The document discusses the development of athletics and sports in 19th century English public schools over three stages: [1] Stage One (1790-1828) saw bullying and brutality, with activities organized haphazardly by students. There was no master involvement. [2] Stage Two (1828-1842) brought reforms led by Thomas Arnold that used sports for social control. Masters became more involved and the house system grew. [3] Stage Three (1842-1912) saw athleticism reach cult status, with an emphasis on moral integrity, teamwork, and sportsmanship. Structured inter-school competitions emerged. However, these developments were delayed in