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Tishreen University Journal for Research and Scientific Studies - Engineering Sciences Series Vol. (33) No. (3) 2011
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Tishreen University Journal for Research and Scientific Studies - Engineering Sciences Series Vol. (33) No. (3) 2011
Using Image Processing Techniques for Automatic
Extraction of Liver Suspicious Regions from X-Ray
Computed Tomography Images
Dr. Maan Ammar*
Bassel Al Samman**
(Received 24 / 1 / 2011. Accepted 5 / 6 / 2011)
ABSTRACT
This research aims at developing a method that can perform automatic computer
aided detection of suspicious regions from the liver. The proposed method consists of two
phases. In the first phase, the region of the liver is automatically extracted from a CT
abdominal image, using connected components labeling technique, and morphological
operations. In the second phase, suspicious regions are further extracted from the extracted
liver region using the Fuzzy C-Means Clustering (FCM) algorithm.
The CT images dataset used for this work comprised 11CT abdominal images
contain suspicious areas in the liver regions. The proposed method gave promising results
where all suspicious regions were automatically detected and extracted. The accuracy of
extraction differed according to the nature and location of each lesion of those detected in
the liver.
Key Words: Liver Tumors, Computer Aided Detection, Connected Component Labeling,
Morphological Operations, Data Clustering, Digital Image Processing.
*
Professor, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering,
Damascus University, Damascus, Syria.
**
Postgraduate Student, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical and Electrical
Engineering, Damascus University, Damascus, Syria.
)33()3(2011Tishreen University Journal. Eng. Sciences Series
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‫منطقة‬ ‫في‬ ‫المريبة‬ ‫المناطق‬‫الكبد‬
‫خوارزمية‬ ‫تطبيق‬‫الـ‬FCM‫من‬
‫أ‬‫منطقة‬ ‫صورة‬ ‫عناصر‬ ‫تجميع‬ ‫جل‬
‫مجموعات‬ ‫ثالث‬ ‫ضمن‬ ‫الكبد‬
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‫الكبد‬ ‫منطقة‬
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‫المريبة‬ ‫المناطق‬
‫الثانية‬ ‫المرحلة‬ ‫األولى‬ ‫المرحلة‬
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114324.457117
211095.3851363229.071981
311094.7410250.6441111
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510922.407518162.037631
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233
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Clinical Trial
.
:
[1] PARKIN, D.M. et al.Global Cancer Statistics 2002.CA Cancer J Clin, Vol. 55,
No
.2,2005, 74-108.
[2] CHOUDHARY,A. et al.An Entropy Based Multi-Thresholding Method for Semi-
Automatic Segmentation of Liver Tumors, University of Verona, The MIDAS Journal
- Grand Challenge Liver Tumor Segmentation (MICCAI Workshop), 2008, 1-12.
[3]GIGER, M. Computer-Aided Diagnosis in Medical Imaging –A New Era in Image
Interpretation. University of Chicago USA, 2006, 75-79.
[4] WONG, D. et al. A semi-automated method for liver tumor segmentation based on 2D
region growing with knowledge-based constraints. The MIDAS Journal - Grand
Challenge Liver Tumor Segmentation (MICCAI Workshop), 2008, 1-10.
[5] MALA K. et al. Neural Network based Texture Analysis of Liver Tumor from
Computed Tomography Images. International Journal of Biomedical Sciences, Vol. 2
No
. 1, 2006, 33-60.
[6] SHIMIZU A. et al. Ensemble segmentation using Ada Boost with application to liver
lesion extraction from a CT volume. The MIDAS Journal - Grand Challenge Liver
Tumor Segmentation (MICCAI Workshop), 2008, 1-11.
[7] KOSS J. E. et al. Abdominal Organ Segmentation Using Texture Transforms and a
Hopfield Neural Network, IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging, Vol. 18, No
. 7,
1999, 640-648.
[8]KOBASHI M. et al. Knowledge-based Organ Identification from CT Images, Pattern
Recognition, Vol. 28, 1995, 475–491.
)33()3(2011Tishreen University Journal. Eng. Sciences Series
235
[9] ZHOU, J. et al. Semi-automatic Segmentation of 3D Liver Tumors from CT Scans
Using Voxel Classification and Propagational Learning. The MIDAS Journal -
Grand Challenge Liver Tumor Segmentation (MICCAI Workshop), 2008, 1-10.
[10] HEIKEN, J. P. et al Detection of focal hepatic masses: Prospective evaluation with
CT, delayed CT, CT during arterial portography and MR imaging. Radiology, Vol.
171, 1989, 47-51.
[11] STAWISKI, J. et al. Interactive Liver Tumor Segmentation Using Graph-cuts and
Watershed. The MIDAS Journal - Grand Challenge Liver Tumor Segmentation
(MICCAI Workshop), 2008, 1-12.
[12] LIM, S. et al. Segmentation of the Liver Using the Deformable Contour Method on CT
Images. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Springer Berlin / Heidelberg, Vol.
3767, 2005, 570-581.
[13] HAME, Y. Liver Tumor Segmentation Using Implicit Surface Evolution. The MIDAS
Journal - Grand Challenge Liver Tumor Segmentation (MICCAI Workshop), 2008,
1-10.
[14] GONZALEZ, R. C. et al. Digital Image Processing Using MATLAB. Prentice Hall,
2004, 521-538.
[15] THE MTALAB TEAM, Fuzzy Logic Toolbox™, MATLAB, The Math Works, Inc,
2009.
[16] HONG, J. et al. Computer-Aided Diagnostic System Based on Liver CT image.lAPR
Workshop on Machine Vision Applications, The University of Tokyo, Japan,2000,
419-422.
[17] NUGROHO, H. A. et al. Contrast Enhancement for Liver Tumor Identification.
MIDAS Journal - Grand Challenge Liver Tumor Segmentation (MICCAI
Workshop), 2008, 1-11.

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Published Paper 2011

  • 1. 217 _)33()3(2011 Tishreen University Journal for Research and Scientific Studies - Engineering Sciences Series Vol. (33) No. (3) 2011 ¯ ­ * ** )24/1/2011.5/6/2011( ­ ¯ .. ­. ¯ ­FCM. 11 .­¯ ¯ ­. : . * –––¯–¯–. ** )(–––¯–¯–.
  • 2. ¯ ­ 218 _)33()3(2011 Tishreen University Journal for Research and Scientific Studies - Engineering Sciences Series Vol. (33) No. (3) 2011 Using Image Processing Techniques for Automatic Extraction of Liver Suspicious Regions from X-Ray Computed Tomography Images Dr. Maan Ammar* Bassel Al Samman** (Received 24 / 1 / 2011. Accepted 5 / 6 / 2011) ABSTRACT This research aims at developing a method that can perform automatic computer aided detection of suspicious regions from the liver. The proposed method consists of two phases. In the first phase, the region of the liver is automatically extracted from a CT abdominal image, using connected components labeling technique, and morphological operations. In the second phase, suspicious regions are further extracted from the extracted liver region using the Fuzzy C-Means Clustering (FCM) algorithm. The CT images dataset used for this work comprised 11CT abdominal images contain suspicious areas in the liver regions. The proposed method gave promising results where all suspicious regions were automatically detected and extracted. The accuracy of extraction differed according to the nature and location of each lesion of those detected in the liver. Key Words: Liver Tumors, Computer Aided Detection, Connected Component Labeling, Morphological Operations, Data Clustering, Digital Image Processing. * Professor, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Damascus University, Damascus, Syria. ** Postgraduate Student, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Damascus University, Damascus, Syria.
  • 3. )33()3(2011Tishreen University Journal. Eng. Sciences Series 219 : [1]. ­[2]. Computer Aided Detection ­Radiologist¯ ­. ­ ­[3]. ¯¯.¯ ¯Seeds[4] ­­¯ [5]¯) (­¯[6] ­ ­[5,7]¯ [8].¯: 1.: •¯):(¯ Seeds¯ ¯¯[4]. •¯:¯­ ¯ ­[5]. 2.: •­ ¯¯ ­ [5]. •¯¯ ­[9]. 3.: •¯­¯[5] ¯. •¯¯[10,11]. 4.: •¯[12].
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  • 5. )33()3(2011Tishreen University Journal. Eng. Sciences Series 221 ¯¯ ­. : : 1.:)1(­ .)2(¯ ­. 2.. 3. . 4..
  • 6. ¯ ­ 222 : )2( ‫منطقة‬ ‫في‬ ‫المريبة‬ ‫المناطق‬‫الكبد‬ ‫خوارزمية‬ ‫تطبيق‬‫الـ‬FCM‫من‬ ‫أ‬‫منطقة‬ ‫صورة‬ ‫عناصر‬ ‫تجميع‬ ‫جل‬ ‫مجموعات‬ ‫ثالث‬ ‫ضمن‬ ‫الكبد‬ ‫تحديد‬‫الصورة‬‫المناطق‬ ‫تمثل‬ ‫التي‬ ‫الكبد‬ ‫منطقة‬ ‫في‬ ‫المريبة‬ ‫المساحات‬ ‫ذات‬ ‫المناطق‬ ‫حذف‬ ‫مساح‬ ‫مع‬ ‫بالمقارنة‬ ‫الصغيرة‬‫ات‬ ‫المريبة‬ ‫المناطق‬ ‫لعناصر‬ ‫األصلية‬ ‫القيم‬ ‫استرجاع‬ ‫الثالث‬ ‫المجموعات‬ ‫الدخل‬ ‫صورة‬ ‫المقطعية‬ ‫الصورة‬ ‫البطن‬ ‫لمنطقة‬ ‫الخرج‬ ‫صورة‬ ‫األعضاء‬ ‫مناطق‬ ‫من‬ ‫التخلص‬ ‫جانب‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫تظھر‬ ‫التي‬ ‫األخرى‬ ‫الكبد‬ ‫منطقة‬ ‫األصلية‬ ‫القيم‬ ‫استرجاع‬ ‫الكبد‬ ‫منطقة‬ ‫لعناصر‬ ‫باستخدام‬ ‫الصورة‬ ‫تعتيب‬ ‫العتبتين‬90‫و‬200 ‫خوارزمية‬ ‫تطبيق‬CCL ‫المتصلة‬ ‫المناطق‬ ‫لترقيم‬ ‫للصورة‬ ‫المكونة‬ ‫المنطقة‬ ‫واستخالص‬ ‫تحديد‬ ‫على‬ ‫تحتوي‬ ‫التي‬ ‫األكبر‬ ‫الكبد‬ ‫منطقة‬ ‫لعناصر‬ ‫األصلية‬ ‫القيم‬ ‫استرجاع‬ ‫المريبة‬ ‫المناطق‬ ‫الثانية‬ ‫المرحلة‬ ‫األولى‬ ‫المرحلة‬
  • 7. Tishreen University Journal. Eng. Sciences Series ( ­­ ( [90 200] 1) ݂ሺ݅, ݆ሻ ൌ ൝ )( ‫منطقتان‬ ‫مريبتان‬ )33()3(2011Tishreen University Journal. Eng. Sciences Series 223 )­ .(2)­ . )3() : : ( ­.( ሻ ൝ 0 if 90 ൑ ݂ሺ݅, ݆ሻ ൑ 200 1 otherwise )90200( (90200. (1) 0) ­ )
  • 9. Tishreen University Journal. Eng. Sciences Series Morphological Operations ­. Closing ­ [14]. OpeningClosing disk13. )33()3(2011Tishreen University Journal. Eng. Sciences Series 225 (5) :¯ OpeningClosing­ Opening [14].Closing ­ Closing disk3. (6)¯Closing Opening ¯ Opening . ¯
  • 11. Tishreen University Journal. Eng. Sciences Series ­¯ ݂∗ሺ݅, ݆ሻ ൌ ݂஻ሺ݅, ݆ሻ:)9( . )33()3(2011Tishreen University Journal. Eng. Sciences Series 227 (9)Opening­ : ሻ ൌ ൝ ݂ைሺ݅, ݆ሻif ݂஻ሺ݅, ݆ሻ ൐ 0 0 otherwise ݂∗ :݂ைሺ݅, ݆ሻ: (10) (10) . ‫الكولون‬ (2) )2(: : ∗ሺ݅, ݆ሻ
  • 12. ¯ ­ 228 )­¯( ¯ .¯. . ­)( . FCM[5]. ­.¯FCMfcm MATLAB[15]: [center (3),U,obj_fcn] = fcm(data, cluster_n, options) : data:)( ).( cluster_n:).( center:. U:)(. obj_fcn:. options:: o:Fuzziness Degree.:2. o:.:100. o: .:0.00001. o:­.:1. : :¯fcm 3 ¯ ¯.(1)fcm (10):
  • 13. )33()3(2011Tishreen University Journal. Eng. Sciences Series 229 (1)fcm Iteration CountCost Function(obj_fcn)Improvement Value (ε) 114324.457117 211095.3851363229.071981 311094.7410250.6441111 411084.44514910.295876 510922.407518162.037631 68911.1650772011.242441 72929.0706745982.094403 81614.4820881314.588586 91281.112222333.369866 10719.559898561.552324 11562.817394156.742504 12530.89308431.92431 13523.0993207.793764 14520.9918932.107427 15520.3898600.602033 16520.2128050.177055 17520.1599230.052882 18520.1439960.015927 19520.1391770.004819 20520.1377160.001461 21520.1372720.000444 22520.1371370.000135 23520.1370960.000041 24520.1370840.000012 25520.1370800.000004 (1)25 . ¯fcm .)11( : )) () (( (11) ¯¯
  • 14. ¯ ­ 230 : )10( ­ . )) (()( (12) ¯¯ :­ ¯fcm )(­ ¯ .­ : ݃௅ ൐ ݃ௌ ൐ ݃஻ : ݃௅:. ݃ௌ:¯. ݃஻:. ¯ ¯ ¯. :¯ ­ ¯¯bwareaopen MATLAB.¯ )100¯(: (4)
  • 15. Tishreen University Journal. Eng. Sciences Series ¯ ¯ሺ5ሻ: ݂∗ሺ݅, ݆ሻ ൌ ­( ¯ ¯.­ (.... )33()3(2011Tishreen University Journal. Eng. Sciences Series 231 (13)¯ :¯ ሻ ൌ ൝ ݂ைሺ݅, ݆ሻ if ݂୆ሺ݅, ݆ሻ ൐ 0 0 otherwise ݂∗ :¯ ݂ை:)­ ݂஻:)13( (14)¯ (14)¯)(¯ ¯ ) ­[16]. (5) : ∗ሺ݅, ݆ሻ ைሺ݅, ݆ሻ ஻ሺ݅, ݆ሻ ¯
  • 16. ¯ ­ 232 (2)MATLAB im2bw ¯)( bwconncomp ¯)( bwareaopen ¯Closing imclose ¯Opening imopen ¯FCM fcm : ¯ : )3(¯* ­% 695­¯ 280¯ ­ 1100¯ ­ Cyst1100­ ¯2100¯ ­ *­¯ ­ ¯. 1.¯ ­¯­ ¯)­ [16](. 2.­ .¯ [17]. 3.­¯¯ ­.
  • 17. )33()3(2011Tishreen University Journal. Eng. Sciences Series 233 4. ­ .. 5.¯ ­¯¯. )4(­¯ ¯ 1 ­: 2 ­: 3 ­: 4 ­:
  • 18. ¯ ­ 234 : 1.CCL­ . 2.FCM¯ ­ (3). 3.­ ¯ ¯ ­ . 4.­ ).( 5.¯ ­ ¯. 6.¯ Clinical Trial . : [1] PARKIN, D.M. et al.Global Cancer Statistics 2002.CA Cancer J Clin, Vol. 55, No .2,2005, 74-108. [2] CHOUDHARY,A. et al.An Entropy Based Multi-Thresholding Method for Semi- Automatic Segmentation of Liver Tumors, University of Verona, The MIDAS Journal - Grand Challenge Liver Tumor Segmentation (MICCAI Workshop), 2008, 1-12. [3]GIGER, M. Computer-Aided Diagnosis in Medical Imaging –A New Era in Image Interpretation. University of Chicago USA, 2006, 75-79. [4] WONG, D. et al. A semi-automated method for liver tumor segmentation based on 2D region growing with knowledge-based constraints. The MIDAS Journal - Grand Challenge Liver Tumor Segmentation (MICCAI Workshop), 2008, 1-10. [5] MALA K. et al. Neural Network based Texture Analysis of Liver Tumor from Computed Tomography Images. International Journal of Biomedical Sciences, Vol. 2 No . 1, 2006, 33-60. [6] SHIMIZU A. et al. Ensemble segmentation using Ada Boost with application to liver lesion extraction from a CT volume. The MIDAS Journal - Grand Challenge Liver Tumor Segmentation (MICCAI Workshop), 2008, 1-11. [7] KOSS J. E. et al. Abdominal Organ Segmentation Using Texture Transforms and a Hopfield Neural Network, IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging, Vol. 18, No . 7, 1999, 640-648. [8]KOBASHI M. et al. Knowledge-based Organ Identification from CT Images, Pattern Recognition, Vol. 28, 1995, 475–491.
  • 19. )33()3(2011Tishreen University Journal. Eng. Sciences Series 235 [9] ZHOU, J. et al. Semi-automatic Segmentation of 3D Liver Tumors from CT Scans Using Voxel Classification and Propagational Learning. The MIDAS Journal - Grand Challenge Liver Tumor Segmentation (MICCAI Workshop), 2008, 1-10. [10] HEIKEN, J. P. et al Detection of focal hepatic masses: Prospective evaluation with CT, delayed CT, CT during arterial portography and MR imaging. Radiology, Vol. 171, 1989, 47-51. [11] STAWISKI, J. et al. Interactive Liver Tumor Segmentation Using Graph-cuts and Watershed. The MIDAS Journal - Grand Challenge Liver Tumor Segmentation (MICCAI Workshop), 2008, 1-12. [12] LIM, S. et al. Segmentation of the Liver Using the Deformable Contour Method on CT Images. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Springer Berlin / Heidelberg, Vol. 3767, 2005, 570-581. [13] HAME, Y. Liver Tumor Segmentation Using Implicit Surface Evolution. The MIDAS Journal - Grand Challenge Liver Tumor Segmentation (MICCAI Workshop), 2008, 1-10. [14] GONZALEZ, R. C. et al. Digital Image Processing Using MATLAB. Prentice Hall, 2004, 521-538. [15] THE MTALAB TEAM, Fuzzy Logic Toolbox™, MATLAB, The Math Works, Inc, 2009. [16] HONG, J. et al. Computer-Aided Diagnostic System Based on Liver CT image.lAPR Workshop on Machine Vision Applications, The University of Tokyo, Japan,2000, 419-422. [17] NUGROHO, H. A. et al. Contrast Enhancement for Liver Tumor Identification. MIDAS Journal - Grand Challenge Liver Tumor Segmentation (MICCAI Workshop), 2008, 1-11.