This document summarizes a social psychology lecture on culture and the self. It discusses how independent and interdependent cultures influence views of the self, self-knowledge, and self-esteem. Key points include how North Americans view the self as independent while East Asians see it as interdependent, the influence of culture on self-schemas and self-biases, and how self-esteem is generally higher in Western cultures.
This document discusses the concept of self-concept. It provides a brief history, noting that William James in 1890 distinguished between the subjective sense of self ("I") and objective sense ("me"). Self-concept is then defined as the totality of an individual's thoughts and feelings about themselves. The cognitive, affective, and behavioral components of self-concept are introduced. Eastern and Western cultural perspectives on the self are contrasted. The document also discusses how the looking-glass self and cognitive dissonance theory relate to threats to self-concept.
The document discusses personality and consumer behavior. It notes that every person has unique characteristics that make up their personality. Personality reflects individual differences and is consistent, though it can change over time due to major life events. There are different theories of personality, such as Freudian theory which sees personality arising from the id, ego, and superego. Brand personality involves attributing human traits to a brand to differentiate it and develop relationships with customers. Common brand personality dimensions include sincerity, excitement, competence, sophistication, and ruggedness.
Personality reflects individual differences that determine how people respond to their environment and can be used to segment consumers, though it also depends on social relationships and can change over time. Common personality theories include Freudian concepts of the id, ego, and superego, traits like innovativeness, and how self-image relates to brand preferences and choices that express the self. Marketers aim to understand personality to develop targeted products and appeals that relate to consumers' traits, needs, and self-perceptions.
Self-concept refers to an individual's thoughts and feelings about themselves. It has dimensions like actual self, ideal self, and public versus private selves. People with interdependent self-concepts see themselves as connected to others, while those with independent self-concepts see themselves as autonomous. When there is a gap between one's actual and ideal selves, they are motivated to close it through their extended self, including possessions. Lifestyle reflects how people enact their self-concept through their activities, interests, and consumption behaviors. Market research measures self-concept and lifestyle to understand consumer behavior and identify opportunities for products to fulfill needs related to consumers' self-views.
This document summarizes key concepts related to individual behavior, including personality, self-concept, and perception. It discusses factors that influence individual behavior such as personality, ability, motivation, and the environment. The foundations of individual behavior are described as including personal factors, environmental factors, organizational factors, and psychological factors such as personality, perception, attitudes, and values. Personality, self-concept, and perception are then explored in more depth through definitions, types, development processes, and influencing factors.
This document discusses humanism and the psychology of human growth according to Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow. Key points include: Rogers believed people have an innate desire for growth and becoming their "real self" through unconditional positive self-regard. Maslow identified qualities of self-actualized people and developed a hierarchy of needs model showing how lower needs must be met before growth is possible. Both emphasized focusing on strengths rather than limitations to achieve one's full potential.
This document discusses how personality influences consumer behavior. It covers several theories of personality, including Freudian, neo-Freudian, and trait theories. Various personality traits are examined that may impact a consumer's attitudes, such as dogmatism, sensation seeking, and need for uniqueness. The document also explores how marketers can create brand personalities and how consumers develop self-images that are enhanced through their product choices.
Carl Rogers believed that people behave according to how they perceive their situation, and that their basic motive is to achieve their highest potential. Each person develops uniquely based on their personality and experiences. Self-actualization occurs when one's ideal self is consistent with their behavior. Rogers identified five characteristics of a fully functioning person: openness to experience, existential living, trusting feelings, creativity, and a fulfilled life. He also viewed play as allowing children to rehearse and practice new skills before applying them in real situations.
This document discusses the concept of self-concept. It provides a brief history, noting that William James in 1890 distinguished between the subjective sense of self ("I") and objective sense ("me"). Self-concept is then defined as the totality of an individual's thoughts and feelings about themselves. The cognitive, affective, and behavioral components of self-concept are introduced. Eastern and Western cultural perspectives on the self are contrasted. The document also discusses how the looking-glass self and cognitive dissonance theory relate to threats to self-concept.
The document discusses personality and consumer behavior. It notes that every person has unique characteristics that make up their personality. Personality reflects individual differences and is consistent, though it can change over time due to major life events. There are different theories of personality, such as Freudian theory which sees personality arising from the id, ego, and superego. Brand personality involves attributing human traits to a brand to differentiate it and develop relationships with customers. Common brand personality dimensions include sincerity, excitement, competence, sophistication, and ruggedness.
Personality reflects individual differences that determine how people respond to their environment and can be used to segment consumers, though it also depends on social relationships and can change over time. Common personality theories include Freudian concepts of the id, ego, and superego, traits like innovativeness, and how self-image relates to brand preferences and choices that express the self. Marketers aim to understand personality to develop targeted products and appeals that relate to consumers' traits, needs, and self-perceptions.
Self-concept refers to an individual's thoughts and feelings about themselves. It has dimensions like actual self, ideal self, and public versus private selves. People with interdependent self-concepts see themselves as connected to others, while those with independent self-concepts see themselves as autonomous. When there is a gap between one's actual and ideal selves, they are motivated to close it through their extended self, including possessions. Lifestyle reflects how people enact their self-concept through their activities, interests, and consumption behaviors. Market research measures self-concept and lifestyle to understand consumer behavior and identify opportunities for products to fulfill needs related to consumers' self-views.
This document summarizes key concepts related to individual behavior, including personality, self-concept, and perception. It discusses factors that influence individual behavior such as personality, ability, motivation, and the environment. The foundations of individual behavior are described as including personal factors, environmental factors, organizational factors, and psychological factors such as personality, perception, attitudes, and values. Personality, self-concept, and perception are then explored in more depth through definitions, types, development processes, and influencing factors.
This document discusses humanism and the psychology of human growth according to Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow. Key points include: Rogers believed people have an innate desire for growth and becoming their "real self" through unconditional positive self-regard. Maslow identified qualities of self-actualized people and developed a hierarchy of needs model showing how lower needs must be met before growth is possible. Both emphasized focusing on strengths rather than limitations to achieve one's full potential.
This document discusses how personality influences consumer behavior. It covers several theories of personality, including Freudian, neo-Freudian, and trait theories. Various personality traits are examined that may impact a consumer's attitudes, such as dogmatism, sensation seeking, and need for uniqueness. The document also explores how marketers can create brand personalities and how consumers develop self-images that are enhanced through their product choices.
Carl Rogers believed that people behave according to how they perceive their situation, and that their basic motive is to achieve their highest potential. Each person develops uniquely based on their personality and experiences. Self-actualization occurs when one's ideal self is consistent with their behavior. Rogers identified five characteristics of a fully functioning person: openness to experience, existential living, trusting feelings, creativity, and a fulfilled life. He also viewed play as allowing children to rehearse and practice new skills before applying them in real situations.
This document summarizes Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs and Carl Rogers' person-centered theory. Maslow proposed that people are motivated to fulfill basic needs like physiological and safety needs before seeking higher-level growth needs such as self-actualization. The Personal Orientation Inventory and other measures were developed to assess self-actualization. Rogers described the actualization tendency in people and the therapeutic conditions of empathy, genuineness, and unconditional positive regard that facilitate personal growth.
Karen Horney's theory: Neurotic, Neurotic Needs,Coping Strategies, Self Theory and Womb envy.
Slides are made for educational purpose only.
Reference is included at the end of the slides.
Introduction to Social Psychology
I used local and foreign books. Some concepts are not mentioned here in my slides but will be discussed during our session.
If you want to know the resources feel free to comment below.
Cognition & Development: Conceptualisations of Self and IdentitySimon Bignell
Week 7 Lecture in the module 'Cognition & Development'. Conceptualisations of Self and Identity.
Learning Outcomes: Define the concept of self and identity.
Identify key milestones in the development of self.
Outline theories of identity development.
This PPT gives explanation to what is personality,what is the nature of personality and Different theories of personality given by different psychologists like Sigmund Frued, Karen Horney etc.
This document discusses several theories of self and identity, including Erik Erikson's stages of development. It notes that Erikson believed trust vs mistrust in early childhood was crucial and shaped future development. It also discusses Sigmund Freud and Heinz Kohut's perspectives on psychoanalysis and focusing on a patient's present needs. The document concludes that no single theory fully explains identity and that using an eclectic approach considering genetics, strengths, experiences and personal growth best allows individuals to understand themselves.
This document provides an overview of personality development. It begins by defining personality as the dynamic organization of psychophysical systems that determine characteristic behavior and thoughts. It then discusses various theories and approaches to understanding personality, including:
- Types A and B personality
- Freud's psychosexual stages of development
- Erikson's psychosocial stages of development
- The Big Five model of personality traits (Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism)
- Tripartite theory involving the Id, Ego, and Superego
- Behavioral theories like classical and operant conditioning
- Humanist theories focusing on self-worth, self-image, and ideal self
The humanistic perspective in psychology focuses on the uniqueness of each individual and their potential for growth. It emphasizes empathy, creativity, and free will. Key ideas include self-actualization as an innate drive towards achieving one's full potential. Major contributors were Abraham Maslow who developed the hierarchy of needs, and Carl Rogers who created client-centered therapy based on genuineness, positive regard, and empathy to facilitate self-actualization. The humanistic perspective emerged in the 1950s as a reaction to psychoanalysis and behaviorism.
Personality refers to the unique characteristics that make an individual different from others and is shaped by both internal and external factors. There are several theories that seek to explain personality, including trait theory, psychoanalytic theory, and social learning theory. Personality develops through stages from infancy to adulthood according to theorists like Freud and Erikson. It is influenced by heredity, environment, family, social factors, and the situation. Various dimensions and theories like the Big Five traits and Myers-Briggs Type Indicator help categorize personalities. Personality traits such as locus of control, introversion/extroversion, and self-esteem are important for organizational behavior.
This document outlines key aspects of self-concept. It begins by defining self-concept as an individual's perception of themselves across various dimensions. It then lists the main dimensions and components of self-concept, including identity, body image, and self-esteem. The document discusses how self-concept develops through stages from infancy through childhood as individuals internalize feedback and societal standards. Finally, it notes that personality, experiences, culture and resources can influence and individual's self-concept over time.
This document outlines the key concepts and theories related to personality and consumer behavior. It discusses how personality reflects individual differences and influences consumer attitudes and choices. Several theories of personality are examined, including Freudian, Neo-Freudian, and Trait theories. Specific traits like innovativeness, materialism, and need for cognition are also covered. The document explores how personality relates to understanding consumer behaviors and concepts like brand personality, consumer ethnocentrism, and compulsive consumption.
The document discusses several prominent theories of personality development in psychology, including Freud's psychodynamic theory, Piaget's stages of cognitive development, Erikson's stages of psychosocial development, and Kohlberg's stages of moral development. Freud's theory proposed that personality develops through the interaction of the id, ego, and superego. He also suggested that personality develops through psychosexual stages focused on different erogenous zones. Other theorists like Piaget, Erikson, and Kohlberg focused on cognitive, social, and moral aspects of development respectively.
Carl Rogers was an American psychologist considered one of the founding fathers of psychotherapy research. He developed a humanistic approach that focused on the notion that humans have an unlimited potential for good. Rogers believed that people strive for self-actualization and that positive regard, empathy, and genuineness on the part of the therapist can help facilitate this. He argued that education should be self-directed with students guiding their own learning and teachers serving as facilitators. However, critics argue that this approach could be too rigid and lack empirical evidence to support its effectiveness.
This document discusses the relationship between personality and career choice. It uses the five-factor model (FFM) of personality, which describes the five main dimensions of personality: Neuroticism, Extraversion, Openness, Agreeableness, and Conscientiousness. Research has found correlations between these personality traits and success in different career fields. For example, Extraversion is linked to careers involving social interaction like management and sales. The paper also suggests which traits may be best suited to certain common career paths such as management, entrepreneurship, social work, public sector, and science/research.
This document discusses theories of consumer personality that are relevant for marketers. It describes four main theories: self-concept theory, psychoanalytic theory, social/cultural theory, and trait theory. For each theory, it outlines key concepts and how they relate to consumer behavior. The document also discusses how personality traits may influence consumer choices but notes the evidence is mixed on the practical value of personality for marketers.
Abraham Maslow's holistic-dynamic theory proposes a hierarchy of needs that motivates human behavior. It assumes people have an innate potential for psychological growth towards self-actualization. The hierarchy consists of physiological needs, safety needs, love and belongingness needs, esteem needs, and self-actualization needs. Lower needs must be satisfied before higher needs can motivate behavior. Maslow studied self-actualized individuals to identify qualities like embracing personal growth, creativity, and living according to humanistic values rather than deficiency needs. His theory views people as inherently motivated towards fulfillment and psychological health.
Carl Rogers (1902-1987) was an influential American psychologist who developed client-centered therapy. He grew up in a strict Protestant family on a farm in Illinois. Rogers studied agriculture in college but later became interested in religion and psychology. He had a long career working at various universities and founded the client-centered approach which focused on unconditional positive regard, empathy, and congruence between therapist and client. Rogers believed people have a natural tendency toward self-actualization and published many influential books, including On Becoming a Person, which outlined his humanistic perspective on psychotherapy. He is considered one of the founders of humanistic psychology.
ALFRED ADLER PPT (Systems and theories of Psychology)Kashika Dangri
Alfred Adler (1870-1937) was an Austrian psychiatrist who founded the school of individual psychology. Some key aspects of Adler's theories include: (1) He believed human behavior is determined by social forces rather than biological instincts. (2) He focused on conscious rather than unconscious determinants of behavior. (3) Adler proposed people are motivated by their perception of the future rather than past experiences. Adler made significant contributions to personality and motivation theories but his work also received criticisms for lacking empirical validation and precise definitions.
This document discusses Carl Rogers' theory of the fully functioning person. [1] Rogers believed people have an innate tendency toward self-actualization. [2] For a person to be fully functioning, their real self must be congruent with their ideal self. [3] When a person reaches this state of congruency, they are able to live fully through openness, existential living, organismic trusting, experiential freedom, and creativity.
This reviewer discusses the different perspective of self, including Philosophical, Sociological, Anthropological, and Psychological perspective of self .
Sociocultural Level of Analysis: Sociocultural CognitionMackenzie
Notes from chapter 4.1 in my IB HL Psychology textbook! All about the Sociocultural Level of Analysis, culture, attribution, norms, stereotypes, and whatnot.
This document summarizes Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs and Carl Rogers' person-centered theory. Maslow proposed that people are motivated to fulfill basic needs like physiological and safety needs before seeking higher-level growth needs such as self-actualization. The Personal Orientation Inventory and other measures were developed to assess self-actualization. Rogers described the actualization tendency in people and the therapeutic conditions of empathy, genuineness, and unconditional positive regard that facilitate personal growth.
Karen Horney's theory: Neurotic, Neurotic Needs,Coping Strategies, Self Theory and Womb envy.
Slides are made for educational purpose only.
Reference is included at the end of the slides.
Introduction to Social Psychology
I used local and foreign books. Some concepts are not mentioned here in my slides but will be discussed during our session.
If you want to know the resources feel free to comment below.
Cognition & Development: Conceptualisations of Self and IdentitySimon Bignell
Week 7 Lecture in the module 'Cognition & Development'. Conceptualisations of Self and Identity.
Learning Outcomes: Define the concept of self and identity.
Identify key milestones in the development of self.
Outline theories of identity development.
This PPT gives explanation to what is personality,what is the nature of personality and Different theories of personality given by different psychologists like Sigmund Frued, Karen Horney etc.
This document discusses several theories of self and identity, including Erik Erikson's stages of development. It notes that Erikson believed trust vs mistrust in early childhood was crucial and shaped future development. It also discusses Sigmund Freud and Heinz Kohut's perspectives on psychoanalysis and focusing on a patient's present needs. The document concludes that no single theory fully explains identity and that using an eclectic approach considering genetics, strengths, experiences and personal growth best allows individuals to understand themselves.
This document provides an overview of personality development. It begins by defining personality as the dynamic organization of psychophysical systems that determine characteristic behavior and thoughts. It then discusses various theories and approaches to understanding personality, including:
- Types A and B personality
- Freud's psychosexual stages of development
- Erikson's psychosocial stages of development
- The Big Five model of personality traits (Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism)
- Tripartite theory involving the Id, Ego, and Superego
- Behavioral theories like classical and operant conditioning
- Humanist theories focusing on self-worth, self-image, and ideal self
The humanistic perspective in psychology focuses on the uniqueness of each individual and their potential for growth. It emphasizes empathy, creativity, and free will. Key ideas include self-actualization as an innate drive towards achieving one's full potential. Major contributors were Abraham Maslow who developed the hierarchy of needs, and Carl Rogers who created client-centered therapy based on genuineness, positive regard, and empathy to facilitate self-actualization. The humanistic perspective emerged in the 1950s as a reaction to psychoanalysis and behaviorism.
Personality refers to the unique characteristics that make an individual different from others and is shaped by both internal and external factors. There are several theories that seek to explain personality, including trait theory, psychoanalytic theory, and social learning theory. Personality develops through stages from infancy to adulthood according to theorists like Freud and Erikson. It is influenced by heredity, environment, family, social factors, and the situation. Various dimensions and theories like the Big Five traits and Myers-Briggs Type Indicator help categorize personalities. Personality traits such as locus of control, introversion/extroversion, and self-esteem are important for organizational behavior.
This document outlines key aspects of self-concept. It begins by defining self-concept as an individual's perception of themselves across various dimensions. It then lists the main dimensions and components of self-concept, including identity, body image, and self-esteem. The document discusses how self-concept develops through stages from infancy through childhood as individuals internalize feedback and societal standards. Finally, it notes that personality, experiences, culture and resources can influence and individual's self-concept over time.
This document outlines the key concepts and theories related to personality and consumer behavior. It discusses how personality reflects individual differences and influences consumer attitudes and choices. Several theories of personality are examined, including Freudian, Neo-Freudian, and Trait theories. Specific traits like innovativeness, materialism, and need for cognition are also covered. The document explores how personality relates to understanding consumer behaviors and concepts like brand personality, consumer ethnocentrism, and compulsive consumption.
The document discusses several prominent theories of personality development in psychology, including Freud's psychodynamic theory, Piaget's stages of cognitive development, Erikson's stages of psychosocial development, and Kohlberg's stages of moral development. Freud's theory proposed that personality develops through the interaction of the id, ego, and superego. He also suggested that personality develops through psychosexual stages focused on different erogenous zones. Other theorists like Piaget, Erikson, and Kohlberg focused on cognitive, social, and moral aspects of development respectively.
Carl Rogers was an American psychologist considered one of the founding fathers of psychotherapy research. He developed a humanistic approach that focused on the notion that humans have an unlimited potential for good. Rogers believed that people strive for self-actualization and that positive regard, empathy, and genuineness on the part of the therapist can help facilitate this. He argued that education should be self-directed with students guiding their own learning and teachers serving as facilitators. However, critics argue that this approach could be too rigid and lack empirical evidence to support its effectiveness.
This document discusses the relationship between personality and career choice. It uses the five-factor model (FFM) of personality, which describes the five main dimensions of personality: Neuroticism, Extraversion, Openness, Agreeableness, and Conscientiousness. Research has found correlations between these personality traits and success in different career fields. For example, Extraversion is linked to careers involving social interaction like management and sales. The paper also suggests which traits may be best suited to certain common career paths such as management, entrepreneurship, social work, public sector, and science/research.
This document discusses theories of consumer personality that are relevant for marketers. It describes four main theories: self-concept theory, psychoanalytic theory, social/cultural theory, and trait theory. For each theory, it outlines key concepts and how they relate to consumer behavior. The document also discusses how personality traits may influence consumer choices but notes the evidence is mixed on the practical value of personality for marketers.
Abraham Maslow's holistic-dynamic theory proposes a hierarchy of needs that motivates human behavior. It assumes people have an innate potential for psychological growth towards self-actualization. The hierarchy consists of physiological needs, safety needs, love and belongingness needs, esteem needs, and self-actualization needs. Lower needs must be satisfied before higher needs can motivate behavior. Maslow studied self-actualized individuals to identify qualities like embracing personal growth, creativity, and living according to humanistic values rather than deficiency needs. His theory views people as inherently motivated towards fulfillment and psychological health.
Carl Rogers (1902-1987) was an influential American psychologist who developed client-centered therapy. He grew up in a strict Protestant family on a farm in Illinois. Rogers studied agriculture in college but later became interested in religion and psychology. He had a long career working at various universities and founded the client-centered approach which focused on unconditional positive regard, empathy, and congruence between therapist and client. Rogers believed people have a natural tendency toward self-actualization and published many influential books, including On Becoming a Person, which outlined his humanistic perspective on psychotherapy. He is considered one of the founders of humanistic psychology.
ALFRED ADLER PPT (Systems and theories of Psychology)Kashika Dangri
Alfred Adler (1870-1937) was an Austrian psychiatrist who founded the school of individual psychology. Some key aspects of Adler's theories include: (1) He believed human behavior is determined by social forces rather than biological instincts. (2) He focused on conscious rather than unconscious determinants of behavior. (3) Adler proposed people are motivated by their perception of the future rather than past experiences. Adler made significant contributions to personality and motivation theories but his work also received criticisms for lacking empirical validation and precise definitions.
This document discusses Carl Rogers' theory of the fully functioning person. [1] Rogers believed people have an innate tendency toward self-actualization. [2] For a person to be fully functioning, their real self must be congruent with their ideal self. [3] When a person reaches this state of congruency, they are able to live fully through openness, existential living, organismic trusting, experiential freedom, and creativity.
This reviewer discusses the different perspective of self, including Philosophical, Sociological, Anthropological, and Psychological perspective of self .
Sociocultural Level of Analysis: Sociocultural CognitionMackenzie
Notes from chapter 4.1 in my IB HL Psychology textbook! All about the Sociocultural Level of Analysis, culture, attribution, norms, stereotypes, and whatnot.
Maslow's hierarchy of needs is a theory in psychology that proposes humans have five categories of innate needs: physiological, safety, love/belonging, esteem, and self-actualization. Physiological needs are the most basic for survival, while self-actualization involves achieving one's full potential. The theory is that lower level needs must be satisfied before higher level needs can be addressed. Maslow's hierarchy remains influential in understanding human motivation but has also received some criticism for being too simplistic and not accounting for cultural differences.
This document discusses the fundamentals of self-concept. It defines self-concept as an internalized set of perceptions about oneself that is relatively stable over time. Self-concept develops throughout life and is influenced by factors such as development level, beliefs, experiences, culture, and success/failures. It has several components including personal identity, body image, self-esteem, and role performance. Self-concept influences how people perceive themselves and make decisions.
This document provides an introduction to personal development. It discusses writing down two things about yourself and reflecting on insights gained. The document outlines three domains of human development: physical, cognitive, and psychosocial. It examines factors that influence development such as heredity, environment, and maturation. Maslow's hierarchy of needs and Carl Rogers' theory on self-worth and unconditional positive regard are presented. The importance of understanding oneself, specifically during adolescence, is explored through defining identity, personality, and the "self". Personality theories like trait theory, the Big Five model, and Myers-Briggs Type Indicator are introduced to better understand human nature and how it influences personal development.
This document provides an overview of Chapter 5 from the book "Communication Between Cultures" which discusses how cultural values shape perceptions of reality. It defines key terms like perception, beliefs, values and cultural patterns. It outlines some of the dominant cultural patterns in the US like individualism, equal opportunity, and competitiveness. It also summarizes some frameworks for analyzing cultural values including Hofstede's dimensions of individualism/collectivism, uncertainty avoidance, power distance, and masculinity/femininity. Additionally, it covers Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck's value orientations and Hall's concepts of high and low context communication and the importance of "face" in some cultures.
The document summarizes key concepts about the self from chapter 6 of the book "Self in a Social World". It discusses the physical self, social self, and personal self. It also covers self-concept, self-esteem, identity statuses including identity achievement, identity foreclosure, identity moratorium, and identity diffusion. Prejudice and its sources are discussed along with attribution theory.
Ito ay tumutukoy sa pagiging hiwalay niya sa ibang taoIto ay tumutukoy sa pagiging hiwalay niyIto ay tumutukoy sa pagiging hiwalay niya sa ibang taoIto ay tumutukoy sa pagiging hiwalaIto ay tumutukoy sa pagiging hiwalay niya sa ibang taoIto ay tuIto ay tumutukoy sa pagiging hiwalay niya sa ibang taoIto ay tumutukoy sa pagiging hiwalay niya sa ibang taovvvvvvIto ay tumutukoy sa pagiging hiwalay niya sa ibang taoIto ay tumutukoy sa pagiging hiwalay niya sa ibang taoIto ay tumutukoy sa pagiging hiwalay niya sa ibang taoIto ay tumutukoy sa pagiging hiwalay niya sa ibang taoIto ay tumutukoy sa pagiging hiwalay niya sa ibang taoIto ay tumutukoy sa pagiging hiwalay niya sa ibang taoIto ay tumutukoy sa pagiging hiwalay niya sa ibang taoIto ay tumutukoy sa pagiging hiwalay niya sa ibang taoIto ay tumutukoy sa pagiging hiwalay niya sa ibang taoIto ay tumutukoy sa pagiging hiwalay niya sa ibang taoIto ay tumutukoy sa pagiging hiwalay niya sa ibang taoIto ay tumutukoy sa pagiging hiwalay niya sa ibang taoIto ay tumutukoy sa pagiging hiwalay niya sa ibang taoIto ay tumutukoy sa pagiging hiwalay niya sa ibang taoIto ay tumutukoy sa pagiging hiwalay niya sa ibang taoIto ay tumutukoy sa pagiging hiwalay niya sa ibang taoIto ay tuIto ay tumutukoy sa pagiging hiwalay niya sa ibang taoIto ay tumutukoy sa pagiging hiwalay niya sa ibang taoIto ay tumutukoy sa pagiging hiwalay niya sa ibang taoIto ay tumutukoy sa pagiging hiwalay niya sa ibang taoIto ay tumutukoy sa pagiging hiwalay niya sa ibang taoIto ay tumutukoy sa pagiging hiwalay niya sa ibang taoIto ay tumutukoy sa pagiging hiwalay niya sa ibang taoIto ay tumutukoy sa pagiging hiwalay niya sa ibang taoIto ay tumutukoy sa pagiging hiwalay niya sa ibang taoIto ay tumutukoy sa pagiging hiwalay niya sa ibang taoIto ay tumutukoy sa pagiging hiwalay niya sa ibang taoIto ay tumutukoy sa pagiging hiwalay niya sa ibang taoIto ay tumutukoy sa pagiging hiwalay niya sa ibang taoIto ay tumutukoy sa pagiging hiwalay niya sa ibang taoIto ay tumutukoy sa pagiging hiwalay niya sa ibang taoIto ay tumutukoy sa pagiging hiwalay niya sa ibang taoIto ay tumutukoy sa pagiging hiwalay niya sa ibang taoIto ay tumutukoy sa pagiging hiwalay niya sa ibang taoIto ay tumutukoy sa pagiging hiwalay niya sa ibang taoIto ay tumutukoy sa pagiging hiwalay niya sa ibang taoIto ay tumutukoy sa pagiging hiwalay niya sa ibang taoIto ay tumutukoy sa pagiging hiwalay niya sa ibang taoIto ay tumutukoy sa pagiging hiwalay niya sa ibang taoIto ay tumutukoy sa pagiging hiwalay niya sa ibang taoIto ay tumutukoy sa pagiging hiwalay niya sa ibang taoIto ay tumutukoy sa pagiging hiwalay niya sa ibang taoIto ay tumutukoy sa pagiging hiwalay niya sa ibang taoIto ay tumutukoy sa pagiging hiwalay niya sa ibang taoIto ay tumutukoy sa pagiging hiwalay niya sa ibang taoIto ay tumutukoy sa pagiging hiwalay niya sa ibang taomutukoy sa pagiging hiwalay niya sa ibang taomutukoy sa pagiging hiwalay niya sa ibang taovvvvvvvy niya sa ibang taIto ay tumutukoy sa pagiging hiw
Ross faces a dilemma in choosing between Rachel and Julie and makes a list of things he likes and dislikes about each to help understand his feelings. However, research shows introspecting about reasons can change attitudes in misleading ways as people latch onto easy reasons rather than accurate ones. Similarly, people may infer emotions and attitudes from their behavior rather than introspecting accurately. Overall, understanding the self is difficult as people rely less on introspection than assumed and unconscious factors influence feelings and behavior in hidden ways.
Ross faces a dilemma in choosing between Rachel and Julie. He makes a list of things he likes and dislikes about each woman to help understand his feelings. However, research shows introspecting about reasons can change attitudes in misleading ways. When feelings are uncertain, people infer attitudes from their behavior and situation rather than introspection alone.
N4 Interpersonal relationships and social interaction, FET Colleges, South Af...Suzaan Oltmann
Interpersonal relationships and social interaction. This N4 Module for Communication in FET Colleges, South Africa, is explained on a slideshow. For all N4 students studying at FET Colleges in South Africa.
This document discusses self-concept and its development. It defines self-concept as an individual's thoughts and beliefs about themselves, and notes it has cognitive, behavioral, and affective aspects. The development of self-concept occurs across the lifespan as individuals internalize feedback and social roles. Factors like health, experiences, and culture can influence self-perception. The nursing process can be used to assess and support patients with altered self-concepts through strengthening coping skills and maintaining dignity.
N4 Communication - Interpersonal relationships and social interaction. A modu...Varsity College
Module 2 covers interpersonal relationships and social interaction and all you need to know as a student to understand this module. Especially for TVET College students studying in South Africa.
Adlerian psychotherapy focuses on understanding a client's subjective experiences and goals or lifestyle. The therapist aims to help clients develop social interest and healthier ways of living. Key concepts include striving for superiority to overcome feelings of inferiority, the influence of birth order and family dynamics, and purposeful, goal-directed behavior. The therapeutic process involves establishing trust, exploring the client's worldview and goals, facilitating insight and self-understanding, and helping with reorientation through encouragement and reeducation. Techniques emphasize encouragement, catching oneself repeating patterns, and exploring underlying motivations.
Ob ppt personality & henry ford case f & g section, 8 & 9 aug (1)Pooja Sakhla
Personality can be summarized in 3 sentences:
Personality is defined as the unique psychological qualities of an individual that influence behaviors and interactions with others. There are several theories that seek to describe personality, including trait theory which describes personality in terms of stable dimensions or traits, and psychoanalytic theory which emphasizes unconscious motivations and drives. Understanding personality can provide insight into how individuals are likely to behave in different situations.
Ob ppt-personality-henry-ford-case-f-g-section-8-9-augPooja Sakhla
The document discusses personality from several perspectives. It defines personality and describes key theories about its determinants including heredity, environment, and situation. It also summarizes major approaches to understanding personality like the psychoanalytic, trait, humanistic, and social-cognitive perspectives. Specific concepts discussed include defense mechanisms, the Big Five model of traits, locus of control, Machiavellianism, self-esteem, self-monitoring, and risk-taking.
The document discusses different perspectives on the self and its development through social interactions. It addresses how children internalize social norms and values through language and interactions from a young age based on theories from Mead and Vygotsky. Family plays a key role in shaping one's self-hood and initiating them into ways of living. The self is also discussed as a mental construct that is created and recreated through memory and is influenced by social comparisons and relationships.
The document discusses several key concepts related to the self in the social world, including:
1) The spotlight effect and illusion of transparency, which are cognitive biases where people overestimate how much attention others pay to their appearance and emotions.
2) Factors that influence self-concepts such as social roles, comparisons to others, successes/failures, and others' judgments.
3) Cultural differences in views of the self as independent vs. interdependent.
4) Questions around how accurately people can know themselves due to unconscious influences on behavior.
This document discusses the development of self from infancy through adulthood. It covers how self-awareness emerges around 17-24 months as infants begin to recognize themselves in mirrors. Culture influences when self-recognition occurs. During childhood, self-concept is formed based on physical and academic attributes, and adolescents struggle with developing identity. Adulthood brings changes to self-concept through life experiences like marriage and career. Work plays a role in adult identity and self-esteem is influenced by social comparisons and evaluations of how one measures up to standards and peers.
The document discusses the development of self and how it arises from interactions with others. It states that family members generally have the first influence through their direct definitions of us, our reflected appraisals of their views of us, and the identity scripts they unconsciously pass on. These early interactions shape our attachment styles and influence how we see ourselves and approach relationships. The document also discusses how cultural and social forces like gender roles, racism, and heterosexism can influence our views of ourselves and others.
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6. Culture and the Self-Concept
Markus & Kitayama
• People in different cultures have
strikingly different construals of
the self…These construals can
influence, and in many cases
determine, the very nature of
individual experience, including
cognition, emotion, and
motivation
Oct 14, 2008 PSYCO 241, Masuda 3
7. Independent vs. Interdependent View
of the Self
• Independent View of the Self
– The self as detached from others and
independently consisting of unique attributes
– Dominant in North America and Western
Europe
• Interdependent View of Self
– The self as connected with others and
interdependently shaped in combination with
social contexts
– Dominant in Asia, Africa, South America
Oct 14, 2008 PSYCO 241, Masuda 4
9. Twenty Statement Tests
I am ____________
I am ____________
I am …………………
North Americans defined themselves primarily in
terms of personal attributes
The Japanese were three times more likely than
North Americans to define themselves in terms
of social roles, consisted with an
interdependent self-construal.
PSYCO 241, Masuda 6
11. Self-Knowledge
Personal Beliefs - beliefs about our personality
traits, our unique abilities and attributes,
and our idiosyncratic preferences, tastes
and talents
Social Beliefs - beliefs about the roles, duties,
and obligations we assume in groups
Relational Self-Beliefs - beliefs about our
identities in specific relationships
Collective Self-Beliefs - our identity and beliefs
as they relate to the social categories to
which we belong
PSYCO 241, Masuda 8
12. 1. The Organizational Function of
Self-Knowledge
a. Memory and the self-reference effect
self-reference effect - tendency to elaborate
upon and recall information that is integrated
into our self - knowledge
b. Self-schemas and self-understanding
self-schemas - knowledge-based summaries
of our feelings, actions, and others’ views about
the self
c. Culture and Self-Beliefs
PSYCO 241, Masuda 9
14. 2. The Motivational Function of
Self-Knowledge
Self-Discrepancy Theory:
A theory that appropriate
behaviour is motivated by
cultural and moral standards
regarding the ideal self and
the ought self.
Violations of these standards
produce emotions like guilt
and shame when they are
not adhered to. Tory Higgins
PSYCO 241, Masuda 11
15. Self-Discrepancy Theory
Actual self - the self we truly believe ourselves
to be
Ideal self - embodies the wishes and
aspirations we and other people maintain
about ourselves
(promotion focus: approach motivation)
Ought self - concerned with the duties,
obligations, and external demands we feel
we’re compelled to honor
(prevention focus: avoidance motivation)
PSYCO 241, Masuda 12
16. 3. The Self As A Standard in Social
Perception
How do we use our self-knowledge to judge other
people?
Self-Image Bias: The tendency to judge other’s
personalities according to their similarity or
dissimilarity to our own personality
Self-Image Bias & Culture:
Canadians were more likely than Asians to
reproduce the scene from their original point of
view, looking outward from their own
perspective.
PSYCO 241, Masuda 13
17. Cultural Variation in Reference
Points
1.5
Amount of Third-person imagery
in “Self at Center of Attention”
1.1
0.8
0.4
0
-0.4
1
European- Asian-Canadians
Canadians & Asians
PSYCO 241, Masuda 14
18. 4. Illusions and Biases About the
Self
Optimism: The sense that the future offers the
promise of happiness and success—it works
to maintain one’s well-being.
Blimpy Burger in Ann Arbor, MI
1. Type of buns
2. Number of meat patties
3. Types of Cheese
4. Mushrooms: Grilled or not
5. Onions: Grilled or not
6. Bacon: How much?
7. Toppings: Pickles, Tomato, Lettuce,
and so on….
8. Sauce
9. Side Dishes
PSYCO 241, Masuda 15
20. Cultural Variations in Self-Bias &
Well Being
The cultural evidence suggests that self-Illusions
do not automatically promote elevated well-
being.
• Japanese are less likely to assume they are
better than average than Americans
• Japanese are less likely to show evidence of
unrealistic optimism than Canadians
• People in Western societies are likely to have
a stronger sense of personal control and
freedom of choice than Asians.
PSYCO 241, Masuda 17
21. Self-Evaluation
1. Trait and State Self-Esteem
2. Contingencies of Self-
Worth
3. Social Acceptance and
Self-Esteem
4. Motives of Self-Evaluation
5. Culture & Self-Esteem
6. Culture Change
PSYCO 241, Masuda 18
22. 1. Trait and State Self-Esteem
Self-esteem - positive or negative overall
evaluations you have of yourself
*Trait self-esteem - enduring level of confidence
and affection that people have for their defining
abilities and characteristics across time
*State self-esteem - dynamic, changeable self
evaluations that are experienced as momentary
feelings about the self
PSYCO 241, Masuda 19
24. 2. Contingencies of Self-Worth
An account of self-esteem that says that self-
esteem is contingent on successes and failures in
domains upon which a person has based his or
her self-worth
1. Approval, 2. Appearance, 3. God’s love,
4.Family Support, 5. School Competence,
6. Competition, 7. Virtue
PSYCO 241, Masuda 21
25. 3. Social Acceptance and Self-
Esteem
Sociometer hypothesis: Self-esteem is an internal,
subjective index or marker of the extent to which we
are included or excluded by others
Social animals including human beings thrive when
we are in healthy social relationships
Group Inclusion Elevated Self-Esteem
Group Exclusion Depressed Self-Esteem
PSYCO 241, Masuda 22
26. 4. Motives of Self-Evaluation
Abraham Tesser
a. The Motive to Elevate Self-Esteem
self-evaluation maintenance model - states that
we are motivated to view ourselves in a
favourable light, and that we do so through two
processes: reflection and social comparison
b. The Motive to Find Out the Truth about the Self
self-verification theory - states that we strive for
stable, accurate beliefs about the self because
such beliefs give us a sense of coherence.
PSYCO 241, Masuda 23
28. 5. Culture and Self-Esteem
• North Americans
– High Self-Esteem
– Self-Enhancement (focus on success
information)
– Entity Theorists (Your ability & talents are
stable)
• East Asians
– Low Self-Esteem but High Empathy Steven Heine
– Self-Critical (focus on failure information)
– Incremental Theories (Your ability &
talents are changeable)
PSYCO 241, Masuda 25
29. What is the basis of intelligence?
North Americans are more likely than Japanese to think that
our intelligence is innately fixed.
Innate Abilities Innate Abilities
Efforts Efforts
North Americans Japanese
The Japanese are more likely than North Americans to think
that our intelligence is shaped by our efforts.
PSYCO 241, Masuda 26
30. Positive vs. Negative feedback &
Perseverance
The Canadians worked longer on the task if they
had succeeded on it.
= The Canadians avoided being reminded of
failure
The Japanese worked longer on the task if they
had failed.
= The Japanese used the occasion to improve
PSYCO 241, Masuda 27
32. Taka’s Thoughts
• Having an illusory positive view towards one
self, and having high self-esteem is positively
correlate with one’s well-being.
• It doesn’t mean that educators should spoil
students, and let them have illusory self-
esteem
• There are perils of high self-esteem, and
studies suggest the link between anti-social
behaviors and narcissistic levels of self-esteem
PSYCO 241, Masuda 29
33. Summary of Today’s Lecture
• There are several different foundations of the
self-concept.
• The self is profoundly shaped by whether people
live in independent or interdependent cultures
• Self-Esteem is more important and elevated in
Western cultures than in East Asian cultures
PSYCO 241, Masuda 30
Editor's Notes
\n
Self is an independent agent.\nSelf - core part of that person\nBased on core component of yourself is that you may interact with others and culture.\n\n
Self is an independent agent.\nSelf - core part of that person\nBased on core component of yourself is that you may interact with others and culture.\n\n
Self is an independent agent.\nSelf - core part of that person\nBased on core component of yourself is that you may interact with others and culture.\n\n
Unlike other animals, humans have a mental representation and a symbolic representation of self. Technically you are not the centre of diagram, but rather culture is.\nIf cultures differ, then self-concept should differ from culture to culture.\n
\n
A. Independent view if self -more shared characteristics with close relationships\n-circle does not overlap w/ any of the boarders -> independent individuals feel they are different and individual from others\n-X = self defining aspect of identity - each lies within different individuals and do not overlap.\n-boundary are not really seen between friends/family, but rather a distinctive boundary between self and stranger (out-group).\n B. Self is viewed as a social entity. This means that people realize that they are aware of others feelings, actions etc. and are interconnected to one another. \n-border overlaps with significant relationships\n-red X represent key aspect of identity are grounded in relationships with others.\n-strangers are still distinct to out-group and are more likely to put output into ingroup members as opposed to outgroup members\n
Task is to complete the same statement 20 times. \n“80% are a student” -Japanese\n“I am smart” - North Americans\n\n
Pattern of Insults is different from culture to culture.\nIndividualistic - target negative physical aspect\nRelational - target negative relationship i.e. family or friends. -\nInterdependent- sense of belonging, group goals, community achievement\n-more important to always be improving ones self rather than doing good. \n
\n
\n
participants engage in 4 different tasks\nasked about structure of word, sound of adjective i.e. rhyming, semantic - meaning of word, adjective relative to you (one’s self knowledge)\nResults: Participants were more likely to remember adjectives that were self-relevant. The more you personalize it, the better able you can remember it.\n
Self- Discrepancy Theory:\n\n
\n
\n
Asian Canadians and Asians see yourself through a 3rd pov\nEuropean Canadians - take your own perspective of you\n
People have biased views of oneself.\n
North American students believe that positive events are more likely to happen to them and think others will have negative events that will happen to them. UNREALISTIC VIEW\n
\n
Relationship being human well being and self-evaluation is difficult to understand and culture must be incorporated to make more sense of it.\n
\n
Rosenber Self - Esteem Scale\n
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\n
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\n
\n
Asians are not concerned with having a low self-esteem.\n\nDoes the level of self-esteem change when immigration occurs? Yes it increases to the same level of European Canadians.\n