This document provides an outline for publishing research articles. It discusses the importance of research for improving health outcomes. It also covers different research designs such as observational and experimental studies. The document defines key research methods and provides guidance on how to read a research article. It lists websites for finding research articles and discusses levels of evidence and plagiarism. The overall purpose is to guide researchers in publishing their work.

1. PUBLISHING ARTICLES
Dr. Ch. M. Junaid Nazar
MBBS, MD Internal Medicine(UK), MSC Nephrology(UK), FASN (USA), MPH (UK), FRSPH(UK), FWAMS
Research Supervisor and Senior Registrar Nephrologist

2. OUTLINE
• INTRODUCTION
• IMPORTANCE OF RESEARCH
• RAPID REVIEW OF DIFFERENT RESEARCH DESIGN
• DEFINITIONS OF DIFFERENT RESEARCH METHODS
• HOW TO READ RESEARCH ARTICLE
• WEBSITES TO FIND RESEARCH ARTICLES
• LEVEL OF EVIDENCE
• PLAGERISM
• FEEDBACK FOR WEEK

3. LEVEL OF
EVIDENCE

4. PEER REVIEW PROCESS

5. VISION AND SUPPORT

6. THE IMPORTANCE OF
RESEARCH
• ‘The Government is committed to the promotion and conduct of research
as a core NHS role. Research is vital in providing new knowledge needed to
improve health outcomes and reduce inequalities.’’(para 3.16)
• ‘‘The Government believes that outcomes will improve most rapidly when
clinicians are engaged, and creativity, research participation and
professionalism are allowed to flourish.’’(para 3.4)
• ‘‘Give patients more information on research studies that are relevant to
them, and more scope to join in if they wish’’.(page 17,box)
• ‘‘A thriving life sciences industry is critical to the ability of the NHS to deliver
world class health outcomes’’. (para.3.16)

7. NHS CONSTITUTION (2009)
The commitment to “innovation and to the promotion and
conduct of research to improve the current and future health
and care of the population” Page 1, NHS Constitution (2009)
“Research enables the NHS to improve the current and future
health of the people it serves” Page 52, NHS Constitution
(2009)

8. STRUCTURE OF THE
NIHR CLINICAL RESEARCH
NETWORK

9. ROLE OF THE CLINICAL RESEARCH
NETWORKS (CRNS)
Establish and fund an excellent clinical research infrastructure
Establish and
fund
Provide NHS Service Support Costs
Provide
Facilitate patient participation into studies
Facilitate
Provide and deploy resources for research management.
Provide and
deploy

10. THREE PRELIMINARY QUESTIONS
Why was the study done and what
hypotheses were the authors
testing?
What type of study was done? Was this design appropriate to the
broad field of research studies?

11. TYPES OF STUDIES
• Two main categories of study design
Observational
Experimental
• Study design should be driven by the research
question
• Quality indicators exist for each type of study

12. • Observational studies are non-interventional
• Five major types of studies
– Cohort studies
– Case-control
– Cross-sectional
– Longitudinal surveys – Database analysis
– Case studies
• Often used in epidemiology
• Hypothesis generating

13. EXPERIMENTAL
STUDIES
Experimental studies are
interventional
Designed to answer a specific
question
Most common type is the
Randomised Controlled Trial (RCT)

15. BROAD TOPICS OF RESEARCH
• Most research studies are concerned with one or more of
the following:
• therapy
• diagnosis
• screening
• prognosis
• causation

16. PREFERRED STUDY DESIGN
• therapy RCT
• diagnosis cross sectional survey
• screening cross sectional survey
• prognosis longitudinal cohort
• causation cohort or case-control

17. HOW TO STUDY A RESEARCH
ARTICLE?
• INTRODUCTION
• BACKGROUND
• RESEARCH QUESTION
• LITERATURE REVIEW
• STUDY DESIGN
• INCLUDING RESEARCH METHODOLGY,INCLUSION CRITERIA,EXCULSION CRITERIA,
TYPE OF PARTICIPANTS, TYPES OF OUTCOME, SATISTICAL ANALYSIS AND SYNTHESIS,
QUALITY ASSESSMENT.
• RESULTS
• DISCUSSION
• CONSLUSION

18. WHERE TO FIND ARTICLES?
• PUBMED
• PUBMED CENTRAL
• BMC
• MEDLINE
• EMBASE
• GOOGLE SCHOLAR
• FREE MEDICAL JOURNAL.COM
• UIVERISTY AND LIBRARY SOURCES
• UP TO DATE

19. USEFUL
WEBSITE
S
1. British Medical Association
2. Institute of Cancer Research
3. NHS R & D DOH
4. NICE
5. MEDICAL RESEARCH COUNCIL

20. PLAGERISM
Definition
Types of Plagiarism
Common Knowledge
How To Avoid Plagiarism?
Softwares

21. DEFINITION
The word “plagiarism” comes from
the Latin plagiarus meaning
“kidnapper”
➢ Presenting another work or idea
as your own
PoliticsNJ, The Pulblis Group,
Hoboken, NJ.
http://www.politicsnj.com/plagerism09
0903.htm.

22. TYPES OF
PLAGIARISM
• Intentional
➢ Copying a friend’s work
➢ Buying or borrowing papers
➢ Cutting and pasting blocks of text from
electronic sources without documenting
➢ Media “borrowing”without documentation
➢ Web publishing without
• Unintentional
➢ Careless paraphrasing
➢ Poor documentation
➢ Quoting excessively
➢ Failure to use your own “voice

23. DO I HAVE TO CITE EVERYTHING?
● Common Knowledge
● Examples of common knowledge?

24. HOW TO AVOID PLAGIARISM?
✔ Quoting
✔ Paraphrasing
✔ Summarizing

25. SOFTWARES
● Paid
Turnittin
✔ Plagerism detect
✔ Cannexus
✔ Write Check
✔ Checkforplagerism
● Free
✔ Duplicheck
✔ Copyleaks
✔ Paper Rater
✔ Plagscan
✔ Viper
✔ Quetext

26. TURNITIN REPORT

27. EXCERCISE
Unless steps are taken to provide a predictable and stable energy supply in
the face of growing demand, the nation may be in danger of sudden
power losses or even extended blackouts, thus damaging our industrial
and information-based economies. – John Doe, 1999, p.231.
➔ Inadequate Parapharsing?

28. CORRECT PARAPHARSING
• believes that we must find a more reliable source of energy if we are to
have a dependable electricity supply. Without this, the nation’s economic
base may be damaged by blackouts (p.231).

29. Thank You
• Any questions?
Email: junaid.nazar@shifa.com.pk

30. THANK YOU