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Publishing sci paper

This document provides guidance on publishing a science citation index paper and maximizing the chances of rapid acceptance. It discusses choosing a researchable topic, preparing for publication by considering fundamental questions like why, what, when, where, and how to publish. It provides tips on different parts of a scientific publication including the title, abstract, keywords, introduction, methodology, results and discussion, and conclusion sections. The document aims to help researchers successfully publish their work.

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PUBLISHING A SCIENCE CITATION INDEX PAPER ? Maximizing your chances to get your manuscript rapidly accepted. Ayugi Brian Email: Ayugi.o@gmail.com
My Credentials First author in 4 SCI papers during the period 2018-2019, with 2 under peer review. Co-authored 3 SCI papers during the same period, with many undergoing review process. Editorial board member (Reviewer) in a number of Journals.  Over 7 years of University teaching and research Experience
OVERVIEW ABOUT PUBLICATIONS 3 2 1 CHOOSING A RESEACHABLE TOPIC Content PREPARING FOR PUBLICATION
FUNDAMENTAL QUESTIONS? Core Questions in to think about before Publishing a paper: • Why Publication? • What to publish? • When to Publish • Where to Publish? • How to write a publishable article? • Core tips of Do’s • Core tips of Don'ts, • Take away notes Other points
WHY; WHAT; WHEN; WHERE; & HOW
WHY PUBLISH 2. Sharing knowledge 1. Disseminate new scientific ideas and information 3. Feedback in shaping ideas 4. Career advancement: e.g Invitation 2 talks, conferences, writing chapters in books, Entire book etc 5. Promotion You and I have 2 options: We either publish or perish
WHY PUBLISH IN A SCIENTIFIC JOURNAL •an internationally accepted method of communication among scientists •provides some degree of quality assurance for users •important feedback from reviewers, readers •writing up work enhances scientific rigour
Data that have not been published do not exist! If you do not publish your data, you might as well not do the experiments/Analysis. Published data can make a lasting impression, like the Great Wall in China.
WHAT TO PUBLISH  Reports  Theses or dissertations  Journal articles  Books & book chapters  Technical manuals/users guides  Research or grant proposals  Slide presentations  Posters FORMS OF SCIENTIFIC COMMUNICATION
WHAT TO PUBLISH • Full-length articles are about 4000 - 5,000 words: a series of experiments/data analysis making a coherent story and/or Review articles • Short notes are about 200 words; also referred as technical note • General rule: it is better to publish one solid paper than to split it into two or three short notes • Articles in books and reports are less prestigious: publish your primary data in international journals
WHEN TO PUBLISH 1. Undergraduate studies 4. Post doctoral studies 2. Masters Level 3.P.hD Level 5. At all times when U have an Idea worth publishing Publish relevant information
WHERE TO PUBLISH-WHO IS THE AUDIENCE? • your objective in publishing • scientific paper vs. letter vs. technical report • “quality” of the journal (vs. the paper) • editorial policy of journal, types of papers • accessibility of journal to target audience • quality of the final product • speed of refereeing and publishing**** • rigour of refereeing and journal standards Key points to Consider:
WHERE TO PUBLISH-WHO IS THE AUDIENCE? • Carefully select the right journal • From which journals do you cite papers in your reference list? • Which journals publish on a similar topic? • Final decision • Prestige (“impact factor”): IF is a rough indicator for the quality of Journal • Time to publish (check time between submission of the manuscript and publication)**** • Publication Fee
WHERE TO PUBLISH SCI; SCIE; IEEE; AIEE; CSCD; CSSCI; SSCI; EI; ISTP; IEE; IRE…….etc Sites:
 Professional publishers – Elsevier – Pergamon Press – Springer Verlag – J Wiley & Sons – Kluwer Academic Publishing – Blackwell – Taylor & Francis – Academic Press – Hindiwi Professional Societies  American Meteorologcal Society (AMS)  American Geophysical Union (AGU)  Journal of Medical Society (JMS)/Japan Meteorological Society (JMS) Journals & Publishers http://mjl.clarivate.com/cgi-bin/jrnlst/jlresults.cgi Sources for possible SCI Journals
HOW TO WRITE A PAPER
No one has an idea on HOW to write a scientific paper. Where can I begin from? How can I conceive an idea that can be published. What are the Do’s and Donts’ in research approach Our hypothesis HOW TO BEGIN RESEARCH KEY QUESTIONS
HOW TO WRITE A PAPER “There are three necessary steps in useful research; the first to begin it, the second to end it and the third to publish it.” Michael Faraday
TARGET GOALS: By the end of this 2nd session, we should be able to: Generate ideas that will help in identification of the choice for suitable research topic; Identify the attributes of a good research topic;
GETTING STARTED: OVERVIEW OF THE RESEARCH PROCESS Conceptualizing the idea – what is the question? Study site?  What is known on the subject? >> reading Refining & writing down the idea – specific aims, concept note
TAKING A CLOSER LOOK………….
CONCEPTUALIZING RESEARCH TOPIC(s)… Capability: is it feasible? • Are you fascinated by the topic? • Do you have the necessary research skills? • Can you complete the project in the time available? • Will the research still be current when you finish? • Do you have sufficient financial and other resources? • Will you be able to gain access to data?
CONCEPTUALIZING RESEARCH TOPIC(s)… Appropriateness: is it worthwhile? • Will the NUIST standards be met for degree award? • Does the topic contain issues with clear links to theory? • Are the research questions and objectives clearly stated? • Will the proposed research provide fresh insights into the topic? • Are the findings likely to be symmetrical? • Does the research topic match your career goals?
FINDING A GREAT IDEA •The 3 Cs: •Curiosity to investigate and question situations •Critical thinking skills to refine your curiosity into a clearly stated idea •Courage to have “bad ideas”
FINDING A GREAT IDEA Sources of literature • Published manuscripts • Review articles • Abstracts • Conference proceedings • Expert consultations
WHERE TO START? • Systematic Reviews • Content Analysis Report • Citation Analysis Reports • Meta-Analysis Reports • Key Concepts sections • State of the Art paper 1. SIMPLE APPROACHES TO FINDING GAP/TOPICS
WHERE TO START? • Essential Science Indicator • Google trends • Related Searches based on google trends • Social Mention, Springer, Google Ads and BoardReader • Key Concepts sections 2. SOPHISTICATED APPROACHES; focus on one tool
WHERE TO START? • Read, read, read • Detailed literature searches • Attend seminars, conferences and presentations • Discuss subject area with peers and seniors • Listen • Ask questions • Write down your initial thoughts about the topic
REFINING RESEARCH TOPICS • Discuss with fellow researchers • Discuss with stakeholders • Assess what is most critical to learn • Assess research resources available
FINALLLY: QUESTIONS TO ASK YOURSELF Is this a good idea? 1. Has it been done? 2. Who cares?/ So what? 3. Can it be addressed using appropriate research methods? 4. Will it stimulate interest by others 5. Can you describe, Compare, Associate, Analyze, Apply it and Argue for and against it?
SUMMARY GUIDE TO FINDING SUITABLE TOPIC KEEP THEM SIMPLE • S – specific • I -- immediate (why do this project now?) • M -- measurable (what data will you gather?) • P -- practical (realistic/feasible?) • L -- logical (build to achieving goal) • E -- evaluable (significance, how assess impact?)
PARTS OF SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATION
CLASSICAL STRUCTURE OF SCIENTIFIC PAPER Lindsay, D. (1984) A guide to scientific writing. Longman, Cheshire. • Title • Abstract • (graphical abstract, highlights) • Introduction • Geological setting / Previous work • Methods • Results • Discussion • Conclusions • Acknowledgments • References • Figure and table captions • Supplementary data (etc.)
SECTION ONE: CONTENT OF RESEARCH JOURNAL TITLE  Precise. Not more than 18-20 words  Relevant to the contents presented. i.e should cover the main aims and/or message  Eye catching and motivating to read  Word count depends on the journal: Not too brief, not too long May be written last Title: Head of your paper. Think and think again
SECTION ONE: CONTENT OF RESEARCH JOURNAL AUTHORS & AFFLIATION  Gives names institutions and organizations concerning authors  Includes authors names and contacts (mail, phone number etc) Affiliation: Helps the readers to contact you incase of need. Be accurate  Never add an author, if this person has not had a chance to read the MS  Make sure that all authors have a chance to read your MS before submission
WHAT I S ORDER OF THE AUTHORS OF YOUR PAPER? • The person who did the work and wrote the manuscript should be first (=senior) author • Corresponding author is the one that will be the contact for the journal and correspondence that may follow after publication • That may be the group leader • Senior author and corresponding author can be the same • The research-team leader appears as the last author
ABSTRACT  Crucial: Summarizes paper  Specific contents of an abstract depends on individual author & area of research  An ideal abstract may include: Background Problem statement Methodology Summary of main results Significance of the work Future prospects  Limited to about less than or equal 300 words in most journals Reader: Always have a ‘global’ reader when drafting your manuscript
KEYWORDS • Choose a limited number of keywords that adequately cover your research • Do not use words that already appear in the title • Think of words that you would look for when doing a literature search • Arrange alphabetically • Limit to 5-7 recurrent words in your paper Keywords will make your paper easily accessible or not. Choose wisely
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION All paragraphs of the introduction should connect well  Specific contents of an introduction depends on individual author & area of research Typical introduction may include: Background Literature Problem statement Research question The limitations/scope of the study  Main aim & Specific objectives Overview of other chapters  Limited to not more than 4 double spaced pages
A BIT MORE ABOUT THE INTRODUCTION • Explain why you did your research • The fact that nobody has done it before is not a good reason • Your study may follow logically from previous work • Your project may have been inspired by a practical problem • Give the aims of your research and a good hypothesis. • A good hypothesis is one that can be tested, but it doesn’t need to be correct
CHAPTER 2: STUDY AREA, DATA & METHODOLOGY The question as to how this is effectively written depends on specific field of research An Ideal methodology will contain either one or all of the following: 2.1- Study Area Overview of the domain of research as a guide to a global reader Outline brief information related to the research topic Could use a diagram adopted ,Google Earth maps or self drawn Figures Chapter 2 section : Use this part to answer the HOW STUDY AREA
CHAPTER 2: STUDY AREA, DATA & METHODOLOGY Chapter 2 section : Use this part to answer the HOW DATA 2.2- Data Outlines which data was used, from where and why it was chosen May include data from field surveys/ lab works/ world Bank/modeling &simulations/ground-based re-analyzed of remotely sensed data. For Geo-Science give finer details including the duration & data resolution Be brief and guide the reader for further reading by providing useful citations and/or links
CHAPTER 2: STUDY AREA, DATA & METHODOLOGY METHODS 2. 3- Technique/Tools/Statistical metrics State which tools/technique/Statistical metrics was/were used for what and why it was chosen/preferred. Could include precise information related to the technique/tool/metrics …………. In this work, linear regression analysis previously used by aaa et al., 2014 and bbb et al, 2016 was used to xxxxxxxxxxx. The technique which basically does yyyyyyyyyyy was preferred since it zzzzzzzzzzzzz. ……….. Taylor diagram (Taylor, 2001) was used to asses the similarities/ dissimilarities btw A and B. Briefly describe the Taylor diagram: In this diagram, the std is rep by xxx, correlation by yyyy and MAE by zzzz Statistical metrics: Could give some mathematical formulas and a brief explanation Example As to whether to include and to what extend depends on necessity, field of research, level of author or journal requirements
SUMMARY POINTS FOR CHAPTER 2 • Include all relevant details • Check your chosen journal for “how it is done” • Do not use “modified after”, but describe the modifications • Describe so that someone else can repeat your experiments • Be precise • “Room temperature” is not an accurate description
CHAPTER 3: RESULTS & DISCUSSIONS Main part of the paper May be written as continuous or in parts Ensure excellent connections between parts/ subtitles Scientific facts related to the research topic need to be well explained Use Tables/ Figures/ Programs to illustrate the topic The tables/ Figures ought be well introduced Focus on your results, but occasionally if need be compare your findings with previously published work Results: Explain more using few words regarding the research topic
MORE DETAILS ABOUT RESULTS & DISCUSSIONS• Arrange your data in figures and tables • Are the data best presented as figures or as tables? • Decide which figure/table comes first then the order of all other figures/tables • Make a structure for your Results • Decide what you wish to describe • Then make a structure for each section • Decide what you wish to describe in each section • Then start writing
MORE DETAILS ABOUT RESULTS & DISCUSSIONS • Describe what is shown • Do not discuss what is shown • Explain abbreviations, if you use any in figures or table • Even when you use the same abbreviations throughout text • WUE = water-use efficiency • Explain errors bars: SE or SD; add n (number of observations) • Explain meaning of statistical information • *, **, *** ALL FIGURES & TABLES REQUIRE APPROPRIATE LEGENGS
MORE DETAILS ABOUT RESULTS & DISCUSSIONSTHE RESULTS • Figure 1 • Describe what it shows • Number figures in order of appearance in the text • Table 1 • Describe what it shows • Lead the reader through your data • From one Figure (Table) to the next • Arrange a logical flow from section to section
MORE DETAILS ABOUT RESULTS & DISCUSSIONSTHE DISCUSSION SECTION • Make a structure for your Discussion • Decide what you wish to discuss • Design the sections in the Discussion • Then make a structure for each section • Decide what you wish to describe in each section • Place your results in a wider context • Compare your results with those in the literature • Then start writing • Finish with a paragraph in which you tell the reader what are the main points (“take-home-message”)
MORE DETAILS ABOUT RESULTS & DISCUSSIONSTHE DISCUSSION SECTION • The order in the Discussion may differ from that in Results • Figure 1, Table 1, etc. • Explain what they show and why your work is important and exciting • Place your results in a wider context and ensure that readers get excited • How do your data compare with those in the literature? • Finish with the “take-home-message”
CHAPTER 4: CONCLUSION Summary of the paper Give a reflection of the topic, the methods and the main results Give a reflection of the topic, the methods and the main results Relax &Write: Avoid copy/pasting some parts of the paper Conclusion: Relax and reflect all the manuscript entails
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Not a section of a paper but highly recommended Who? Sponsors, Key institutions, Data sources, Software developers, Individual persons (rare) Make it very brief Acknowledgments: You cant make it a lone.
DECLARATION OF CONFLICT OF INTREST Required in some journals How? Example The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest on the publication of this work No organization, Institution or individuals are opposed to the publication
LIST OF REFERENCES/BIBLIOGRAPHY Key part of the paper This is where literature used is cited Cite journals used, books used, links used etc Check the journal requirements on how to cite Give full details related to citations Use modern tools of citations as outlined by previous speaker Cite all references mentioned in the manuscript and Do not cite anything not in the text List all the Literature used in your research
TENSES IN JOURNAL/THESIS ABSTRACT Present tense: is used for highlighting the gaps in your research area, the aim and the objective of the article and the application Past tense: is used for highlighting the important methodology and expressing the executive summary of your results. Achievements can also be expressed in the past tense. INTRODUCTION Present tense: is used for known facts and truths and usually followed by the appropriate reference. Past tense: is used for describing work or experiments that have been conducted and the results of these work
TENSES IN JOURNAL/THESIS INTRODUCTION CONT’…. The active voice: is useful when you discussing previous research and then you introduce your own hypothesis. (Advisable to avoid the use of pronoun “I” or “we” Passive tense: is not preferable for introduction but in some sentences, passive voice can be perfectly acceptable. METHODOLOGY Present tense: is used to describe what is normally done or to describe a standard procedure Past tense: is used to describe what you did yourself.
TENSES IN JOURNAL/THESIS RESULTS& DISCUSSION Present tense: is used to present the diagram, figs, tables, and images. Also used to explain the significance of the results Past tense: is used to detail the results obtained. You may use past tense to summarize your findings in combination with present tense to interprate or explain the results CONCLUSION Past tense: is used to summarize the main findings, the major implications of the study and the limitations of the work. Future tense: is used to offer suggestions for the future work.
FINALLY, A FEW COMMENTS ON LANGUAGE & STRUCTURE OF SENTENCES & PARAGRAPHS FEW HINTS • Avoid complicated sentences • Do not use words that you think you understand, but have not really checked carefully • Too easy to do when using your computer program, without checking in a dictionary • Do not make sentences that are too long • Use a spelling checker, and use either UK English, or US English, but not a mixture of both
FINALLY, A FEW COMMENTS ON LANGUAGE & STRUCTURE OF SENTENCES & PARAGRAPHS THE STRUCTURE OF A PARAGRAPH • Text is organised in paragraphs • Paragraphs have a distinct structure • They are not arranged so as to have a certain number of sentences or lines • Paragraphs deal with one topic • Paragraphs begin with a sentence that “sets the scene” • An introduction to what the paragraph is about • Paragraphs finish with a conclusion • A sentence that refers back to the first sentence
3 PREPARING FOR PUBLICATIONS
GET YOUR MANUSCRIPT PUBLISHED The manuscript you have written in above section is raw/draft 0 Make a copy and name it draft 1. Check 4 the following Plagiarism Typos  Violation of language grammar  Use of journal language Accuracy of the information presented Check offending language: 2 individuals, reader, institutions etc Again make subsequent copies and do the following: Avoid obvious mistakes in your manuscript
THREE REVIEWS?? Read your manuscript How? Word by word Line by line Sentence by sentence Paragraph by paragraph Entire ms Verify Figures & Tables Read until it satisfies you You know a lot regarding your manuscript. You are in a better position to make all corrections 1. SELF REVIEW
THREE REVIEWS?? 2. FRIENDS REVIEW Ask one or two friends to proof. Start with all the co-authors. Get senior friends who are familiar with the field of your study. One or two persons to proofread Don’t blindly accept his/her suggestions. Evaluate first Implement his/her important suggestions and read again If you are a student give to your Professor the final draft after all peer review. Read again after implementing Friends review Get feedback from other researches
THREE REVIEWS?? 3. PEER REVIEW MANUSCRIPT SUBMISSION PROCESS Built a consensus with co-authors on readiness 4 submission and journal to submit Get journal requirements and adjust your manuscript to suit the taste of the journal Register to get log details Draft the letter to the Editor –in-Chief highlighting: significance (why?), Novelty and Relevance to the journal. Follow the submission process & submit. Do not submit your manuscript in multiple journals simultaneously. You may attract harsh penalty of being blacklisted
What will the Editor-in-Chief do? Give u automatic massage acknowledging the receipt of your ms same will be copied to co-authors Will contact you for further details if need be. MANUSCRIPT WITH EDITOR-IN-CHIEF Will assess the suitability of your paper and he/she may ☻Ask some adjustments ☻Accept and let proceed for review (not publication) ☻Reject your paper and deny you the chance of publication in his/her esteemed journal Preliminary assessment done by Editor-in-Chief
MANUSCRIPT WITH EDITOR-IN-CHIEF ☻Editor Rejects your paper? Of course If you don’t submit your paper, it will never be rejected Accept either way Why would your manuscript be rejected by Editor-in-Chief?? Inaccurate/False/Dangerous information Subject outside the scope of the journal Limited analysis Poorly constructed manuscript If your paper is rejected by Editor-in-Chief, take it as positive critic geared towards improving its quality. Thank his/her REJECTED MANUSCRIPT?
MANUSCRIPT WITH EDITOR-IN-CHIEF ☻Accept and lets MS. proceed for review (not publication) Peer review process is professional/voluntary and may take several months. Be patient Occasionally check for status and if need be inquire from the Editor- in-Chief The anonymous peer reviewers will read entire ms & write detailed report regarding the suitability/non-suitability of your ms which will form the basis for the Editor-in-Chief to make judgment Report made by reviewers regarding your manuscript by reviewers is crucial
Accept your manuscript for publication without any corrections: Rare/Not possible Accept your manuscript with minor corrections Accept your manuscript with major corrections. Reject your Manuscript Peer reviewer crucial process. Anonymous experts will assess your manuscript and advice the Editor-in Chief POSSIBLE SCENERIOS FROM PEER REVIEW PROCESS
USEFUL RESPUCES TO HELP IN RESPONDING TO REVIEWERS COMMENTS https://www.wiley.com/network/researchers/submission-and-navigating- peerreview/how-to-deal-with-reviewer-comments; https://authorservices.wiley.com/author-resources/Journal- Authors/submissionpeer-review/peer-review.html#5; https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/page/journal/25778196/peer_review_polic y; https://www.elsevier.com/authors-update/story/publishing-tips/3-top- tips-forresponding-to-reviewer-comments-on-your-manuscript
Automatically changes status from a manuscript to a paper Share your paper using appropriate channels e.g research gate Why?  Increase readability To get your paper cited Career: Receive invitations to conduct projects, talks, conferences Acts as a guide to other researchers YOUR MANUSCRIPT HAS BEEN ACCEPTED!!!!!!!!
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Publishing sci paper

  • 1.
    PUBLISHING A SCIENCECITATION INDEX PAPER ? Maximizing your chances to get your manuscript rapidly accepted. Ayugi Brian Email: Ayugi.o@gmail.com
  • 2.
    My Credentials First authorin 4 SCI papers during the period 2018-2019, with 2 under peer review. Co-authored 3 SCI papers during the same period, with many undergoing review process. Editorial board member (Reviewer) in a number of Journals.  Over 7 years of University teaching and research Experience
  • 3.
    OVERVIEW ABOUT PUBLICATIONS 3 2 1 CHOOSINGA RESEACHABLE TOPIC Content PREPARING FOR PUBLICATION
  • 4.
    FUNDAMENTAL QUESTIONS? Core Questionsin to think about before Publishing a paper: • Why Publication? • What to publish? • When to Publish • Where to Publish? • How to write a publishable article? • Core tips of Do’s • Core tips of Don'ts, • Take away notes Other points
  • 5.
    WHY; WHAT; WHEN;WHERE; & HOW
  • 6.
    WHY PUBLISH 2. Sharingknowledge 1. Disseminate new scientific ideas and information 3. Feedback in shaping ideas 4. Career advancement: e.g Invitation 2 talks, conferences, writing chapters in books, Entire book etc 5. Promotion You and I have 2 options: We either publish or perish
  • 7.
    WHY PUBLISH INA SCIENTIFIC JOURNAL •an internationally accepted method of communication among scientists •provides some degree of quality assurance for users •important feedback from reviewers, readers •writing up work enhances scientific rigour
  • 8.
    Data that havenot been published do not exist! If you do not publish your data, you might as well not do the experiments/Analysis. Published data can make a lasting impression, like the Great Wall in China.
  • 9.
    WHAT TO PUBLISH Reports  Theses or dissertations  Journal articles  Books & book chapters  Technical manuals/users guides  Research or grant proposals  Slide presentations  Posters FORMS OF SCIENTIFIC COMMUNICATION
  • 10.
    WHAT TO PUBLISH •Full-length articles are about 4000 - 5,000 words: a series of experiments/data analysis making a coherent story and/or Review articles • Short notes are about 200 words; also referred as technical note • General rule: it is better to publish one solid paper than to split it into two or three short notes • Articles in books and reports are less prestigious: publish your primary data in international journals
  • 11.
    WHEN TO PUBLISH 1.Undergraduate studies 4. Post doctoral studies 2. Masters Level 3.P.hD Level 5. At all times when U have an Idea worth publishing Publish relevant information
  • 12.
    WHERE TO PUBLISH-WHOIS THE AUDIENCE? • your objective in publishing • scientific paper vs. letter vs. technical report • “quality” of the journal (vs. the paper) • editorial policy of journal, types of papers • accessibility of journal to target audience • quality of the final product • speed of refereeing and publishing**** • rigour of refereeing and journal standards Key points to Consider:
  • 13.
    WHERE TO PUBLISH-WHOIS THE AUDIENCE? • Carefully select the right journal • From which journals do you cite papers in your reference list? • Which journals publish on a similar topic? • Final decision • Prestige (“impact factor”): IF is a rough indicator for the quality of Journal • Time to publish (check time between submission of the manuscript and publication)**** • Publication Fee
  • 14.
    WHERE TO PUBLISH SCI;SCIE; IEEE; AIEE; CSCD; CSSCI; SSCI; EI; ISTP; IEE; IRE…….etc Sites:
  • 15.
     Professional publishers –Elsevier – Pergamon Press – Springer Verlag – J Wiley & Sons – Kluwer Academic Publishing – Blackwell – Taylor & Francis – Academic Press – Hindiwi Professional Societies  American Meteorologcal Society (AMS)  American Geophysical Union (AGU)  Journal of Medical Society (JMS)/Japan Meteorological Society (JMS) Journals & Publishers http://mjl.clarivate.com/cgi-bin/jrnlst/jlresults.cgi Sources for possible SCI Journals
  • 16.
    HOW TO WRITEA PAPER
  • 17.
    No one hasan idea on HOW to write a scientific paper. Where can I begin from? How can I conceive an idea that can be published. What are the Do’s and Donts’ in research approach Our hypothesis HOW TO BEGIN RESEARCH KEY QUESTIONS
  • 18.
    HOW TO WRITEA PAPER “There are three necessary steps in useful research; the first to begin it, the second to end it and the third to publish it.” Michael Faraday
  • 20.
    TARGET GOALS: By theend of this 2nd session, we should be able to: Generate ideas that will help in identification of the choice for suitable research topic; Identify the attributes of a good research topic;
  • 21.
    GETTING STARTED: OVERVIEWOF THE RESEARCH PROCESS Conceptualizing the idea – what is the question? Study site?  What is known on the subject? >> reading Refining & writing down the idea – specific aims, concept note
  • 22.
    TAKING A CLOSERLOOK………….
  • 23.
    CONCEPTUALIZING RESEARCH TOPIC(s)… Capability:is it feasible? • Are you fascinated by the topic? • Do you have the necessary research skills? • Can you complete the project in the time available? • Will the research still be current when you finish? • Do you have sufficient financial and other resources? • Will you be able to gain access to data?
  • 24.
    CONCEPTUALIZING RESEARCH TOPIC(s)… Appropriateness:is it worthwhile? • Will the NUIST standards be met for degree award? • Does the topic contain issues with clear links to theory? • Are the research questions and objectives clearly stated? • Will the proposed research provide fresh insights into the topic? • Are the findings likely to be symmetrical? • Does the research topic match your career goals?
  • 25.
    FINDING A GREATIDEA •The 3 Cs: •Curiosity to investigate and question situations •Critical thinking skills to refine your curiosity into a clearly stated idea •Courage to have “bad ideas”
  • 26.
    FINDING A GREATIDEA Sources of literature • Published manuscripts • Review articles • Abstracts • Conference proceedings • Expert consultations
  • 27.
    WHERE TO START? •Systematic Reviews • Content Analysis Report • Citation Analysis Reports • Meta-Analysis Reports • Key Concepts sections • State of the Art paper 1. SIMPLE APPROACHES TO FINDING GAP/TOPICS
  • 28.
    WHERE TO START? •Essential Science Indicator • Google trends • Related Searches based on google trends • Social Mention, Springer, Google Ads and BoardReader • Key Concepts sections 2. SOPHISTICATED APPROACHES; focus on one tool
  • 29.
    WHERE TO START? •Read, read, read • Detailed literature searches • Attend seminars, conferences and presentations • Discuss subject area with peers and seniors • Listen • Ask questions • Write down your initial thoughts about the topic
  • 30.
    REFINING RESEARCH TOPICS •Discuss with fellow researchers • Discuss with stakeholders • Assess what is most critical to learn • Assess research resources available
  • 31.
    FINALLLY: QUESTIONS TOASK YOURSELF Is this a good idea? 1. Has it been done? 2. Who cares?/ So what? 3. Can it be addressed using appropriate research methods? 4. Will it stimulate interest by others 5. Can you describe, Compare, Associate, Analyze, Apply it and Argue for and against it?
  • 32.
    SUMMARY GUIDE TOFINDING SUITABLE TOPIC KEEP THEM SIMPLE • S – specific • I -- immediate (why do this project now?) • M -- measurable (what data will you gather?) • P -- practical (realistic/feasible?) • L -- logical (build to achieving goal) • E -- evaluable (significance, how assess impact?)
  • 33.
  • 34.
    CLASSICAL STRUCTURE OFSCIENTIFIC PAPER Lindsay, D. (1984) A guide to scientific writing. Longman, Cheshire. • Title • Abstract • (graphical abstract, highlights) • Introduction • Geological setting / Previous work • Methods • Results • Discussion • Conclusions • Acknowledgments • References • Figure and table captions • Supplementary data (etc.)
  • 35.
    SECTION ONE: CONTENTOF RESEARCH JOURNAL TITLE  Precise. Not more than 18-20 words  Relevant to the contents presented. i.e should cover the main aims and/or message  Eye catching and motivating to read  Word count depends on the journal: Not too brief, not too long May be written last Title: Head of your paper. Think and think again
  • 36.
    SECTION ONE: CONTENTOF RESEARCH JOURNAL AUTHORS & AFFLIATION  Gives names institutions and organizations concerning authors  Includes authors names and contacts (mail, phone number etc) Affiliation: Helps the readers to contact you incase of need. Be accurate  Never add an author, if this person has not had a chance to read the MS  Make sure that all authors have a chance to read your MS before submission
  • 37.
    WHAT I SORDER OF THE AUTHORS OF YOUR PAPER? • The person who did the work and wrote the manuscript should be first (=senior) author • Corresponding author is the one that will be the contact for the journal and correspondence that may follow after publication • That may be the group leader • Senior author and corresponding author can be the same • The research-team leader appears as the last author
  • 38.
    ABSTRACT  Crucial: Summarizespaper  Specific contents of an abstract depends on individual author & area of research  An ideal abstract may include: Background Problem statement Methodology Summary of main results Significance of the work Future prospects  Limited to about less than or equal 300 words in most journals Reader: Always have a ‘global’ reader when drafting your manuscript
  • 39.
    KEYWORDS • Choose alimited number of keywords that adequately cover your research • Do not use words that already appear in the title • Think of words that you would look for when doing a literature search • Arrange alphabetically • Limit to 5-7 recurrent words in your paper Keywords will make your paper easily accessible or not. Choose wisely
  • 40.
    CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION Allparagraphs of the introduction should connect well  Specific contents of an introduction depends on individual author & area of research Typical introduction may include: Background Literature Problem statement Research question The limitations/scope of the study  Main aim & Specific objectives Overview of other chapters  Limited to not more than 4 double spaced pages
  • 41.
    A BIT MOREABOUT THE INTRODUCTION • Explain why you did your research • The fact that nobody has done it before is not a good reason • Your study may follow logically from previous work • Your project may have been inspired by a practical problem • Give the aims of your research and a good hypothesis. • A good hypothesis is one that can be tested, but it doesn’t need to be correct
  • 42.
    CHAPTER 2: STUDYAREA, DATA & METHODOLOGY The question as to how this is effectively written depends on specific field of research An Ideal methodology will contain either one or all of the following: 2.1- Study Area Overview of the domain of research as a guide to a global reader Outline brief information related to the research topic Could use a diagram adopted ,Google Earth maps or self drawn Figures Chapter 2 section : Use this part to answer the HOW STUDY AREA
  • 43.
    CHAPTER 2: STUDYAREA, DATA & METHODOLOGY Chapter 2 section : Use this part to answer the HOW DATA 2.2- Data Outlines which data was used, from where and why it was chosen May include data from field surveys/ lab works/ world Bank/modeling &simulations/ground-based re-analyzed of remotely sensed data. For Geo-Science give finer details including the duration & data resolution Be brief and guide the reader for further reading by providing useful citations and/or links
  • 44.
    CHAPTER 2: STUDYAREA, DATA & METHODOLOGY METHODS 2. 3- Technique/Tools/Statistical metrics State which tools/technique/Statistical metrics was/were used for what and why it was chosen/preferred. Could include precise information related to the technique/tool/metrics …………. In this work, linear regression analysis previously used by aaa et al., 2014 and bbb et al, 2016 was used to xxxxxxxxxxx. The technique which basically does yyyyyyyyyyy was preferred since it zzzzzzzzzzzzz. ……….. Taylor diagram (Taylor, 2001) was used to asses the similarities/ dissimilarities btw A and B. Briefly describe the Taylor diagram: In this diagram, the std is rep by xxx, correlation by yyyy and MAE by zzzz Statistical metrics: Could give some mathematical formulas and a brief explanation Example As to whether to include and to what extend depends on necessity, field of research, level of author or journal requirements
  • 45.
    SUMMARY POINTS FORCHAPTER 2 • Include all relevant details • Check your chosen journal for “how it is done” • Do not use “modified after”, but describe the modifications • Describe so that someone else can repeat your experiments • Be precise • “Room temperature” is not an accurate description
  • 46.
    CHAPTER 3: RESULTS& DISCUSSIONS Main part of the paper May be written as continuous or in parts Ensure excellent connections between parts/ subtitles Scientific facts related to the research topic need to be well explained Use Tables/ Figures/ Programs to illustrate the topic The tables/ Figures ought be well introduced Focus on your results, but occasionally if need be compare your findings with previously published work Results: Explain more using few words regarding the research topic
  • 47.
    MORE DETAILS ABOUTRESULTS & DISCUSSIONS• Arrange your data in figures and tables • Are the data best presented as figures or as tables? • Decide which figure/table comes first then the order of all other figures/tables • Make a structure for your Results • Decide what you wish to describe • Then make a structure for each section • Decide what you wish to describe in each section • Then start writing
  • 48.
    MORE DETAILS ABOUTRESULTS & DISCUSSIONS • Describe what is shown • Do not discuss what is shown • Explain abbreviations, if you use any in figures or table • Even when you use the same abbreviations throughout text • WUE = water-use efficiency • Explain errors bars: SE or SD; add n (number of observations) • Explain meaning of statistical information • *, **, *** ALL FIGURES & TABLES REQUIRE APPROPRIATE LEGENGS
  • 49.
    MORE DETAILS ABOUTRESULTS & DISCUSSIONSTHE RESULTS • Figure 1 • Describe what it shows • Number figures in order of appearance in the text • Table 1 • Describe what it shows • Lead the reader through your data • From one Figure (Table) to the next • Arrange a logical flow from section to section
  • 50.
    MORE DETAILS ABOUTRESULTS & DISCUSSIONSTHE DISCUSSION SECTION • Make a structure for your Discussion • Decide what you wish to discuss • Design the sections in the Discussion • Then make a structure for each section • Decide what you wish to describe in each section • Place your results in a wider context • Compare your results with those in the literature • Then start writing • Finish with a paragraph in which you tell the reader what are the main points (“take-home-message”)
  • 51.
    MORE DETAILS ABOUTRESULTS & DISCUSSIONSTHE DISCUSSION SECTION • The order in the Discussion may differ from that in Results • Figure 1, Table 1, etc. • Explain what they show and why your work is important and exciting • Place your results in a wider context and ensure that readers get excited • How do your data compare with those in the literature? • Finish with the “take-home-message”
  • 52.
    CHAPTER 4: CONCLUSION Summaryof the paper Give a reflection of the topic, the methods and the main results Give a reflection of the topic, the methods and the main results Relax &Write: Avoid copy/pasting some parts of the paper Conclusion: Relax and reflect all the manuscript entails
  • 53.
    ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Not a sectionof a paper but highly recommended Who? Sponsors, Key institutions, Data sources, Software developers, Individual persons (rare) Make it very brief Acknowledgments: You cant make it a lone.
  • 54.
    DECLARATION OF CONFLICTOF INTREST Required in some journals How? Example The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest on the publication of this work No organization, Institution or individuals are opposed to the publication
  • 55.
    LIST OF REFERENCES/BIBLIOGRAPHY Keypart of the paper This is where literature used is cited Cite journals used, books used, links used etc Check the journal requirements on how to cite Give full details related to citations Use modern tools of citations as outlined by previous speaker Cite all references mentioned in the manuscript and Do not cite anything not in the text List all the Literature used in your research
  • 56.
    TENSES IN JOURNAL/THESIS ABSTRACT Presenttense: is used for highlighting the gaps in your research area, the aim and the objective of the article and the application Past tense: is used for highlighting the important methodology and expressing the executive summary of your results. Achievements can also be expressed in the past tense. INTRODUCTION Present tense: is used for known facts and truths and usually followed by the appropriate reference. Past tense: is used for describing work or experiments that have been conducted and the results of these work
  • 57.
    TENSES IN JOURNAL/THESIS INTRODUCTIONCONT’…. The active voice: is useful when you discussing previous research and then you introduce your own hypothesis. (Advisable to avoid the use of pronoun “I” or “we” Passive tense: is not preferable for introduction but in some sentences, passive voice can be perfectly acceptable. METHODOLOGY Present tense: is used to describe what is normally done or to describe a standard procedure Past tense: is used to describe what you did yourself.
  • 58.
    TENSES IN JOURNAL/THESIS RESULTS&DISCUSSION Present tense: is used to present the diagram, figs, tables, and images. Also used to explain the significance of the results Past tense: is used to detail the results obtained. You may use past tense to summarize your findings in combination with present tense to interprate or explain the results CONCLUSION Past tense: is used to summarize the main findings, the major implications of the study and the limitations of the work. Future tense: is used to offer suggestions for the future work.
  • 59.
    FINALLY, A FEWCOMMENTS ON LANGUAGE & STRUCTURE OF SENTENCES & PARAGRAPHS FEW HINTS • Avoid complicated sentences • Do not use words that you think you understand, but have not really checked carefully • Too easy to do when using your computer program, without checking in a dictionary • Do not make sentences that are too long • Use a spelling checker, and use either UK English, or US English, but not a mixture of both
  • 60.
    FINALLY, A FEWCOMMENTS ON LANGUAGE & STRUCTURE OF SENTENCES & PARAGRAPHS THE STRUCTURE OF A PARAGRAPH • Text is organised in paragraphs • Paragraphs have a distinct structure • They are not arranged so as to have a certain number of sentences or lines • Paragraphs deal with one topic • Paragraphs begin with a sentence that “sets the scene” • An introduction to what the paragraph is about • Paragraphs finish with a conclusion • A sentence that refers back to the first sentence
  • 61.
    3 PREPARING FORPUBLICATIONS
  • 63.
    GET YOUR MANUSCRIPTPUBLISHED The manuscript you have written in above section is raw/draft 0 Make a copy and name it draft 1. Check 4 the following Plagiarism Typos  Violation of language grammar  Use of journal language Accuracy of the information presented Check offending language: 2 individuals, reader, institutions etc Again make subsequent copies and do the following: Avoid obvious mistakes in your manuscript
  • 64.
    THREE REVIEWS?? Read yourmanuscript How? Word by word Line by line Sentence by sentence Paragraph by paragraph Entire ms Verify Figures & Tables Read until it satisfies you You know a lot regarding your manuscript. You are in a better position to make all corrections 1. SELF REVIEW
  • 65.
    THREE REVIEWS?? 2. FRIENDSREVIEW Ask one or two friends to proof. Start with all the co-authors. Get senior friends who are familiar with the field of your study. One or two persons to proofread Don’t blindly accept his/her suggestions. Evaluate first Implement his/her important suggestions and read again If you are a student give to your Professor the final draft after all peer review. Read again after implementing Friends review Get feedback from other researches
  • 66.
    THREE REVIEWS?? 3. PEERREVIEW MANUSCRIPT SUBMISSION PROCESS Built a consensus with co-authors on readiness 4 submission and journal to submit Get journal requirements and adjust your manuscript to suit the taste of the journal Register to get log details Draft the letter to the Editor –in-Chief highlighting: significance (why?), Novelty and Relevance to the journal. Follow the submission process & submit. Do not submit your manuscript in multiple journals simultaneously. You may attract harsh penalty of being blacklisted
  • 67.
    What will theEditor-in-Chief do? Give u automatic massage acknowledging the receipt of your ms same will be copied to co-authors Will contact you for further details if need be. MANUSCRIPT WITH EDITOR-IN-CHIEF Will assess the suitability of your paper and he/she may ☻Ask some adjustments ☻Accept and let proceed for review (not publication) ☻Reject your paper and deny you the chance of publication in his/her esteemed journal Preliminary assessment done by Editor-in-Chief
  • 68.
    MANUSCRIPT WITH EDITOR-IN-CHIEF ☻EditorRejects your paper? Of course If you don’t submit your paper, it will never be rejected Accept either way Why would your manuscript be rejected by Editor-in-Chief?? Inaccurate/False/Dangerous information Subject outside the scope of the journal Limited analysis Poorly constructed manuscript If your paper is rejected by Editor-in-Chief, take it as positive critic geared towards improving its quality. Thank his/her REJECTED MANUSCRIPT?
  • 69.
    MANUSCRIPT WITH EDITOR-IN-CHIEF ☻Acceptand lets MS. proceed for review (not publication) Peer review process is professional/voluntary and may take several months. Be patient Occasionally check for status and if need be inquire from the Editor- in-Chief The anonymous peer reviewers will read entire ms & write detailed report regarding the suitability/non-suitability of your ms which will form the basis for the Editor-in-Chief to make judgment Report made by reviewers regarding your manuscript by reviewers is crucial
  • 70.
    Accept your manuscriptfor publication without any corrections: Rare/Not possible Accept your manuscript with minor corrections Accept your manuscript with major corrections. Reject your Manuscript Peer reviewer crucial process. Anonymous experts will assess your manuscript and advice the Editor-in Chief POSSIBLE SCENERIOS FROM PEER REVIEW PROCESS
  • 71.
    USEFUL RESPUCES TOHELP IN RESPONDING TO REVIEWERS COMMENTS https://www.wiley.com/network/researchers/submission-and-navigating- peerreview/how-to-deal-with-reviewer-comments; https://authorservices.wiley.com/author-resources/Journal- Authors/submissionpeer-review/peer-review.html#5; https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/page/journal/25778196/peer_review_polic y; https://www.elsevier.com/authors-update/story/publishing-tips/3-top- tips-forresponding-to-reviewer-comments-on-your-manuscript
  • 72.
    Automatically changes statusfrom a manuscript to a paper Share your paper using appropriate channels e.g research gate Why?  Increase readability To get your paper cited Career: Receive invitations to conduct projects, talks, conferences Acts as a guide to other researchers YOUR MANUSCRIPT HAS BEEN ACCEPTED!!!!!!!!
  • 73.

Editor's Notes

  • #4 The aim here is more humble: to provide strategies for identifying exciting research topics for publications. There is no algorithm that yields an exciting topics. Too much depends on your energy and imagination
  • #18 First, there is no “Right Topic.” What is hot today may be ice cold by the time that you go on the job market. Much more important is to find something that is important and genuinely interests you. There are great papers to be written in almost all fields. You need to settle on an area where you are sufficiently interested that you don’t mind making some investments.
  • #19 “Summers’ Law” states that it takes just as much time to write an unimportant paper as an important one. Hence . . . you might as well work on important topics. (Note: This is not an incitement to work on broad, vague topics!).
  • #24 Your research project is something that you will invest a lot of time in, so make sure it is something that arouses your interest and passion. 
  • #27 Pay close attention to Introductions, in which authors explain why their research is important, and  conclusions for Suggestions for Future Research, in which authors point readers to areas which lack investigation or need future examination
  • #28 1. Employ a systematic reviews approach. These papers delve deep into the literature and examine the trends and changes in a discipline or specific field of study and provide summaries of the literature which can in some cases save a lot of research time. 2.Visit the website of the most prominent and influential journals in your field of study. Key Concepts are usually very short articles and each one is dedicated to one specific topic. They are often written by well-known scholars who are expert in that field of study or topic
  • #29 1.Developed by Thomson Reuters. Some Universities have access to this site. Make use of it if it is accessible. 2.Another tool is Google Trends which provides “regional interest” index; this piece of information shows which topic is hot or popular in your country/region. 3.Social Mention, Springer, Google Ads, and BroadReader which provide more sophisticated information regarding the queries such as their popularity, various bars and charts which demonstrate the trends in different time spans, the most recent articles that have been downloaded and their related tags ad etc.
  • #30 The websites of prominent journals often have a section called ‘key concepts’ where experts in an area highlight the central ideas in that field. Moreover, you should also look through the reference section of these papers as it can lead you to important resources on the topic.
  • #31 It is a good practice to note all the questions that cross your mind while reading any published literature. If possible, you should map the question to the resource it is based on.