – Cont’d The visual imagery Dante uses is memorable. For example, on the first level, the proud are purged by carrying giant stones on their backs, unable to stand up straight. On the second, those who were envious are purged by having their eyes sewn shut. On the third, those who were angry are blinded by smoke. On the fourth, the lazy must continually run. On the fifth, the greedy are forced to lie with their faces in the dirt. On the sixth, those who committed the sin of gluttony are unable to secure food or drink. On the seventh, the lustful must burn in a wall of flames.
6. The Divine Comedy – Cont’d The effect of such imagery upon the medieval mind must have been significant. Dante’s poem inspired artists to visually represent these levels and, thus, form an artistic tradition of Purgatory similar to the image of Adam and Eve eating an apple in Eden. (The use of the apple in early Christian art probably can be traced back to the Latin word malum, which medieval monks translated both as “apple” and as “evil.” What a pun! However, carved depictions of Adam and Eve with apples are found in early Christian catacombs and on sarcophagi. The apple was the favored representation of the forbidden fruit in Christian art in France and Germany beginning around the 12th century. In his Areopagitica (1644), John Milton explicitly described the fruit of the knowledge of good and evil as an apple, and that was pretty much the ball game.)
7. II Council of Lyons A Church Council, in the Orthodox and Catholic understanding of the term, is a gathering of bishops, theologians, and, either a Pope or his representative, called to debate and define both dogma or policies for the Church. The first Church council to address the issue of Purgatory was not an ecumenical council. The Council of Carthage, 394, was the first council to uphold doctrines of prayers for the dead and Purgatory. The first ecumenical council (#14) to address the issue of Purgatory was Lyons II, held in 1274. The Council of Lyons II was truly ecumenical and extremely well-attended. A Pope, Gregory X, five hundred bishops, sixty abbots, more than a thousand prelates, the ambassadors of the Kings of France and England, the ambassadors of the Emperor Michael Palaeologus and the Greek clergy, and the ambassadors of the Khan of the Tatars were in attendance. Gregory called the council for two purposes: The conquest of the Holy Land and the union of the Orthodox and Roman Catholic churches.
8. II Council of Lyons – Cont’d Lyons II encouraged crusaders to win back the Holy Land with the following declaration: We therefore, trusting in the mercy of almighty God and in the authority of the blessed apostles Peter and Paul, do grant, by the power of binding and loosing that God has conferred upon us, albeit unworthy, unto all those who undertake this work of crossing the sea to aid the holy Land, in person and at their own expense, full pardon for their sins about which they are truly and heartily contrite and have spoken in confession, and we promise them an increase of eternal life at the recompensing of the just. To those who do not go there in person but send suitable men at their own expense, according to their means and status, and likewise to those who go in person but at others' expense, we grant full pardon for their sins. We wish to grant to share in this remission, according to the nature of their help and the intensity of their devotion, all who shall contribute suitably from their goods to the aid of the said Land, or who give useful advice and help regarding the above, and all who make available their own ships for the help of the holy Land or who undertake to build ships for this purpose. 21 Lyons II, interestingly, was also first council to enact rules speeding up papal elections, calling for the removal of food and even the roof of the room they met in if the election process went on too long. However, the above quote from Constitution I raises the issue of plenary indulgences (or full remission of temporal punishment due to forgiven sin) for those who went to liberate the Holy Land at their own expense. Not only that, but plenary indulgences were granted to those princes who, at their own expense, send suitable soldiers. Finally, plenary indulgences were granted to those who provide or build ships for the crusade’s purpose.
9. Plenary indulgence The definition of a plenary indulgence, even today in Catholic parlance, is meant the remission of the entire temporal punishment due to sin so that no further expiation is required in Purgatory. So, what is temporal punishment due to sin? Catholic theology teaches that there are two punishments for sin; one is called eternal and is inflicted in hell, and the other is called temporal and is inflicted in this world or in Purgatory. According to Catholic theology, the sacrament of penance remits the eternal punishment and only part of the temporal. Doing penance (prayer, fasting, almsgiving, works of mercy and patient suffering) remits temporal punishment. The purpose for temporal punishment is a satisfaction for sin, and to teach the penitent the great evil of sin and to prevent him or her from falling again. But the plot thickens. If one could gain a plenary indulgence for almsgiving to the crusade effort, outlined in Lyons II, then it was not a big leap for Luther to want debated the entire practice of indulgence-granting when money was involved.
10. Tetzel’s famous saying The story is still promulgated to this day of the German Dominican friar, Johann Tetzel (1465-1519), who apocryphally spoke the couplet "As soon as a coin in the coffer rings, the rescued soul from Purgatory springs." Apparently, though, Tetzel even went as far as creating a chart that listed a price for each type of sin. However, remission of “temporal punishment” due to forgiven sin is different than what Tetzel was accused of ... namely forgiveness of past or future sins for a price. The charge that the forgiveness of sins was sold for money regardless of contrition or that absolution for sins to be committed in the future could be purchased is baseless. A careful reading of the above quote from Lyons II makes that clear.
11. More about indulgences… As was just noted, Johann Tetzel became the focus of what might be called “Indulgence-gate” today. Tetzel was the Vatican's "Apostolic Commissary for all Germany and Inquisitor of Heretical Pravity" during the reign of Pope Leo X (1513-1521). Tetzel’s indulgence-brokering activities, which soon aroused Martin Luther's righteous indignation, were part of an ambitious plan of Leo’s to provide funds for the reconstruction of St. Peter's in Rome. St. Peter’s Basilica would take 111 years to build, and would consume huge amounts of money. Leo was advised by Cardinal Pucci to publish a sale of indulgences throughout Europe for the purpose of replenishing pontifical funds and finishing the work on St. Peter's begun by Julius II (1503-1513). Never mind that Leo himself was given to providing lavish parties for his friends...
12. A little history… The practice of doling out severe physical penances for apostasy, murder, or adultery in the early Church, which might involve several years of dressing in sackcloth at the church door or other humiliating practices, led to eventual mitigation of these penances. From the seventh century on, beginning in Ireland and England, redemptio, a sort of commutation of penance to less demanding works, such as prayers, alms, fasts and even the payment of fixed sums of money depending on the various kinds of offences (tariff penances) became fashionable. However, this practice was considered a mitigation of the penance imposed on the penitent in the Sacrament of Penance (today called Sacrament of Reconciliation.) However, reducing a physical penance within the Sacrament was not an indulgence. Beginning in the 11th century, the possibility of providing for the multiple works of piety through the imposition of a donation as a condition for the remission of punishment, even outside the sacrament, led the way to indulgences in the strict sense of the term, i.e., apart from sacramental Penance. As seen from Constitution I of Lyons II, plenary indulgences, outside of the sacrament of Penance, were granted. However, indulgences had taken up a portion of the four ecumenical councils: Lateran I (1123), II (1139), III (1179), and IV(1215).
13. More history… In 1095, Pope Urban II had called for a crusade to rescue the Holy Land from the Muslims. Thirty years later, Lateran I pardoned the sins of crusaders. In the 1100s, the custom of seeking an absolution in every circumstance and on every occasion, and before any work, became widespread in medieval society. In other words, the faithful were administered a prayer formula, so that God would forgive their sins. Absolutions entered the liturgy of the Mass and the Office (this is the meaning of the Confiteor), and were used on various other occasions not only for the living but also for the dead as a prayer on their behalf.
14. Modern explanation… According to Fr. EnricodalCovolo, writing in L'Osservatore Romano, 1999: In any case, by the end of the 11th century indulgences in the strict sense of the word are found with all their essential elements. It remains difficult, however, to identify the precise point of transition from the reduction or commutation of sacramental penance to the extrasacramental remission of temporal punishment due to sins committed: with the 11th and 12th centuries it is still hard in many cases to determine whether we are dealing with one or the other practice. The granting of indulgences, outside of the sacrament of Penance, came to become common-place, inviting abuses, many of which have been recorded. Fr. EnricodalCovolo continues: Indulgences were attached to many works that were not only good but also served the common good, both religious and civil. Many churches were built or restored — at least in part — with the revenue from indulgences; this also explains the impressive architectural and artistic activity of the Middle Ages. Moreover, hospitals, leprosariums, charitable institutions and schools were built with support from the receipts of special indulgences. Along the same lines is the well-known construction of roads and bridges. Sometimes an indulgence was also granted for certain reclamation projects... Permission began to be granted to Catholic kings and princes, particularly on the occasion of Crusades, to retain for themselves a rather considerable part of the alms collected for the gaining of indulgences. Later on, similar permission was frequently granted for many other projects, and princes were not always too scrupulous.
15. In comes abuse… The door had been opened for the abuse of indulgences. Almsgiving is, and always, has been a good work. However, when money became the trading currency for delivery from God’s justice, the stage was set for a whole series of consequences. Ecclesiastical powers, comfortable with income from the uneducated faithful for good works done, did not want to see this source of wealth dry up...and so it continued. Meanwhile the idea of Purgatory was about to get more official recognition in the Council of Florence.