Pub. finance ppt
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Introduction of Finance,Public Finance, Nature and scope of public finance, difference b/w public and private finance.
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Private and public finance
Public finance studies income and expenditure activities of the state or government, while private finance studies those of individuals and private entities. Both have the objectives of satisfying wants, though public finance aims for collective wants satisfaction. They both require balancing receipts and expenditures, and borrowing when expenditures exceed income. However, they differ in how expenditure is determined, the compulsory nature of public expenditure, and ability to apply the principle of equi-marginal utility.
Public finance
Public finance deals with the revenue and expenditure of the government sector. It aims to maximize social welfare through public expenditure. Private finance deals with the income and expenditure of private individuals and firms. It aims to generate profit.
While their motives differ, public and private finance also share some similarities. Both involve income and expenditure that must be balanced. Both can rely on borrowing when expenditures exceed income. And rational decision making aims to maximize benefits in both.
public finance
This document provides an overview of public finance as a subject area. It defines public finance and outlines its key areas of focus, including public revenue, public expenditure, public debt, financial administration, and economic stabilization. It distinguishes public finance from private finance and discusses some major principles of public finance, including the principle of maximum social advantage. The document is a study material on public finance prepared by the University of Calicut School of Distance Education.
Public expenditure
Public expenditure by governments has increased over time due to various factors:
1. Population growth has led to increased spending on public services like schools, housing, and healthcare.
2. Defense spending has risen to protect countries from foreign threats, consuming a large portion of budgets.
3. The expansion of administrative systems with more departments and elections has grown public administration costs.
4. Economic development through infrastructure projects, industries, and programs has required significant government funding.
Public economics unit 3 public expenditure and public debt
This document provides an overview of public economics, specifically public expenditure and public debt. It defines key terms like public expenditure, importance and objectives of public expenditure, classification of public expenditure, reasons for its growth, canons of public expenditure, and hypotheses about its growth like Wagner's law. It also defines public debt, causes and classification of debt, debt burden and its measurement. It concludes with discussing redemption of public debt.
Public finance nature and Scope
1. Public finance involves the study of government spending, taxation, and deficits. It examines when and how governments should intervene in markets and the potential outcomes of policy changes.
2. Understanding how government actions affect the economy is important for public finance professionals. Government interventions aim to improve economic efficiency, distribute income, and stabilize macroeconomic conditions.
3. The scope of public finance includes analyzing public revenue, expenditure, debt, financial administration, and economic stabilization policies. It also involves allocating public goods, redistributing income, and reducing economic fluctuations through fiscal policy tools.
Public debt
Debt management refers to the formation and implementation of policies related to public debt. The objectives of public debt management include supporting economic policy goals during times of inflation and deflation, providing funds during emergencies, being beneficial for government activities, and not adversely impacting the economic condition of the country. Principles of effective debt management include extracting funds from the public without coercion, minimizing interest costs, satisfying investors, converting short-term debt to long-term debt without economic disruption, coordinating with fiscal and monetary policies, and maintaining proper debt maturity levels and liquidity.
dis invest ment & pay back period
The document discusses disinvestment and payback period. It defines disinvestment as a government or organization selling or liquidating an asset or subsidiary. The objectives of disinvestment include reducing financial burden, improving public finances, and introducing competition. Payback period is defined as the time required for a firm to recover its original investment. It is calculated by dividing the original investment by the annual cash flows. Payback period is used to measure risk, control the effects of uncertain future cash flows, and minimize the impact on liquidity.
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Private and public finance
Public finance studies income and expenditure activities of the state or government, while private finance studies those of individuals and private entities. Both have the objectives of satisfying wants, though public finance aims for collective wants satisfaction. They both require balancing receipts and expenditures, and borrowing when expenditures exceed income. However, they differ in how expenditure is determined, the compulsory nature of public expenditure, and ability to apply the principle of equi-marginal utility.
Public finance
Public finance deals with the revenue and expenditure of the government sector. It aims to maximize social welfare through public expenditure. Private finance deals with the income and expenditure of private individuals and firms. It aims to generate profit.
While their motives differ, public and private finance also share some similarities. Both involve income and expenditure that must be balanced. Both can rely on borrowing when expenditures exceed income. And rational decision making aims to maximize benefits in both.
public finance
This document provides an overview of public finance as a subject area. It defines public finance and outlines its key areas of focus, including public revenue, public expenditure, public debt, financial administration, and economic stabilization. It distinguishes public finance from private finance and discusses some major principles of public finance, including the principle of maximum social advantage. The document is a study material on public finance prepared by the University of Calicut School of Distance Education.
Public expenditure
Public expenditure by governments has increased over time due to various factors:
1. Population growth has led to increased spending on public services like schools, housing, and healthcare.
2. Defense spending has risen to protect countries from foreign threats, consuming a large portion of budgets.
3. The expansion of administrative systems with more departments and elections has grown public administration costs.
4. Economic development through infrastructure projects, industries, and programs has required significant government funding.
Public economics unit 3 public expenditure and public debt
This document provides an overview of public economics, specifically public expenditure and public debt. It defines key terms like public expenditure, importance and objectives of public expenditure, classification of public expenditure, reasons for its growth, canons of public expenditure, and hypotheses about its growth like Wagner's law. It also defines public debt, causes and classification of debt, debt burden and its measurement. It concludes with discussing redemption of public debt.
Public finance nature and Scope
1. Public finance involves the study of government spending, taxation, and deficits. It examines when and how governments should intervene in markets and the potential outcomes of policy changes.
2. Understanding how government actions affect the economy is important for public finance professionals. Government interventions aim to improve economic efficiency, distribute income, and stabilize macroeconomic conditions.
3. The scope of public finance includes analyzing public revenue, expenditure, debt, financial administration, and economic stabilization policies. It also involves allocating public goods, redistributing income, and reducing economic fluctuations through fiscal policy tools.
Public debt
Debt management refers to the formation and implementation of policies related to public debt. The objectives of public debt management include supporting economic policy goals during times of inflation and deflation, providing funds during emergencies, being beneficial for government activities, and not adversely impacting the economic condition of the country. Principles of effective debt management include extracting funds from the public without coercion, minimizing interest costs, satisfying investors, converting short-term debt to long-term debt without economic disruption, coordinating with fiscal and monetary policies, and maintaining proper debt maturity levels and liquidity.
dis invest ment & pay back period
The document discusses disinvestment and payback period. It defines disinvestment as a government or organization selling or liquidating an asset or subsidiary. The objectives of disinvestment include reducing financial burden, improving public finances, and introducing competition. Payback period is defined as the time required for a firm to recover its original investment. It is calculated by dividing the original investment by the annual cash flows. Payback period is used to measure risk, control the effects of uncertain future cash flows, and minimize the impact on liquidity.
Public spending
The document discusses public spending and its socio-economic impacts based on a case study of diminishing marginal returns to state spending. It provides background on public spending levels historically for developed countries, rising from 8% of GDP in 1870 to over 40% currently. Developing countries initially saw increasing returns to public spending but recent studies show diminishing and sometimes negative returns. Diminishing returns refer to decreasing GDP growth rates as public spending increases beyond an optimal level, as seen in developed countries from the 1970s-2000s. Negative returns are indicated by rising unemployment despite higher education spending, as in the U.S., Canada, France and U.K. following the 2008 recession.
Public finance
Public finance deals with the government's role in the economy and how it raises and spends resources. It is concerned with the income and expenditures of public authorities and adjusting one to the other. Public finance aims to achieve efficient allocation of resources, income distribution, macroeconomic stabilization, steady economic growth, price stability, and balanced development through fiscal tools like taxes, spending, and debt.
Public expenditures
The document discusses public expenditures by governments. It notes that public expenditures are reflected in national budgets and indicate a government's economic and social priorities. Developing countries tend to prioritize education spending to invest in human capital development. While public expenditures have increased due to factors like inflation, population growth, and infrastructure projects, they are necessary to support social services for large populations and address issues like peace and order. When evaluating public expenditures, both economic and social impacts should be considered, with priority given to programs that improve conditions for the poor masses and promote social justice.
PUBLIC AND PRIVATE FINANCE
Public finance deals with the revenue and spending of government entities and its impact on the economy. It has four key areas: public income from taxes and other sources; public expenditure on infrastructure, services, etc.; public debt to fund gaps between income and expenditure; and financial administration of budgets, policies, and their social and economic effects.
The main functions of public finance are allocation of resources to both private and public goods, redistribution of wealth to reduce inequality, and stabilization of the economy during booms and recessions. Private finance encompasses personal finance of individuals and families as well as business finance.
The public and private sectors differ in objectives, sources of income, ability to borrow, currency ownership, time horizons
Public expenditure
Public expenditure refers to spending by central, state, and local governments. It can be classified in several ways: by function (defense, welfare); as revenue/capital; transfer/non-transfer; and productive/unproductive. Transfer expenditures like pensions provide benefits without returns, while non-transfer expenditures like infrastructure create outputs. Factors driving higher public spending include increased population and government functions, rising prices and costs, greater national wealth and tax revenue, and expanded social and development programs.
Public finance
Public finance involves the study of government revenue and expenditures. It examines sources of tax and non-tax revenue, types of taxes, public spending objectives and classifications, public debt, and financial administration. Public finance aims to maintain economic stability and growth through tools like taxation, expenditures, loans, and debt management. Both public and private finance address the economic problem, aim to maximize satisfaction from limited resources, and balance income and expenditures, though they differ in allowed sources of funds, borrowing scope, budgeting approach, long-term perspective, and motivations.
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Public expenditure
Public expenditure plays four main roles: contributing to demand, coordinating economic impulses, increasing public goods, and creating positive externalities. It is determined by political priorities and interpretations of the economic situation. Public expenditure impacts GDP and can crowd out private investment. It may behave pro-cyclically or anti-cyclically depending on how governments react to changing revenues during economic downturns by reducing or increasing spending.
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This document provides an overview of public finance. It lists group members and is submitted to Sir Abu Sufyan. It then defines public finance as the branch of economics dealing with government revenue and expenditure. It notes public finance is divided into three branches: public revenue, public expenditure, and public debt. For each branch, it outlines topics covered such as types of taxes and their effects, how government influences production through spending, and purposes and principles of public debt payments. It also compares public and private finance and lists objectives and sources of public revenue as well as categories of public expenditures.
Principle of maximum social advantage
The document discusses the principle of maximum social advantage proposed by British economist Hugh Dalton. According to this principle, the optimal level of government fiscal activities is the point where marginal social benefits from public spending equals marginal social costs of taxation. This maximizes social welfare. The document explains this using diagrams showing marginal social benefit and marginal social sacrifice curves, with their point of intersection indicating maximum social advantage. It assumes taxes impose costs and spending provides benefits, with both subject to diminishing returns.
Effects of public expenditure on economy production distribution
Public expenditure on education in India has remained below the target of 6% of GDP, reaching a maximum of only 4.3% of GDP. Government expenditure on education as a percentage of total government expenditure averages around 13.5%. However, achieving the 6% of GDP target for education would require a substantial increase in funding, as the GDP has been growing faster than the rate of increase in education spending. Analyzing trends in public expenditure is important for understanding challenges in meeting policy targets for education financing.
Public expenditure
MEANING
MEANING
DEFINITION
CLASSIFICATION OF PUBLIC EXPENDITURE
CAUSES FOR THE GROWTH OF PUBLIC EXPENDITURE
MEANING
DEFINITION
CLASSIFICATION OF PUBLIC EXPENDITURE
CAUSES FOR THE GROWTH OF PUBLIC EXPENDITURE
Quiz public finance
This document contains a 20 question multiple choice quiz on concepts in public finance and economics. The questions cover topics such as the definitions and scopes of public finance and economics, sources of public debt, effects of public expenditure, components of public finance, characteristics of business cycles, types of public facilities, modern terms for public finance, influences of fiscal policy, and differences between public and private finance. The correct answers to each multiple choice question are also provided.
Public and private finance
Public finance deals with government revenue and spending at national, state and local levels. It aims to provide maximum social benefits to society. Private finance involves personal and business financial management, with the goal of fulfilling private interests and gaining profit. Both public and private finance have limited resources and must allocate funds rationally. They also both may borrow funds and adopt sound financial policies. However, public finance deals with transparent yearly budgets and long-term planning, while private finances can be kept secret and focus on shorter-term goals and individual benefits.
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my facebook link : https://www.facebook.com/md.sajib.1612147
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This document discusses India's budget deficits, public debt, and fiscal policy. It begins with an introduction on global fiscal problems like growing budget deficits in developed countries. It then discusses debates around measuring budget deficits, trends in India's growing public debt, and the importance of foreign capital flows for India's external and internal balances. The document outlines India's fiscal history and debt dynamics, noting increasing deficits, declining capital expenditures, and rising government borrowing. It concludes that India's deficit and debt dynamics pose sustainability risks if capital formation continues decreasing and debt variability remains high.
Public finance
This document provides an introduction to the topic of public finance. It defines public finance as the study of government income and expenditure. Some key points:
- Public finance deals with the revenue and spending of public authorities like governments. It studies sources of public revenue like taxes and non-tax sources.
- Public revenue can be classified into tax revenue (direct and indirect taxes) and non-tax revenue (administrative revenue from fees/fines, commercial revenue from public enterprises, and other sources like borrowing).
- Public expenditure refers to spending by governments to perform functions like defense, infrastructure. Objectives include economic stability and development.
- Other components of public finance discussed are public debt, financial administration of
Public debt management
This document provides information about Bilal Qasim Mohammed including his education credentials and work experience. It lists his degrees which include a BSc in Economics, an MSc in Economics with a focus on monetary policy, and professional certificates in public debt management and project management. It also outlines the various jobs he has held over the years including working with NGOs, a university, UNICEF, and currently with the Central Bank of Iraq. The rest of the document appears to cover topics related to fiscal policy, public debt, and debt management.
1.Public Finance and Budgeting 2012(MKL) - Copy.pptx
This document provides information about a module on public finance and budgeting. It includes the module title and code, instructor details, objectives of the module, and an outline of module contents which cover topics such as the introduction to public finance, the budget cycle in the public sector, and public debt management. The document also defines key terms related to public finance, outlines the scope of public finance, and compares public finance to private finance by highlighting their similarities and differences.
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The document discusses public spending and its socio-economic impacts based on a case study of diminishing marginal returns to state spending. It provides background on public spending levels historically for developed countries, rising from 8% of GDP in 1870 to over 40% currently. Developing countries initially saw increasing returns to public spending but recent studies show diminishing and sometimes negative returns. Diminishing returns refer to decreasing GDP growth rates as public spending increases beyond an optimal level, as seen in developed countries from the 1970s-2000s. Negative returns are indicated by rising unemployment despite higher education spending, as in the U.S., Canada, France and U.K. following the 2008 recession.
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Public finance deals with the government's role in the economy and how it raises and spends resources. It is concerned with the income and expenditures of public authorities and adjusting one to the other. Public finance aims to achieve efficient allocation of resources, income distribution, macroeconomic stabilization, steady economic growth, price stability, and balanced development through fiscal tools like taxes, spending, and debt.
Public expenditures
The document discusses public expenditures by governments. It notes that public expenditures are reflected in national budgets and indicate a government's economic and social priorities. Developing countries tend to prioritize education spending to invest in human capital development. While public expenditures have increased due to factors like inflation, population growth, and infrastructure projects, they are necessary to support social services for large populations and address issues like peace and order. When evaluating public expenditures, both economic and social impacts should be considered, with priority given to programs that improve conditions for the poor masses and promote social justice.
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Public finance deals with the revenue and spending of government entities and its impact on the economy. It has four key areas: public income from taxes and other sources; public expenditure on infrastructure, services, etc.; public debt to fund gaps between income and expenditure; and financial administration of budgets, policies, and their social and economic effects.
The main functions of public finance are allocation of resources to both private and public goods, redistribution of wealth to reduce inequality, and stabilization of the economy during booms and recessions. Private finance encompasses personal finance of individuals and families as well as business finance.
The public and private sectors differ in objectives, sources of income, ability to borrow, currency ownership, time horizons
Public expenditure
Public expenditure refers to spending by central, state, and local governments. It can be classified in several ways: by function (defense, welfare); as revenue/capital; transfer/non-transfer; and productive/unproductive. Transfer expenditures like pensions provide benefits without returns, while non-transfer expenditures like infrastructure create outputs. Factors driving higher public spending include increased population and government functions, rising prices and costs, greater national wealth and tax revenue, and expanded social and development programs.
Public finance
Public finance involves the study of government revenue and expenditures. It examines sources of tax and non-tax revenue, types of taxes, public spending objectives and classifications, public debt, and financial administration. Public finance aims to maintain economic stability and growth through tools like taxation, expenditures, loans, and debt management. Both public and private finance address the economic problem, aim to maximize satisfaction from limited resources, and balance income and expenditures, though they differ in allowed sources of funds, borrowing scope, budgeting approach, long-term perspective, and motivations.
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The document discusses India's fiscal deficit, revenue deficit, effective revenue deficit, and primary deficit. It outlines the Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Management (FRBM) Act of 2003 and its amendments in 2012, which set targets to reduce the fiscal deficit and revenue deficit. It also discusses issues related to India's public debt management, high fiscal and current account deficits, and the economic survey's recommendation to establish a Public Debt Management Authority to improve debt management and reduce financial repression.
Public expenditure
Public expenditure plays four main roles: contributing to demand, coordinating economic impulses, increasing public goods, and creating positive externalities. It is determined by political priorities and interpretations of the economic situation. Public expenditure impacts GDP and can crowd out private investment. It may behave pro-cyclically or anti-cyclically depending on how governments react to changing revenues during economic downturns by reducing or increasing spending.
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This document provides an overview of public finance. It lists group members and is submitted to Sir Abu Sufyan. It then defines public finance as the branch of economics dealing with government revenue and expenditure. It notes public finance is divided into three branches: public revenue, public expenditure, and public debt. For each branch, it outlines topics covered such as types of taxes and their effects, how government influences production through spending, and purposes and principles of public debt payments. It also compares public and private finance and lists objectives and sources of public revenue as well as categories of public expenditures.
Principle of maximum social advantage
The document discusses the principle of maximum social advantage proposed by British economist Hugh Dalton. According to this principle, the optimal level of government fiscal activities is the point where marginal social benefits from public spending equals marginal social costs of taxation. This maximizes social welfare. The document explains this using diagrams showing marginal social benefit and marginal social sacrifice curves, with their point of intersection indicating maximum social advantage. It assumes taxes impose costs and spending provides benefits, with both subject to diminishing returns.
Effects of public expenditure on economy production distribution
Public expenditure on education in India has remained below the target of 6% of GDP, reaching a maximum of only 4.3% of GDP. Government expenditure on education as a percentage of total government expenditure averages around 13.5%. However, achieving the 6% of GDP target for education would require a substantial increase in funding, as the GDP has been growing faster than the rate of increase in education spending. Analyzing trends in public expenditure is important for understanding challenges in meeting policy targets for education financing.
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MEANING
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DEFINITION
CLASSIFICATION OF PUBLIC EXPENDITURE
CAUSES FOR THE GROWTH OF PUBLIC EXPENDITURE
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DEFINITION
CLASSIFICATION OF PUBLIC EXPENDITURE
CAUSES FOR THE GROWTH OF PUBLIC EXPENDITURE
Quiz public finance
This document contains a 20 question multiple choice quiz on concepts in public finance and economics. The questions cover topics such as the definitions and scopes of public finance and economics, sources of public debt, effects of public expenditure, components of public finance, characteristics of business cycles, types of public facilities, modern terms for public finance, influences of fiscal policy, and differences between public and private finance. The correct answers to each multiple choice question are also provided.
Public and private finance
Public finance deals with government revenue and spending at national, state and local levels. It aims to provide maximum social benefits to society. Private finance involves personal and business financial management, with the goal of fulfilling private interests and gaining profit. Both public and private finance have limited resources and must allocate funds rationally. They also both may borrow funds and adopt sound financial policies. However, public finance deals with transparent yearly budgets and long-term planning, while private finances can be kept secret and focus on shorter-term goals and individual benefits.
Effects of Public Expenditure on Standard of Living
Effects of Public Expenditure on Standard of Living in
Bangladesh.....
my facebook link : https://www.facebook.com/md.sajib.1612147
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This document discusses India's budget deficits, public debt, and fiscal policy. It begins with an introduction on global fiscal problems like growing budget deficits in developed countries. It then discusses debates around measuring budget deficits, trends in India's growing public debt, and the importance of foreign capital flows for India's external and internal balances. The document outlines India's fiscal history and debt dynamics, noting increasing deficits, declining capital expenditures, and rising government borrowing. It concludes that India's deficit and debt dynamics pose sustainability risks if capital formation continues decreasing and debt variability remains high.
Public finance
This document provides an introduction to the topic of public finance. It defines public finance as the study of government income and expenditure. Some key points:
- Public finance deals with the revenue and spending of public authorities like governments. It studies sources of public revenue like taxes and non-tax sources.
- Public revenue can be classified into tax revenue (direct and indirect taxes) and non-tax revenue (administrative revenue from fees/fines, commercial revenue from public enterprises, and other sources like borrowing).
- Public expenditure refers to spending by governments to perform functions like defense, infrastructure. Objectives include economic stability and development.
- Other components of public finance discussed are public debt, financial administration of
Public debt management
This document provides information about Bilal Qasim Mohammed including his education credentials and work experience. It lists his degrees which include a BSc in Economics, an MSc in Economics with a focus on monetary policy, and professional certificates in public debt management and project management. It also outlines the various jobs he has held over the years including working with NGOs, a university, UNICEF, and currently with the Central Bank of Iraq. The rest of the document appears to cover topics related to fiscal policy, public debt, and debt management.
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Macro-economic Framework in Indian Economy–Public Finance
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Brief history of m.p
Madhya Pradesh has a long and diverse history, having been ruled by many empires and dynasties over the centuries. This included the Mauryan Empire, the Mughals, and later the British. During the rule of the Mughals, the famous musician Tansen hailed from Madhya Pradesh and served at the court of Emperor Akbar. Madhya Pradesh is also the birthplace of the renowned poet Kalidasa. After independence, Madhya Pradesh was formed in 1956 by merging several princely states and provinces. Chhattisgarh was later carved out as a separate state in 2000.
Unit 2 history of tourism
The document expresses gratitude but does not provide any other details, context, or information to summarize. It contains a single word: "Thank Tou".
Cap ex
Capital expenditures, or CapEx, refer to funds used by a company to acquire or upgrade physical assets such as property, buildings, equipment, and technology that are used in the company's operations. Some examples of CapEx include purchasing land, buildings, machinery, vehicles, software, and intangible assets. Making wise CapEx decisions is important for a company's short-term and long-term financial health. There are two main types of CapEx - those for maintaining current operations and those that enable future growth. Capital expenditures are significant financial commitments that are difficult to reverse and have long-term effects on a company's production and activities.
Tax collected by the central govt.
The document discusses several types of taxes administered by the central government in India. It describes customs duties levied on imported and exported goods, excise duties imposed on domestically manufactured goods, gift tax on gifts over 50,000 rupees, service tax charged on certain services, wealth tax of 1% on net wealth over 15 lakhs, and income tax. It provides details on tax rates and exemptions for each type of tax.
Pub. finance ppt copy
This document outlines the syllabus for a public finance course. It covers 5 units: (1) introduction to public finance; (2) sources of public funds through taxes and loans; (3) principles of public expenditure and debt; (4) public finance in India; and (5) financial institutions and budgeting. Key concepts discussed include the principle of maximum social advantage, sources of revenue for central and state governments in India, and the roles of the central/union and state governments in public finance.
Ppt project mgt. syllabus
This document outlines the syllabus for a BBA course on project management. The syllabus covers topics such as generating and screening project ideas, market demand analysis, social cost-benefit analysis, multiple project constraints, project financing in India, and environmental appraisal of projects. It provides context on the history and definition of project management, noting that it dates back to the 1950s but has roots in the late 19th century. Project management is defined as coordinating work across departments using tools like work breakdown structures and charts to track tasks and reduce risk. A project goes through six defined phases from initiation to closure.
Project mgt.
Project ideas are generated based on consumer needs, market demand, available resources, and technology. Ideas are also influenced by external factors like natural calamities and political considerations. The selection process evaluates ideas based on their profitability, feasibility, required resources, and market acceptance. Key tasks in generating and screening project ideas include monitoring the environment, corporate appraisals, preliminary screening, and using a project rating index to evaluate sources of positive net present value. Ideas are further screened using criteria like identified customer needs, required improvements, benefits to the target market, technical feasibility, profitability, and fit within the business objectives.
Sources of finance
The document discusses various sources of public finance including taxes, loans, grants, and aid. It provides details on the following:
1) Grants are financial aid awarded by the government for a specific purpose and do not need to be repaid, while loans are provided by banks and financial institutions and must be repaid with interest.
2) Getting a government grant is a competitive process that requires a complex application describing how funds will benefit the community, and often requires hiring professional help to write proposals.
3) The main difference between grants and loans is that grants do not require repayment, making them a gift, while loans must be repaid and involve taking on debt. Grants have no risk of
Project mgt.
Project ideas are generated based on consumer needs, market demand, available resources, and technology. Ideas are also influenced by external factors like natural calamities and political considerations. The selection process evaluates ideas based on their profitability, feasibility, required resources, and market acceptance. Key tasks in generating and screening project ideas include monitoring the business environment, looking for opportunities, performing preliminary screening using a project rating index, and assessing sources of positive net present value. Shortlisted ideas are then evaluated against criteria such as identified customer needs, technical feasibility, required research and development, profit potential, market fit, and resource requirements.
International business environment
This ppt will be helpfull for all those students who are doing b.com. or MBA in International Business
Marketing mgt.
Marketing Management ,Advertising ,Advertising Media, Selection of Media, Distribution channels, Home trade and International Trade process.
Directing
Directing is the core management function that integrates and initiates individual efforts to achieve organizational objectives. It provides guidance from top managers to subordinates through orders, instructions, and leadership. Effective directing techniques include clear communication, appropriate supervision styles based on the situation, and motivating employees by harmonizing individual and organizational goals. Direction facilitates change management and allows organizations to utilize each individual's full potential through guidance and counseling from superiors.
Business Organisation
The document provides an overview of business, commerce, industry, and forms of business organization. It defines key terms and concepts. Business is defined as an activity aimed at earning profits through the production and exchange of goods and services. Commerce facilitates exchange between producers and consumers. Industry involves the production of goods utilizing natural resources. There are various forms of business organization including sole proprietorships, partnerships, companies, and cooperatives. The choice of organization depends on factors like the nature of business, required capital, risk tolerance, and regulatory environment.
Mbo
1. Management by Objectives (MBO) is a technique where managers and employees jointly set goals for a specific timeframe and work together to monitor progress.
2. The MBO process involves employees' managers informing them of organizational objectives and strategies, then employees setting their own goals for how they can contribute within a set timeframe.
3. Continuous monitoring of performance and progress against objectives is essential to the MBO process, as is regular feedback and periodic formal performance reviews between managers and employees.
DECISION MAKING
1. Decision making involves identifying problems, gathering relevant information, identifying alternatives, weighing the evidence, choosing among alternatives, taking action, and reviewing the decision. It is a continuous process that aims to solve problems and meet goals.
2. Effective communication of decisions and participation in decision making from concerned individuals can improve the decision making process. Decisions must be clearly conveyed and input should be gathered from those affected.
3. There are various types of decisions including programmed vs non-programmed, organizational vs personal, major vs minor, and individual vs group decisions. Different decision types are handled differently within an organization.
Approaches of Management(Principles of Management)
The systems approach views an organization as a set of interconnected sub-systems that work together towards common objectives. It focuses on internal processes and interdependencies between sub-units. In contrast, the contingency approach emphasizes that there is no universal solution and the best approach depends on external environmental factors and internal contingencies facing each unique organization. It rejects applying classical management principles without considering situational factors.
Principles of Management Unit 1
Management is essential for any organization to be efficient and achieve its goals. It involves planning, organizing, leading and controlling. Management integrates human, physical and financial resources to achieve organizational goals through a continuous and group process. Management occurs at three levels - top level sets goals and policies, middle level executes plans and coordinates activities, and lower level focuses on supervision and operations like assigning tasks, guiding workers, and maintaining productivity and relations.
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Approaches of Management(Principles of Management)
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OJPs are becoming a critical resource for policy-makers and researchers who study the labour market. LMIC continues to work with Vicinity Jobs’ data on OJPs, which can be explored in our Canadian Job Trends Dashboard. Valuable insights have been gained through our analysis of OJP data, including LMIC research lead
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Laura Adkins-Hackett, Economist, LMIC, and Sukriti Trehan, Data Scientist, LMIC, presented their research exploring trends in the skills listed in OJPs to develop a deeper understanding of in-demand skills. This research project uses pointwise mutual information and other methods to extract more information about common skills from the relationships between skills, occupations and regions.Who Is Abhay Bhutada, MD of Poonawalla Fincorp
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Do elements of globalization, such as Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), negatively affect the ability of countries in the Global South to preserve their culture? This research aims to answer this question by employing a cross-sectional comparative case study analysis utilizing methods of difference. Thailand and Cambodia are compared as they are in the same region and have a similar culture. The metric of difference between Thailand and Cambodia is their ability to preserve their culture. This ability is operationalized by their respective attitudes towards FDI; Thailand imposes stringent regulations and limitations on FDI while Cambodia does not hesitate to accept most FDI and imposes fewer limitations. The evidence from this study suggests that FDI from globally influential countries with high gross domestic products (GDPs) (e.g. China, U.S.) challenges the ability of countries with lower GDPs (e.g. Cambodia) to protect their culture. Furthermore, the ability, or lack thereof, of the receiving countries to protect their culture is amplified by the existence and implementation of restrictive FDI policies imposed by their governments.
My study abroad in Bali, Indonesia, inspired this research topic as I noticed how globalization is changing the culture of its people. I learned their language and way of life which helped me understand the beauty and importance of cultural preservation. I believe we could all benefit from learning new perspectives as they could help us ideate solutions to contemporary issues and empathize with others.1.2 Business Ideas Business Ideas Busine
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7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
一比一原版美国新罕布什尔大学(unh)毕业证学历认证真实可查
永久可查学历认证【微信：A575476】【美国新罕布什尔大学(unh)毕业证成绩单Offer】【微信：A575476】（留信学历认证永久存档查询）采用学校原版纸张、特殊工艺完全按照原版一比一制作（包括：隐形水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠，文字图案浮雕，激光镭射，紫外荧光，温感，复印防伪）行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备，十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，业务范围有加拿大、英国、澳洲、韩国、美国、新加坡，新西兰等学历材料，包您满意。
【业务选择办理准则】
一、工作未确定，回国需先给父母、亲戚朋友看下文凭的情况，办理一份就读学校的毕业证【微信：A575476】文凭即可
二、回国进私企、外企、自己做生意的情况，这些单位是不查询毕业证真伪的，而且国内没有渠道去查询国外文凭的真假，也不需要提供真实教育部认证。鉴于此，办理一份毕业证【微信：A575476】即可
三、进国企，银行，事业单位，考公务员等等，这些单位是必需要提供真实教育部认证的，办理教育部认证所需资料众多且烦琐，所有材料您都必须提供原件，我们凭借丰富的经验，快捷的绿色通道帮您快速整合材料，让您少走弯路。
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
→ 【关于价格问题（保证一手价格）
我们所定的价格是非常合理的，而且我们现在做得单子大多数都是代理和回头客户介绍的所以一般现在有新的单子 我给客户的都是第一手的代理价格，因为我想坦诚对待大家 不想跟大家在价格方面浪费时间
对于老客户或者被老客户介绍过来的朋友，我们都会适当给一些优惠。
选择实体注册公司办理，更放心，更安全！我们的承诺：可来公司面谈，可签订合同，会陪同客户一起到教育部认证窗口递交认证材料，客户在教育部官方认证查询网站查询到认证通过结果后付款，不成功不收费！
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Pub. finance ppt
- 1. Career College, Bhopal Department of Commerce and Management B. Com. II Year Hons.
- 3. Why to study Public finance? Public finance can be defined as the study of government activities, which may include spending, deficits and taxation. The goals of public finance are to recognize when, how and why the government should intervene in the current economy, and also understand the possible outcomes of making changes in the market.
- 4. Public Finance Applied Economics group Syllabus Unit 1- Public finance- Meaning, nature ,Scope and importance, Difference b/w Public and Private finance, Principle of maximum social advantage, Role of state in public finance, central and state relationship. Unit 2- Sources of : taxes, loan,grants,aid-meaning,and types of canons of taxation, problems of justice in taxation, incidence of taxation, taxable capacity ,impact of taxation, and tax evasion,charateristic of indian tax systems , defects and steps of reform Unit-3 Principle of public expenditure ,principle of public debt and its methods of redemption. Effects of public expenditure on production and distribution. Public debt in India , debt to GDP ratio,impotance subsidies Unit -4 Public finance in India :sources of revenue of central and state govt., concepts and types of budgets, fiscal deficit ,financing and deficit budgeting ,introduction of fiscal responsibility and budget management act. Unit -5 Financial institution and marketing : role of RBI, stock exchange, recent development in financial market, constitution and function of finance commission, recommendation of latest finance commission, latest budget of central and mp govt.., main heads of revenue and expenditure of central state govt.
- 6. In public finance we study the finances of the Government. Thus, public finance deals with the question how the Government raises its resources to meet its ever-rising expenditure. As Dalton puts it,” public finance is “concerned with the income and expenditure of public authorities and with the adjustment of one to the other.” The objectives of public finance are achieved by managing and drafting policies pertaining to key areas such as taxation, management of public revenue and expenditure, raising and servicing public debt, fiscal administration at various levels.
- 7. Public finance is required at all social levels considering different levels of government, management and analysis with an eye on key focus areas: Financial Management Revenue Management Expenditure Management Fiscal Policy Amendments Regulatory Changes Public Debt Management
- 8. Nature ,and scope of Public finance
- 9. Nature Public Finance as a science as well as an art Studies Govt. Finance It studies about public debt It talks about the economic condition of the country or economy Scope of Public finance 1. Public revenue 2. Public Expenditure 3. Public debt 4. Financial Administration 5. Economic Stabilization
- 10. Difference b/w Public and Private finance 1. Income and expenditure Adjustment in Public and Private finance: the govt. adjusts the income according to the expenditure budget. The private sector including individuals and private business adjust their expenditure according to the income or future estimates. 2. Borrowings in public VS Private finance: The Govt. can borrow from itself ,it can simply go back to the people to ask for loans in whichever financial asset e.g. bonds, when shortages arise. But individual can’t borrow from itself. 3.Currency ownerships in Public VS Private Finance: The Govt. in change aspects related to currency. This involves the creation, distribution and monitoring. But no one in private sector is allowed to create currency, this is illegal. 4. Present VS Future: The public sector is more involved with future planning and making long term decisions. These decisions (investments)could includes building of schools, hospitals etc. But Private sector is involved in making short and mid term decisions.
- 11. 5. Objective difference in Public and Private Finance: The public sector’s main objective is to create social benefit in the economy. Whereas Privet industry seeks to maximize on personal or profit benefits. 6. Coercion to get revenue: The Govt. can use force to get revenue from individuals. But Private sector does not have this authority. 7. Ability to make Huge and Deliberate changes: The Public finance has the ability to make huge decisions on income amount, whereas private sector can not. 8. Surplus Budget concept: Excess income or surplus budget is a great virtue in the Private sector, this is however not the case in Public sector.
- 12. Helps In Removing Inequalities In Terms Of Wealth And Income Helps In Controlling Inflation & Deflation Helps In Attaining Economic Stability Helps In Developing Well Structure & Infrastructure Helps In Increasing Export Helps In Encouraging Savings & Investment Helps In Allocating Resources Properly & Efficiently Helps In Bringing Balanced Development In The Economy Importance of Public Finance