Booklet that I made for criminological theories revision, using resources from the internet. These theories include:
* Classical Theory
* Functionalist Crime Theories (includes Durkheim and Merton)
* Marxist Theory
* Right realism
* Left realism
* Labelling (Interactionism)
* Individualistic theories (learning theories, psychological theories and psychodynamic theories)
* Eysenck's theory
* Family crime theories
* Neurophysiological (brain damage)
* Neurochemical
* Kohlberg's moral development
* Behaviourist theory
Booklet that I made for criminological theories revision, using resources from the internet. These theories include:
* Classical Theory
* Functionalist Crime Theories (includes Durkheim and Merton)
* Marxist Theory
* Right realism
* Left realism
* Labelling (Interactionism)
* Individualistic theories (learning theories, psychological theories and psychodynamic theories)
* Eysenck's theory
* Family crime theories
* Neurophysiological (brain damage)
* Neurochemical
* Kohlberg's moral development
* Behaviourist theory
The school was headed by medical Criminologist Cesare Lombroso, who argued that criminality was a biological trait found in some human beings. The termLombroso used to describe the appearance of organisms resembling ancestral forms of life is atavism...
How do criminals decide to commit a crime? Do they even think about the risks and benefits? Why do some commit crimes regardless of the consequences? These are some questions we often ask for ourselves because of the growing number of crimes happening in the society today.
Classical Theory: One of the earliest approaches to explaining the causes of crime was classical theory. A product of the Enlightenment, based on the assumption that people exercise free will and are thus completely responsible for their actions. In classical theory, human behavior, including criminal behavior, is motivated by a hedonistic rationality, in which actors weigh the potential pleasure of an action against the possible pain associated with it.
Neo-Classical: A modification of classical theory in which it was conceded that certain factors, such as insanity, might inhibit the exercise of free will. Premeditation as a measure of the degree of free will.
Mitigating circumstances as legitimate grounds for diminished responsibility.
The school was headed by medical Criminologist Cesare Lombroso, who argued that criminality was a biological trait found in some human beings. The termLombroso used to describe the appearance of organisms resembling ancestral forms of life is atavism...
How do criminals decide to commit a crime? Do they even think about the risks and benefits? Why do some commit crimes regardless of the consequences? These are some questions we often ask for ourselves because of the growing number of crimes happening in the society today.
Classical Theory: One of the earliest approaches to explaining the causes of crime was classical theory. A product of the Enlightenment, based on the assumption that people exercise free will and are thus completely responsible for their actions. In classical theory, human behavior, including criminal behavior, is motivated by a hedonistic rationality, in which actors weigh the potential pleasure of an action against the possible pain associated with it.
Neo-Classical: A modification of classical theory in which it was conceded that certain factors, such as insanity, might inhibit the exercise of free will. Premeditation as a measure of the degree of free will.
Mitigating circumstances as legitimate grounds for diminished responsibility.
How can we promote safety in schools through assessments, operations, and design? This presentation, presented at A4LE Pacific Northwest by D/P/S architect Adrienne Lewis, covers information about Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED) techniques that discourage unwanted behavior on campus. Adrienne shares CPTED concepts, supported by national data, and subtle and effective ways to create a safe and welcoming environment.
122820211Chapter Two Defining Crimes and MeasurinCicelyBourqueju
12/28/2021
1
Chapter Two: Defining Crimes and
Measuring Criminal Behavior
-Slides and data in this outline are from Adler, Mueller, and Laufer (2007, 2013,
2018 & 2022); Siegel (2015); and modified by Manning (2007, 2013, 2015, 2018
& 2022).
Scared Straight Program – 1978 Rahway Max Prison
-Politically motivated –fit the get tough on crime bill
-Three year post experiment study shows evidence must be evidence based
-Criminologists embrace a systematic empirical study of the nature and extent of crime.
Example of successful criminology research based policy:
-Domestic violence research between 1981-82 shows police counseling and temporary separation was
not effective.
-Now there are more mandatory arrest being made.
7 Basic Requirements for an Act to be a Crime
Defense must prove failure of a basic requirement
• 1. The act requirement – mind & Body
• Conscious act not an unconscious act or reaction
• Not a status or condition
• 2. The legality requirement – prohibited by law
• Thoughts without action – no crime
• Choosing to not fill out sex registration forms – is a crime
• Good Samaritan?
• 3. The harm requirement
• 4. The causation requirement
• Behavior in question caused the harm – not a 3rd party
• 5. The mens rea requirement (guilty mind)
• 6. The concurrence requirement
• Must be a criminal act with criminal intent (Ex: striker – rock –window)
• Exceptions – felony murder
• 7. The punishment requirement – its must already exist
12/28/2021
2
Criminal defense negates basic ingredients of
crime.
• Crime – must be known to the police
• Not all crimes reported are cleared
• DA will not always prosecute
• Defense negation of crime elements examples:
• Insanity defense; legality requirement lacking; duress, self-defense.
• State tries cases on behalf of the state
• Victims can file civil law suits for pain and suffering
Typologies of Crime
• The French created the following three categories accepted
worldwide
• Felonies - severe
• Misdemeanors – minor
• Violation - fines
• As Criminologist we will also focus on the following
• Violent crime
• Crimes against property
• White collar and corporate crime
• Drug, alcohol and sex-related crime
12/28/2021
3
Reasons for Measuring Crime
• Researchers collect and analyze data to test theories about why
people commit crime.
• Researchers and criminal justice agencies need to enhance their
knowledge of the characteristics of various types of offenses.
• Criminal justice agencies depend on certain information to facilitate
daily operations and anticipate future needs.
The Research Process
• Topic – research question
• Theory: is a set of principles that explain how 2 or more phenomena
are related
• May choose to use a hypothesis or not.
• Methodology (qualitative vs. quantitative)
• Will you use secondary data or primary data
• Analysis
• What did you do, findings, discussions and conclusions
12/28/2021
4
Exploring and defin ...
12/28/2021
1
Chapter Two: Defining Crimes and
Measuring Criminal Behavior
-Slides and data in this outline are from Adler, Mueller, and Laufer (2007, 2013,
2018 & 2022); Siegel (2015); and modified by Manning (2007, 2013, 2015, 2018
& 2022).
Scared Straight Program – 1978 Rahway Max Prison
-Politically motivated –fit the get tough on crime bill
-Three year post experiment study shows evidence must be evidence based
-Criminologists embrace a systematic empirical study of the nature and extent of crime.
Example of successful criminology research based policy:
-Domestic violence research between 1981-82 shows police counseling and temporary separation was
not effective.
-Now there are more mandatory arrest being made.
7 Basic Requirements for an Act to be a Crime
Defense must prove failure of a basic requirement
• 1. The act requirement – mind & Body
• Conscious act not an unconscious act or reaction
• Not a status or condition
• 2. The legality requirement – prohibited by law
• Thoughts without action – no crime
• Choosing to not fill out sex registration forms – is a crime
• Good Samaritan?
• 3. The harm requirement
• 4. The causation requirement
• Behavior in question caused the harm – not a 3rd party
• 5. The mens rea requirement (guilty mind)
• 6. The concurrence requirement
• Must be a criminal act with criminal intent (Ex: striker – rock –window)
• Exceptions – felony murder
• 7. The punishment requirement – its must already exist
12/28/2021
2
Criminal defense negates basic ingredients of
crime.
• Crime – must be known to the police
• Not all crimes reported are cleared
• DA will not always prosecute
• Defense negation of crime elements examples:
• Insanity defense; legality requirement lacking; duress, self-defense.
• State tries cases on behalf of the state
• Victims can file civil law suits for pain and suffering
Typologies of Crime
• The French created the following three categories accepted
worldwide
• Felonies - severe
• Misdemeanors – minor
• Violation - fines
• As Criminologist we will also focus on the following
• Violent crime
• Crimes against property
• White collar and corporate crime
• Drug, alcohol and sex-related crime
12/28/2021
3
Reasons for Measuring Crime
• Researchers collect and analyze data to test theories about why
people commit crime.
• Researchers and criminal justice agencies need to enhance their
knowledge of the characteristics of various types of offenses.
• Criminal justice agencies depend on certain information to facilitate
daily operations and anticipate future needs.
The Research Process
• Topic – research question
• Theory: is a set of principles that explain how 2 or more phenomena
are related
• May choose to use a hypothesis or not.
• Methodology (qualitative vs. quantitative)
• Will you use secondary data or primary data
• Analysis
• What did you do, findings, discussions and conclusions
12/28/2021
4
Exploring and defin ...
This slideshow considers the privacy and ethical implication when dealing with criminal justice data. The dataset provided by the Bureau of Justice Statistics includes survey data from victims as well as compiles criminal stats. Issues with privacy are highlighted in this slideshare.
This session included information on the collaborative work being done between The Royal’s Sexual Behaviours Clinic (SBC) and Ottawa Police Service’s High Risk Offender Unit (HROU). Dr. Paul Fedoroff was the moderator and began the presentations with an overview of innovative work being done within the SBC and the common goals of the Clinic and the HROU. Staff Sargent Dana Reynolds and Det. Mark Horton discussed the role of their team in the community based management of high risk sexual offenders. More specifically they discussed the role of the Unit and common legal designations utilized for high risk sexual offenders. Lisa Murphy, M.C.A. provided an overview of sex offender registries (SORs) and public notification and made comparisons between the approaches used in Canada and the United States. A discussion period followed the panel presentations.
2. OUTLINE
Introduction
General Issues in Measuring Crime
Crimes Known to Police
Measuring Crime Through Victim
Surveys
Surveys of Offending
Drug Surveillance Systems
Measuring Crime for Specific Purposes
3. 3
•Crime can be a dependent variable in
exploratory, descriptive, explanatory, and
applied studies
•Crime can also be an independent
variable, as in a study of how crime affects
fear and other attitudes
•It can be both: drug use other
offenses
4. 4
•What offenses?
•What units of analysis?
•Specific entities about which researchers
collect information
•Offender, victim, offenses, incidents
•What purpose?
•Monitoring
•Agency Accountability
•Research
5. 5
•Most widely used measures of crime are
based on police records
•Certain types are detected almost exclusively
by observation (traffic and victimless offenses)
•Most crimes reported by victim or witnesses
•What crimes are not measured well by police
records?
•Assaults
•Robberies
6. 6
•Circa 1929, under FBI since 1930s
•Originally, reporting voluntary, but now very
common
•Type I offenses (Index crimes/offenses):
murder, rape, robbery, larceny, burglary,
aggravated assault, motor vehicle theft and
arson (added in 1979)
•Type II offenses: a compilation of less serious
crimes
•Summary-based, group level unit of analysis
7. 7
•The UCR is neither an exclusive nor an
exhaustive measure
•Not all law enforcement agencies submit
complete reports to the FBI, and the quality of
the data submitted varies
•Summary-Based Measure of Crime
•UCR data includes summary, or total, crime
counts for reporting agencies (cities/counties)
•UCR data are aggregates - cannot be used in
descriptive or explanatory studies that focus
on individual crimes, offenders, or victims
8. 8
•Based on incidents as units of analysis
•Supplementary Homicide Reports (SHR)
•Police agencies submit detailed info about
individual homicide incidents
•Can conduct a variety of studies that examine
individual events
9. 9
•Joint effort by FBI and BJS to convert UCR to
a NIBRS
•NIBRS reports each crime incident rather than
the total # of certain crimes for each Law
Enforcement agency
•Many features are reported individually about
each incident, offenses, offenders, victims
UCR NIBRS
8 Part I offenses 46 Group A offenses
10. 10
•Hierarchy rule dropped
•Victim type (individual, business,
government, society/public)
•Attempted/Completed
•Drug-related offenses
•Computers and crime
•Quality control; states require certification
11. 11
•Eliminating the hierarchy rule means offense
classifications are mutually exclusive
•But not exhaustive, not all crimes are counted
•Creating auditing standards and requiring
submission of data on computer readable
media enhance reliability
•Crimes are selectively reported to police and
selectively recorded by police
•Voluntary: no agency is required to submit
crime reports to the FBI in any form
12. 12
•Can obtain info on crimes not reported to
police
•Can measure incidents police may not
officially record as crimes
•Provides data on victims/offenders
(individuals), and the incidents themselves
(social artifacts)
13. 13
•Since 1972 by Census Bureau
•Sought to illuminate the “dark figure of
unreported crime”
•Longitudinal panel study: households agree to
participated for 3 years (7 interviews; one
every 6 months) and then replaced
•Does not measure all crime
•Respondents are asked screening questions
14. 14
•Measures both reported and unreported
crime
•Independent of changes in reporting
•More information about how crime impacted
victim than UCR
•Provides more victim characteristics than
UCR
15. 15
•Telescoping incident dates
•Faulty memory
•Little information on offenders
•No information on CJS response if reported
•Excludes crimes against commercial
establishments
•Only includes residents of US
16. 16
•Sought to improve measurement of domestic
violence and sexual assault
•Revised screening questions and added cues
to help respondents recall and distinguish
minor incidents
•More direct questions on rape and other
sexual crimes
•Greater attention to measuring victimizations
by someone the respondent knows
•Gradual increase of telephone interviews to
replace in-person interviews
17. 17
•First Development in late 1960’s
•A series of city-level surveys by the Census
Bureau
•1998 BJS and the Office of Community
Oriented Policing Services (COPS) launched
pilot surveys in 12 large and medium-sized
cities
•Jointly developed a guidebook and software so
that local law enforcement agencies and other
groups can conduct their own community
surveys
18. 18
•Crimes Known to Police:
•UCR
•SHR
•NIBRS
•Victim Surveys
•NCVS
•Community Victimization Surveys
19. 19
•Delinquency, "victimless" crimes, and crimes
rarely observed or reported to police may be
measured by self-report surveys
•Example: prostitution, drug abuse, public
order, shoplifting, drunk driving
•Two ongoing self-report studies
•National Survey on Drug Use and Health
(NSDUH)
•Monitor The Future (MTF)
20. 20
•Based on a national sample of households
•Conducted since 1971; 2004 sample had
68,000 individuals
•Includes questions to distinguish between
lifetime use, current use, and heavy use
•Encourages candid responses via procedures
•Includes residents of college dorms, rooming
houses, and homeless shelters
21. 21
•Conducted since 1975 by the National
Institute on Drug Abuse
•Includes several samples of high school
students and others, totaling about 50,000
respondents each year
•Questions concern self-reported use of
alcohol, tobacco, illegal drugs, delinquency,
other acts
•A subset of 2,400 MTF respondents receive
follow-up questionnaire
22. 22
•Surveillance systems have been developed to
obtain alternative measures of drug use
•Arrestee Drug Abuse Monitoring (ADAM) –
provides ongoing assessment of drug use
among arrestees
•Drug Abuse Warning Network (DAWN) –
collects emergency medical treatment reports
for “drug episodes” from a sample of hospitals
23. 23
•Local Crime and Self-Report Surveys
•e.g., any purpose!
•Incident-Based Crime Reports
•e.g., Newark PD vehicle theft
•Observing Crime
•e.g., shoplifting, bar drinking and violence
24. 24
•UCR & SHR: best for murder and crimes in
which the victim is a business or commercial
establishment
•NCVS: best for crimes against persons or
households that are not reported to police
•Self-report surveys: best at measuring
crimes that do not have readily identifiable
victims and that are less often observed by or
reported to police