This document discusses psychopharmacology and psychotropic drugs. It defines psychopharmacology as the study of drugs used to treat psychiatric disorders. Psychotropic or psychoactive drugs affect the brain and nervous system and alter feelings, emotions, and consciousness. Antipsychotic agents are the main class of psychotropic drugs discussed, including their indications, mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, classifications, and common side effects such as extrapyramidal symptoms, akathisia, dystonia, tardive dyskinesia, and neuroleptic malignant syndrome. General guidelines for drug administration in psychiatry are also provided.
Psychiatric nursing quality guide lines , by hatem a. aziz banjar.ppt [compat...Academic Supervisor
This document discusses guidelines for quality psychiatric nursing. It begins by noting the prevalence of mental health issues and lack of understanding of the psychiatric nurse's role. The main goals are to help improve psychiatric nursing performance and understanding of the psychiatric nurse. Key aspects of psychiatric nursing discussed include the therapeutic relationship, interventions, and trends needed such as communication skills. Elements of nursing quality like ethics, skills, and safety are also addressed.
This document provides information on organic disorders, specifically delirium and dementia. It defines organic disorders as disorders caused by a known pathological condition of an organic structure. Delirium is described as a state of mental confusion caused by a disturbance in brain metabolism, with rapid onset and fluctuating symptoms. Dementia is defined as the progressive deterioration of brain function occurring after maturation, characterized by deficits in memory, thinking and behavior. The document discusses the causes, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment/management of delirium and dementia.
This document provides information about psychotropic drugs used in psychiatry. It discusses the definitions and classifications of psychotropic drugs including antipsychotics, antidepressants, mood stabilizers, anxiolytics, and antiepileptics. The document outlines the nurse's responsibilities regarding safe administration and monitoring of these medications and their potential side effects. It emphasizes the importance of patient education on proper use and risks of psychotropic drugs.
The document discusses various treatment modalities in psychiatry including somatic (physical) therapies like psychopharmacology, electroconvulsive therapy, and psychosurgery. It provides details on specific psychotropic drugs like antipsychotics, antidepressants, mood stabilizers, anxiolytics, and their indications, mechanisms of action, dosages, side effects and the nurse's role in administering them. Electroconvulsive therapy is described as the artificial induction of seizures through electrical stimulation to treat severe depression, catatonia and psychosis.
Individual therapy is a psychotherapy process where a trained therapist works one-on-one with a client to address problems, explore feelings and behaviors, and set personal goals. The document outlines several types of individual therapy including psychoanalysis, hypnosis, abreaction, reality therapy, and cognitive behavioral therapy. The goal of individual therapy is for clients to gain insight into themselves, develop coping strategies, rearrange priorities, and focus on their strengths and meaningful pursuits.
The document defines conversion disorder and dissociative disorders. Conversion disorder involves neurological symptoms that cannot be explained medically and are thought to be related to psychological factors like stress. Dissociative disorders involve disturbances in identity, memory or consciousness, often developing as a way to cope with trauma. The types of conversion disorder include motor disorders, convulsions, and sensory losses. Dissociative disorders include amnesia, fugue, stupor, Ganser's syndrome, and identity disorder. Treatment involves psychotherapy and addressing underlying psychological conflicts.
Psychotic disorders involve hallucinations and/or delusions where the person loses contact with reality. Schizophrenia is a type of psychosis characterized by disturbances in thought, emotion and behavior. It affects about 1% of the population and usually develops in early adulthood. Symptoms include delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech and behavior. Treatment involves antipsychotic medications and psychosocial support. Prognosis depends on several factors but schizophrenia generally involves long-term impairment.
THERAPEUTIC MODALITIES IN MENTAL HEALTH.pptxThomas Owondo
Mental health disorders can affect physical and psychological behaviors.
Therapeutic modalities can provide useful guidance for the prevention and treatment of mental health disorders and the care of the people.
Therapeutic modalities in mental health refers to the various ways of management of people with mental illness.
Psychiatric nursing quality guide lines , by hatem a. aziz banjar.ppt [compat...Academic Supervisor
This document discusses guidelines for quality psychiatric nursing. It begins by noting the prevalence of mental health issues and lack of understanding of the psychiatric nurse's role. The main goals are to help improve psychiatric nursing performance and understanding of the psychiatric nurse. Key aspects of psychiatric nursing discussed include the therapeutic relationship, interventions, and trends needed such as communication skills. Elements of nursing quality like ethics, skills, and safety are also addressed.
This document provides information on organic disorders, specifically delirium and dementia. It defines organic disorders as disorders caused by a known pathological condition of an organic structure. Delirium is described as a state of mental confusion caused by a disturbance in brain metabolism, with rapid onset and fluctuating symptoms. Dementia is defined as the progressive deterioration of brain function occurring after maturation, characterized by deficits in memory, thinking and behavior. The document discusses the causes, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment/management of delirium and dementia.
This document provides information about psychotropic drugs used in psychiatry. It discusses the definitions and classifications of psychotropic drugs including antipsychotics, antidepressants, mood stabilizers, anxiolytics, and antiepileptics. The document outlines the nurse's responsibilities regarding safe administration and monitoring of these medications and their potential side effects. It emphasizes the importance of patient education on proper use and risks of psychotropic drugs.
The document discusses various treatment modalities in psychiatry including somatic (physical) therapies like psychopharmacology, electroconvulsive therapy, and psychosurgery. It provides details on specific psychotropic drugs like antipsychotics, antidepressants, mood stabilizers, anxiolytics, and their indications, mechanisms of action, dosages, side effects and the nurse's role in administering them. Electroconvulsive therapy is described as the artificial induction of seizures through electrical stimulation to treat severe depression, catatonia and psychosis.
Individual therapy is a psychotherapy process where a trained therapist works one-on-one with a client to address problems, explore feelings and behaviors, and set personal goals. The document outlines several types of individual therapy including psychoanalysis, hypnosis, abreaction, reality therapy, and cognitive behavioral therapy. The goal of individual therapy is for clients to gain insight into themselves, develop coping strategies, rearrange priorities, and focus on their strengths and meaningful pursuits.
The document defines conversion disorder and dissociative disorders. Conversion disorder involves neurological symptoms that cannot be explained medically and are thought to be related to psychological factors like stress. Dissociative disorders involve disturbances in identity, memory or consciousness, often developing as a way to cope with trauma. The types of conversion disorder include motor disorders, convulsions, and sensory losses. Dissociative disorders include amnesia, fugue, stupor, Ganser's syndrome, and identity disorder. Treatment involves psychotherapy and addressing underlying psychological conflicts.
Psychotic disorders involve hallucinations and/or delusions where the person loses contact with reality. Schizophrenia is a type of psychosis characterized by disturbances in thought, emotion and behavior. It affects about 1% of the population and usually develops in early adulthood. Symptoms include delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech and behavior. Treatment involves antipsychotic medications and psychosocial support. Prognosis depends on several factors but schizophrenia generally involves long-term impairment.
THERAPEUTIC MODALITIES IN MENTAL HEALTH.pptxThomas Owondo
Mental health disorders can affect physical and psychological behaviors.
Therapeutic modalities can provide useful guidance for the prevention and treatment of mental health disorders and the care of the people.
Therapeutic modalities in mental health refers to the various ways of management of people with mental illness.
Functions of mental health nurse in various settin gsNursing Path
This document outlines the roles and responsibilities of psychiatric nurses in various clinical settings. Nurses provide assessments, medication management, therapies, education and support across inpatient, outpatient, emergency and community settings. Duties include ensuring safety, monitoring symptoms, assisting with treatments, counseling patients and families, and coordinating care.
This document outlines 12 general principles of psychiatric nursing. It discusses concepts like accepting patients unconditionally, using self-understanding to help patients, maintaining consistency, and avoiding increasing patient anxiety. The principles are meant to guide nursing care for mentally ill individuals by focusing on the whole person rather than just symptoms. Nurses should understand patients' behaviors through observation rather than interpretation and modify procedures based on individual comprehension.
The document discusses substance use disorders and provides information on various substances of abuse including alcohol, opioids, cannabis, cocaine, amphetamines, and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD). It covers terminology, classifications, etiology, effects of acute intoxication and withdrawal, complications, treatments, and diagnostic criteria for substance use disorders involving these classes of drugs.
This document discusses phobias, their definition, types, symptoms, causes, and treatment options. It covers:
1) Phobias are irrational fears that cause avoidance of feared situations/objects and distress, even though the fear is excessive. They are divided into specific phobias (of objects/situations like heights or animals) and social phobia.
2) Causes may include behavioral conditioning, genetic factors, and neurochemical changes. Specific phobias are often learned through pairing, modeling, or information transfer.
3) Treatment includes cognitive behavioral therapy (e.g. exposure therapy using a fear ladder) as well as medication like SSRIs, benzodiazep
Unit 8 neurotic stress and somatoform, PSYCHIATRIC NURSINGVipin Chandran
1. The document discusses various neurotic, stress-related and somatoform disorders including anxiety disorders, phobic disorders, obsessive compulsive disorder, and somatoform disorders.
2. It provides classifications of these disorders based on the ICD-10 system and describes key features, symptoms, etiologies, and treatment approaches for each disorder type.
3. Treatment typically involves a multimodal approach including psychotherapy, relaxation techniques, drug therapies like antidepressants, and in more severe cases of OCD, electroconvulsive therapy or psychosurgery may be used.
Conversion disorder is a psychiatric condition where patients experience neurological symptoms like numbness, blindness, or paralysis without an underlying neurological cause. The symptoms are thought to arise in response to psychological stressors and difficulties in the patient's life. Conversion disorder was formerly known as hysteria, and the term "conversion" comes from Freud's idea that anxiety can be converted into physical symptoms. Common symptoms include sensory deficits like blindness or numbness, as well as motor problems like paralysis or seizures. Treatment may involve physiotherapy, occupational therapy, and therapies like cognitive behavioral therapy to address underlying psychological issues.
Delusions are defined as fixed beliefs that are firmly held despite clear proof to the contrary. They are categorized as bizarre, non-bizarre, mood-congruent, or mood-neutral. Common delusional themes include control, jealousy, guilt, reference, and grandeur. Biological, psychological, and cognitive theories attempt to explain delusion formation, with factors including brain abnormalities, emotions, perception, and biases in attention and reasoning. Delusions may arise from errors in reasoning about the mental states of others.
This document discusses psychopharmacology and provides information on various types of psychiatric drugs. It begins with an introduction to psychopharmacology and the definition of psychotropic drugs. It then classifies psychiatric drugs and discusses specific drug classes in more detail, including antipsychotic agents, antidepressants, and mood stabilizers. For each drug class, it covers indications, mechanisms of action, classifications, pharmacokinetics, adverse effects, and nursing management considerations.
Appropriate for GNM, B.Sc. Nursing, P.B.B.Sc.Nursing & M.Sc. Nursing
Behavior therapy, also known as behavior modification or behavior change therapy, is a psychological approach used in mental health nursing to address and modify maladaptive or undesirable behaviors in individuals dealing with various mental health conditions. The aim is to help patients develop more adaptive and functional behaviors, reduce distress, and improve their overall well-being. Behavior therapy is based on the principles of learning theory, particularly classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and social learning.
Behavior therapy in mental health nursing is often tailored to each patient's unique needs, diagnosis, and circumstances. The approach focuses on collaboration, patient education, reinforcement, and gradual progression to help individuals overcome behavioral challenges and improve their quality of life. Mental health nurses play a crucial role in implementing and facilitating behavior therapy interventions, closely monitoring progress, and providing ongoing support to patients.
The document outlines 12 principles of patient-centered care: 1) Accepting patients unconditionally, 2) Using self-understanding to help patients, 3) Providing consistency to support patient security, 4) Giving reassurance subtly, 5) Changing behavior through emotional experience not logic, 6) Avoiding unnecessary anxiety increases, 7) Objectively observing patients, 8) Maintaining realistic relationships, 9) Avoiding force as much as possible, 10) Centering care on the patient not symptoms, 11) Explaining procedures according to comprehension, and 12) Modifying procedures while keeping principles the same.
The document discusses the components and purpose of a mental status examination (MSE). A MSE is used to assess a patient's mental state and behavior through objective observations and subjective reports. It provides information for diagnosis, treatment assessment, and comparison over time. The key components of a MSE include appearance, behavior, speech, mood, thought processes, thought content, cognition, insight, and judgment. A MSE allows clinicians to evaluate changes in a patient's condition.
Conversion disorder and dissociative disorders were originally referred to as hysteria. Conversion disorder involves psychological stressors causing neurological-like symptoms that have no medical cause, like paralysis or sensory deficits. Dissociative disorders involve disruptions to identity, memory, or awareness. Common types include dissociative amnesia and fugue. Psychological theories attribute these disorders to repression of trauma, while behavioral theories involve learned symptom behaviors. Treatment involves psychotherapy, hypnosis, and addressing underlying conflicts. Nursing care focuses on safety, effective coping skills, social skills training, and symptom management.
The basic about the principles of psychiatric nursing , what all are the basic we have to follow while providing care to the psychiatric patients in hospital and in the community area
The document provides an overview of psychiatric and mental health nursing. It discusses the similarities and differences between psychiatric nursing and other fields of nursing, focusing on therapeutic relationships, interpersonal skills, and a people-centered approach in psychiatric nursing. It also outlines the knowledge, skills, career opportunities, and importance of psychiatric nursing. Psychiatric nurses work in diverse settings and play an important role as one in five people will experience a mental illness.
The document discusses the therapeutic nurse-patient relationship. It defines the relationship as an ongoing communication between nurse and patient built on mutual respect and trust. The goals are to help patients gain insight, change behaviors, and achieve developmental goals. Key aspects include empathy, genuineness, respect, concern and good communication skills. Challenges include resistance, transference, and countertransference, which the nurse must manage to maintain a therapeutic relationship.
obsessive compulsive and related disorders (OCD)mamtabisht10
This document provides information about obsessive compulsive disorder and related disorders. It discusses OCD, body dysmorphic disorder, hoarding disorder, trichotillomania, excoriation disorder and their symptoms. It also covers the etiology, clinical features, diagnosis and treatment of OCD, including psychotherapy, pharmacotherapy, ECT and self-help strategies. Nursing management focuses on reducing anxiety and compulsive behaviors, improving role performance and sleep disturbances. Related disorders like body dysmorphic disorder, hair pulling disorder and skin picking disorder are also summarized.
This document discusses dysthymia disorder and its treatment. It was written by Dr. Rahul Sharma, Associate Professor and H.O.D. of Mental Health Nursing at Jaipur National University. The document notes that dysthymia can be caused by financial problems, job loss, disappointments in life, personality defects, ego disintegration, internal conflicts, interpersonal disturbances, and loss of loved ones in adult life. It recommends pharmacotherapy as a major treatment category, listing selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, tricyclic antidepressants, monoamine oxidase inhibitors, and other antidepressant drugs as potential medications.
obsessive-compulsive disorder is a mental disorder whose main symptoms include obsessions and compulsions, driving the person to engage in unwanted, often-times distress behaviors or thoughts. The obsessions are usually related to a sense of harm, risk or injury. The common Obsessions include concern about contamination, doubt, fear of loss or letting go, fear of physically injuring someone.It’s treatment is done through a combination of psychiatric medications and psychotherapy.
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is a common, chronic and long-lasting disorder in which a person has uncontrollable, reoccurring thoughts (obsessions) and behaviors (compulsions) that he or she feels the urge to repeat over and over.
An obsession is defined as an idea, impulse, or image which intrude into the conscious aware repeatedly.
The document discusses psychotropic drugs and their use in psychiatric disorders. It provides definitions of psychotropic drugs and notes that they are commonly used as first-line treatments for most psychiatric conditions. The document outlines general guidelines for nurses administering psychotropic drugs, including ensuring proper documentation, identification of patients, and secure storage of medications. It also emphasizes the importance of patient education regarding potential side effects and safe usage of psychotropic drugs.
The document discusses psychotropic drugs and the role of nurses in their administration. It defines psychotropic drugs as chemicals that affect the brain and nervous system, altering feelings, emotions, and consciousness. Nurses must have knowledge of pharmacokinetics, benefits and risks of psychotropic drugs, and monitor patients for side effects when administering these medications for psychiatric conditions. The document focuses on antipsychotic drugs, describing their uses, mechanisms of action, classifications, and the responsibilities of nurses in properly administering and monitoring patients receiving antipsychotic treatment.
Functions of mental health nurse in various settin gsNursing Path
This document outlines the roles and responsibilities of psychiatric nurses in various clinical settings. Nurses provide assessments, medication management, therapies, education and support across inpatient, outpatient, emergency and community settings. Duties include ensuring safety, monitoring symptoms, assisting with treatments, counseling patients and families, and coordinating care.
This document outlines 12 general principles of psychiatric nursing. It discusses concepts like accepting patients unconditionally, using self-understanding to help patients, maintaining consistency, and avoiding increasing patient anxiety. The principles are meant to guide nursing care for mentally ill individuals by focusing on the whole person rather than just symptoms. Nurses should understand patients' behaviors through observation rather than interpretation and modify procedures based on individual comprehension.
The document discusses substance use disorders and provides information on various substances of abuse including alcohol, opioids, cannabis, cocaine, amphetamines, and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD). It covers terminology, classifications, etiology, effects of acute intoxication and withdrawal, complications, treatments, and diagnostic criteria for substance use disorders involving these classes of drugs.
This document discusses phobias, their definition, types, symptoms, causes, and treatment options. It covers:
1) Phobias are irrational fears that cause avoidance of feared situations/objects and distress, even though the fear is excessive. They are divided into specific phobias (of objects/situations like heights or animals) and social phobia.
2) Causes may include behavioral conditioning, genetic factors, and neurochemical changes. Specific phobias are often learned through pairing, modeling, or information transfer.
3) Treatment includes cognitive behavioral therapy (e.g. exposure therapy using a fear ladder) as well as medication like SSRIs, benzodiazep
Unit 8 neurotic stress and somatoform, PSYCHIATRIC NURSINGVipin Chandran
1. The document discusses various neurotic, stress-related and somatoform disorders including anxiety disorders, phobic disorders, obsessive compulsive disorder, and somatoform disorders.
2. It provides classifications of these disorders based on the ICD-10 system and describes key features, symptoms, etiologies, and treatment approaches for each disorder type.
3. Treatment typically involves a multimodal approach including psychotherapy, relaxation techniques, drug therapies like antidepressants, and in more severe cases of OCD, electroconvulsive therapy or psychosurgery may be used.
Conversion disorder is a psychiatric condition where patients experience neurological symptoms like numbness, blindness, or paralysis without an underlying neurological cause. The symptoms are thought to arise in response to psychological stressors and difficulties in the patient's life. Conversion disorder was formerly known as hysteria, and the term "conversion" comes from Freud's idea that anxiety can be converted into physical symptoms. Common symptoms include sensory deficits like blindness or numbness, as well as motor problems like paralysis or seizures. Treatment may involve physiotherapy, occupational therapy, and therapies like cognitive behavioral therapy to address underlying psychological issues.
Delusions are defined as fixed beliefs that are firmly held despite clear proof to the contrary. They are categorized as bizarre, non-bizarre, mood-congruent, or mood-neutral. Common delusional themes include control, jealousy, guilt, reference, and grandeur. Biological, psychological, and cognitive theories attempt to explain delusion formation, with factors including brain abnormalities, emotions, perception, and biases in attention and reasoning. Delusions may arise from errors in reasoning about the mental states of others.
This document discusses psychopharmacology and provides information on various types of psychiatric drugs. It begins with an introduction to psychopharmacology and the definition of psychotropic drugs. It then classifies psychiatric drugs and discusses specific drug classes in more detail, including antipsychotic agents, antidepressants, and mood stabilizers. For each drug class, it covers indications, mechanisms of action, classifications, pharmacokinetics, adverse effects, and nursing management considerations.
Appropriate for GNM, B.Sc. Nursing, P.B.B.Sc.Nursing & M.Sc. Nursing
Behavior therapy, also known as behavior modification or behavior change therapy, is a psychological approach used in mental health nursing to address and modify maladaptive or undesirable behaviors in individuals dealing with various mental health conditions. The aim is to help patients develop more adaptive and functional behaviors, reduce distress, and improve their overall well-being. Behavior therapy is based on the principles of learning theory, particularly classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and social learning.
Behavior therapy in mental health nursing is often tailored to each patient's unique needs, diagnosis, and circumstances. The approach focuses on collaboration, patient education, reinforcement, and gradual progression to help individuals overcome behavioral challenges and improve their quality of life. Mental health nurses play a crucial role in implementing and facilitating behavior therapy interventions, closely monitoring progress, and providing ongoing support to patients.
The document outlines 12 principles of patient-centered care: 1) Accepting patients unconditionally, 2) Using self-understanding to help patients, 3) Providing consistency to support patient security, 4) Giving reassurance subtly, 5) Changing behavior through emotional experience not logic, 6) Avoiding unnecessary anxiety increases, 7) Objectively observing patients, 8) Maintaining realistic relationships, 9) Avoiding force as much as possible, 10) Centering care on the patient not symptoms, 11) Explaining procedures according to comprehension, and 12) Modifying procedures while keeping principles the same.
The document discusses the components and purpose of a mental status examination (MSE). A MSE is used to assess a patient's mental state and behavior through objective observations and subjective reports. It provides information for diagnosis, treatment assessment, and comparison over time. The key components of a MSE include appearance, behavior, speech, mood, thought processes, thought content, cognition, insight, and judgment. A MSE allows clinicians to evaluate changes in a patient's condition.
Conversion disorder and dissociative disorders were originally referred to as hysteria. Conversion disorder involves psychological stressors causing neurological-like symptoms that have no medical cause, like paralysis or sensory deficits. Dissociative disorders involve disruptions to identity, memory, or awareness. Common types include dissociative amnesia and fugue. Psychological theories attribute these disorders to repression of trauma, while behavioral theories involve learned symptom behaviors. Treatment involves psychotherapy, hypnosis, and addressing underlying conflicts. Nursing care focuses on safety, effective coping skills, social skills training, and symptom management.
The basic about the principles of psychiatric nursing , what all are the basic we have to follow while providing care to the psychiatric patients in hospital and in the community area
The document provides an overview of psychiatric and mental health nursing. It discusses the similarities and differences between psychiatric nursing and other fields of nursing, focusing on therapeutic relationships, interpersonal skills, and a people-centered approach in psychiatric nursing. It also outlines the knowledge, skills, career opportunities, and importance of psychiatric nursing. Psychiatric nurses work in diverse settings and play an important role as one in five people will experience a mental illness.
The document discusses the therapeutic nurse-patient relationship. It defines the relationship as an ongoing communication between nurse and patient built on mutual respect and trust. The goals are to help patients gain insight, change behaviors, and achieve developmental goals. Key aspects include empathy, genuineness, respect, concern and good communication skills. Challenges include resistance, transference, and countertransference, which the nurse must manage to maintain a therapeutic relationship.
obsessive compulsive and related disorders (OCD)mamtabisht10
This document provides information about obsessive compulsive disorder and related disorders. It discusses OCD, body dysmorphic disorder, hoarding disorder, trichotillomania, excoriation disorder and their symptoms. It also covers the etiology, clinical features, diagnosis and treatment of OCD, including psychotherapy, pharmacotherapy, ECT and self-help strategies. Nursing management focuses on reducing anxiety and compulsive behaviors, improving role performance and sleep disturbances. Related disorders like body dysmorphic disorder, hair pulling disorder and skin picking disorder are also summarized.
This document discusses dysthymia disorder and its treatment. It was written by Dr. Rahul Sharma, Associate Professor and H.O.D. of Mental Health Nursing at Jaipur National University. The document notes that dysthymia can be caused by financial problems, job loss, disappointments in life, personality defects, ego disintegration, internal conflicts, interpersonal disturbances, and loss of loved ones in adult life. It recommends pharmacotherapy as a major treatment category, listing selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, tricyclic antidepressants, monoamine oxidase inhibitors, and other antidepressant drugs as potential medications.
obsessive-compulsive disorder is a mental disorder whose main symptoms include obsessions and compulsions, driving the person to engage in unwanted, often-times distress behaviors or thoughts. The obsessions are usually related to a sense of harm, risk or injury. The common Obsessions include concern about contamination, doubt, fear of loss or letting go, fear of physically injuring someone.It’s treatment is done through a combination of psychiatric medications and psychotherapy.
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is a common, chronic and long-lasting disorder in which a person has uncontrollable, reoccurring thoughts (obsessions) and behaviors (compulsions) that he or she feels the urge to repeat over and over.
An obsession is defined as an idea, impulse, or image which intrude into the conscious aware repeatedly.
The document discusses psychotropic drugs and their use in psychiatric disorders. It provides definitions of psychotropic drugs and notes that they are commonly used as first-line treatments for most psychiatric conditions. The document outlines general guidelines for nurses administering psychotropic drugs, including ensuring proper documentation, identification of patients, and secure storage of medications. It also emphasizes the importance of patient education regarding potential side effects and safe usage of psychotropic drugs.
The document discusses psychotropic drugs and the role of nurses in their administration. It defines psychotropic drugs as chemicals that affect the brain and nervous system, altering feelings, emotions, and consciousness. Nurses must have knowledge of pharmacokinetics, benefits and risks of psychotropic drugs, and monitor patients for side effects when administering these medications for psychiatric conditions. The document focuses on antipsychotic drugs, describing their uses, mechanisms of action, classifications, and the responsibilities of nurses in properly administering and monitoring patients receiving antipsychotic treatment.
Psychopharmacology is a field of study that explores the effects of drugs and medications on the human mind, behavior, and emotions. It delves into the interactions between chemicals (pharmacology) and mental processes (psychology). This interdisciplinary science focuses on understanding how various drugs, including prescription medications, affect the brain's neurochemistry and, consequently, influence a person's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. this ppt contains introductory portion of psychopharmacology
Psychopharmacology is the study of drugs that regulate emotions, behavior, and cognition through neurotransmitter interactions. These drugs include antipsychotics, antidepressants, antimanic agents, and others. Antipsychotics are used to treat schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders by blocking dopamine receptors. They can cause extrapyramidal side effects like Parkinsonism if dopamine levels are depleted. Nurses must monitor for these and other side effects when administering antipsychotics and antidepressants. Mood stabilizers like lithium are used to treat bipolar disorder by affecting neurotransmitter synthesis and receptors. Anticholinergic drugs are given to treat extrapyramidal side effects caused by antipsychotic medications.
This document provides information on psychoactive drugs used to treat psychiatric conditions. It defines psychoactive drugs as substances that act on the central nervous system, altering brain function and resulting in changes in perception, mood, consciousness, and behavior. The document then summarizes several classes of psychoactive drugs - antipsychotics, antidepressants, mood stabilizers, anxiolytics, stimulants, and depressants - listing their indications, mechanisms of action, side effects, and nursing responsibilities for each.
Schizophrenia is a complex psychiatric disorder characterized by disorganized thoughts, delusions, hallucinations, inappropriate affect, and impaired social functioning. The exact causes are unknown but likely involve genetic, brain chemical, environmental, and family history factors. Brain imaging shows enlarged ventricles and decreased cortical size, particularly in the left temporal lobe. Symptoms include positive symptoms like hallucinations, negative symptoms like loss of interest, and mood symptoms. Treatment involves pharmacological therapy with antipsychotics and non-pharmacological approaches like therapy, social skills training, and vocational rehabilitation.
This document discusses antipsychotic drugs, including their history, classification, indications, side effects, and nursing implications. It notes that the first antipsychotic drugs were discovered in the 1950s and includes a table classifying examples of first and second generation antipsychotic drugs. The document outlines the mechanisms of action, contraindications, pharmacokinetics, and important considerations for patient education when taking antipsychotic medications.
This document discusses antipsychotic drugs, including their definition, classifications, pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, indications, side effects, and the nurse's role in administering them. Antipsychotic drugs, also called neuroleptics or major tranquilizers, are primarily used to treat schizophrenia and other psychotic states. They work by reducing dopamine neurotransmission in the limbic system and mesocortical regions. Antipsychotics are classified as typical or atypical and are used to treat conditions like schizophrenia, mania, and dementia. Common side effects include extrapyramidal symptoms, sedation, and orthostatic hypotension. Nurses monitor for side effects and educate patients on safety when taking these
This document provides an overview of psychopharmacology and the use of psychotropic medications to treat mental health disorders. It discusses the roles of psychiatrists and psychopharmacologists in treatment and outlines major drug categories including antipsychotics, antidepressants, mood stabilizers, anxiolytics, and stimulants. Key concepts covered include mechanisms of action, side effects, drug interactions, principles of pharmacologic treatment, and the nurse's role in patient education.
THERAPEUTIC MODALITIES IN PSYCHIATRY.pptxsujitha108318
Therapeutic modalities in psychiatry include somatic (physical) therapies like psychopharmacology, electroconvulsive therapy, and psychosurgery. Psychological therapies include various counseling approaches. Milieu therapy aims to provide a supportive environment, while therapeutic communities are highly structured treatment programs. Activity therapies use recreational and occupational activities. Common psychotropic medications include antipsychotics, antidepressants, mood stabilizers, anxiolytics, and drugs used in child psychiatry. Electroconvulsive therapy is used to treat severe depression, catatonia, and psychosis.
Psychopharmacology is the study of drug-induced changes in mood, thinking, and behavior. These drugs may originate from natural sources such as plants and animals, or from artificial sources such as chemical syntheses in the laboratory.
Major Categories of Drugs
1- Neuroleptics 2- Anxiolytics 3- Hypnotics 4- Antidepressants 5- Mood Stabilizers 6- Psychostimulants
People with dementia may develop behavioral and psychological symptoms like depression, anxiety, or aggression. While non-drug interventions should be tried first, medication may sometimes be necessary, though drugs have side effects. Antipsychotics are commonly used but have risks and limited benefits, and should generally only be used for up to three months. Other options include anticonvulsants or antidepressants, which require specialist prescription. All drug treatment for dementia symptoms requires careful monitoring and review.
This document outlines psychotropic medications used to treat mental health conditions such as depression, bipolar disorder, and anxiety. It defines psychotropic medications as psychiatric drugs that affect brain chemistry. Common medications are discussed for each condition, along with their dosages, side effects, and nursing considerations. The document emphasizes that pregnant and breastfeeding women should discuss risks and benefits of psychotropic medication with their doctors, as limited research exists on effects during pregnancy and breastfeeding.
Psychopharmacology is the scientific study of how drugs act on the mind and behavior. Antipsychotic drugs are used to treat psychotic disorders like schizophrenia. Typical or first-generation antipsychotics block dopamine receptors and have higher risks of side effects like extrapyramidal symptoms. Atypical or second-generation antipsychotics also block serotonin receptors and have lower risks of extrapyramidal symptoms but can cause weight gain. Long-term treatment and monitoring of side effects is often needed for chronic psychotic disorders.
This document discusses the classification and storage of drugs. It outlines 16 categories that drugs can be classified into based on their pharmacological effect, including analgesics, antipyretics, antibiotics, anticonvulsants, and others. It also provides examples of drugs that fall into each category. The document concludes by describing best practices for storing drugs, such as keeping them in a cool, dry, locked cabinet or refrigerator and arranging them alphabetically.
This document discusses various psychotropic medications including their classifications, mechanisms of action, indications, side effects and nursing implications. It covers antianxiety agents, sedative-hypnotics, mood stabilizers, antipsychotics, antidepressants and ADHD medications. Nurses must understand how to properly administer these medications and monitor for both therapeutic effects and potential adverse reactions. Psychotropic medications can help relieve symptoms but do not cure the underlying mental illness.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
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LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
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significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
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This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
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Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
3. INTRODUCTION…
3
• Psychopharmacology is the study of drugs
used to treat psychiatric disorders.
• Medications that affect psychic function,
behavior or experience are called
psychotropic medications.
• They have significant effect on higher mental
functions.
• Psychopharmacological agents are first line
treatment for almost all psychiatric ailments
now a days.
4. 4
• With the growing availability of a wide range
of drugs to treat mental illness, the nurse
practicing in modern psychiatric settings
needs to have a sound knowledge of the
pharmacokinetics involved, the benefits &
potential risks of pharmacotherapy, as well
as her own role & responsibility.
5. DEFINITION OF PSYCHOTROPIC DRUGS
5
Psychotropic drug is any drug that
has primary effects on behavior, experience, or
other psychological functions (Logman Dictionary of
Psychology & Psychiatry).
Psychotropic or psychoactive drugs
can also be defined as chemical that affects the
brain & nervous system, alter feelings & emotions.
These drugs also affect the consciousness in
various ways. A broad range of these drugs is used
in emotional & mental illnesses.
6. GENERAL GUIDELINES REGARDING DRUG
ADMINISTRATION IN PSYCHIATRY
• The nurse should not administer any drug unless
there is a written order. Do not hesitate to consult
the doctor when in doubt any medication.
• All medications given must be charted on the
patient‘s case record sheet.
• In giving medication:
– Always address the patient by name & make certain of
his identification.
– Do not leave the patient until the drug is swallowed.
5
7. Do not permit the patient to go to the
bathroom to take medication.
Do not allow one patient to carry
medicine to another
If it is necessary to leave the patient to
get water, do not leave the tray within
the reach of the patient.
Do not force oral medication because of
the danger of aspiration. This is
especially important in stuporous
patients.
8. 8
• Check drugs daily for any change in
color, odor & number.
• Bottle should be tightly closed & labeled.
Labels should be written legibly & in
bold lettering. Poison drugs are to be
legibly labeled & to be kept in separate
cupboard.
9. JAYESH PATIDAR 9
• Make sure that an adequate supply of
drugs is on hand, but do not
overstock.
• Make sure no patient has access to the
drug cupboard.
• Drug cupboard should always be kept
locked when not in use. Never allow a
patient or worker to clean the drug
cupboard. The drug cupboard keys
should not be given to patients.
10. PATIENT EDUCATION RELATED TO
PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY…
JAYESH PATIDAR 1
• Nurses assess for drug side effects, evaluate
desired effects, & make decisions about prn
(pro re neta) medication.
• Nurses must understand general principles of
psychopharmacology & have specific
knowledge related to psychotropic drugs.
• Teaching patients can decrease the incidence
of side effects while increasing compliance
with the drug regimen.
11. Specific areas of education include
the following…
JAYESH PATIDAR 1
1. Discussion of side effects: Side effects can
directly affect the patient‘s willingness to
adhere to the drug regimen. The nurse should
always inquire about the patient‘s response to
a drug, both therapeutic responses & adverse
responses
2. Drug interactions: Patients & families must
be taught to discuss the effects of the addition
of over-the-counter drugs, alcohol & illegal
drugs to currently prescribed drugs.
12. 3. Discussion of safety issues: Because some
drugs, such as tricyclic antidepressants, have a
narrow therapeutic index, thoughts of self harm
must be discussed.
• Discuss on abruptly discontinued effects.
• Many psychotropic drugs cause sedation or
drowsiness, discussions concerning use of
hazardous machinery, driving must be reviewed
4. Instructions for older adult patients: Because
older individuals have a different pharmacokinetic
profile than younger adults, special instructions
concerning side effects & drug-drug interactions
should be explained. 10
13. 5. Instructions for pregnant or breastfeeding
patient:
As pregnant or breastfeeding patients have
special risks associated with psychotropic
drug therapy, special instructions should be
tailored for these individuals.
Teaching patients about their medications
enables them to be mature participants in
their own care & decreases undesirable side
effects
14. CLASSIFICATIONS OF PSYCHOTROPIC
DRUGS
1. Antipsychotic agents
2. Antidepressant agents
3. Mood stabilizing drug
4. Anxiolytics & hypnosedatives
5. Antiepileptic drug
6. Antiparkinsonian drugs
7. Miscellaneous drugs which include stimulants,
drugs used in eating disorders, drugs used in
deaddiction, drugs uses in child psychiatry,
vitamins, calcium channel blockers etc.
15.
16. DESCRIPTION:-
• Antipsychotic agents are also known as
neuroleptic, major tranquillizers, or
phenothaiazines.
• This group of drugs has a major clinical
use in the treatment of psychosis.
• Psychosis is a state in which a person‘s
ability to recognize reality to
communicate & to relate to others is
severely impaired.
17. MODE OF ACTION:-
Antipsychotic agents are thought to block the
dopamine receptors.
• Dopamine is a chemical which is released in
the brain & causes psychotic thinking.
• Increased production of dopamine transmits the
nerve impulses to the brainstem faster than
normal. This result in strange thoughts ,
hallucination & bizarre behavior.
• Antipsychotics helps in blocking or reducing the
activity of dopamine.
• Antiemetic is another property of antipsychotic
agents. They are also used in hiccoughs.
18. Class Examples
of
drugs
Trade
name
Oral dose
mg/day
Parentera
l
dose
(mg)
Phenothiazines Chlorpromazine Megatil 300-1500 50-100 IM
Largactil only
Tranchlor
Triflupromazine Siquil 100-400
Thioridazine Thioril, Melleril 300-800 30-60 IM only
Ridazin
Trifluoperazine Espazine 15-60
Fluphenazine prolinate - 1-5 IM
decanoate 25-50 IM
every 1-3
weeks.
Thioxanthenes flupenthixol fluanxol 3-40
CLASSIFICATION:-
22. PHARMACOKINETICS
• Antipsychotics when administered
orally are absorbed variably from the
gastrointestinal tract, with uneven
blood levels.
• They are highly bound to plasma
as well as tissue proteins. Brain
concentration is higher than the
plasma concentration.
23. • They are metabolized in the liver, & excreted
mainly through the kidneys. The elimination
half-life varies from 10 to 24 hours.
• Most of the antipsychotics tend to have a
therapeutic window. If the blood level is
below this window, the drug is ineffective. If
the blood level is higher than the upper limit
of the window, there is toxicity or the drug is
again ineffective.
24. SIDE-EFFECTS
1) Extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS)
i. Neuroleptic-induced parkinsonism:- occur
in 40% of the patients presenting
extrapyramidal symptoms. There are two
varieties of parkinsonia symptoms:
a. Akinetic Form:- Appears in the first week
of administration of antipsychotic drugs.
The characteristics of akinetic form are:
Difficulty in masticating movements,
weakness & muscle fatigue.
25. b. Agitating Form of parkinsonian Symptoms
include:- Tremors at rest, rigidity & mask-like
face. Most characteristic features of parkinsonism
are:-
Rigidity of muscles
Motor retardation
salivation
slurred speech
mask-like face
shuffling gait
Anticholinergi drugs are given as treatments.
26. ii. Akathisia:-
Akathisia occurs in 50% of
all the patients presenting extrapyramidal
symptoms. The common characteristics:
Restless ―walking in place
Difficulty in sitting still, or
strong urge to move about- referred to as
―Walkies & Talkies by haris . generally
occurs after two weeks of treatment.
Before administering anti-parkinsonian
medication anxiety should be ruled out.
27.
28. iii. Dystonia:-
Dystonia occurs in 6% of total number of
patient‘s presenting EPS. The characteristic
features are:
Rapidly developing contraction of muscles of
the tongue, jaw, neck (producing torticollis) & extraocular
muscles.
Combined torticolis & extraocular spasm results
in an oculogyric crisis in which eyes looked upward,
head is turned to one side.
Dystonia is painful & gives a frightening
experience to the patient. Constant observation of the
patient should be made. Dystonia occurs within a few
minutes of giving medicine or after several hours.
29.
30. iv. Tardive Dyskinesia:-
This occur due to abrupt
termination or reduction of the antipsychotic
drug after long-term-high-dose therapy.
Tardive dyskinesia is characterized by
involuntary rhythmic, stereotyped movements,
protrusion of the tongue, puffing of cheeks,
chewing movements, involuntary movements of
extremities & trunk. These symptoms occur in
3% of patients. Antipsychotics should be stoped
immediately. There is no treatment, symptoms
may appear for years. It is irreversible.
31. V. Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome (NMS):-
This is a rare complication of
antipsychotic agents & is usually fetal. Many
develop within hours or after years of continued
drug use. Symptoms include hyperpyrexia,
severe muscle rigidity, altered consciousness,
blood pressure changes, increased count of
W.B.C. symptoms appear suddenly when
medication is started & can persist for 10-14
days or longer. Symptomatic treatment is given
to patients.
32. 2) Autonomic Nervous System:-
Dry mouth, blurred vision,
constipation, urinary hesitance or retention & under
rare circumstances paralytic ileus.
3) Cardio-Vascular:-
Tachycardia, orthostatic hypotension &
reversible arrhythmias.
4) Blood or Hematopoietic:-
Agranulocytosis (marked decrease in
leukocytes system especially with chlorpramozine)
leucopenia, leukocytosis.
34. 8) Occular Effcts:-
Blurring of vision, pigmentation of
cornea & lens & retinopathy.
9) Hepatic Side-effects:-
Liver toxicity occurs in 0.5% of cases
presenting EPS. It is a hypersensitivity reaction &
dose dependent. Onset of symptoms is within the
first one month of treatment. Symptoms may be
fever, chills, nausea, malaise, prurites & jaundice.
35. NURSE’S RESPONSIBILITY
Close observation, especially when the
antipsychotic are just started. The expected results
are reduction in aggressive hyperactive behavior &
disorganized thoughts. Look for the possible side-
effects.
Extrapyramidal reaction, i.e. Parkinsonism,
akinesia, akathisia, dystonia, & tardive dyskinesia.
These symptoms are reduced/treated with early
observation, reporting & use of anti-parkinsonion or
anticholinergic medication.
36. • Observe drowsiness. Medicine should be administered at
bed time. Report if the drowsiness persists for a very long
time. The patient should be advised not to drive & handle
hazardous machinery while taking antipsychotic drugs.
Observe for sore throat, fever due to agranulocytosis
• Record blood pressure of the patient on antipsychotic
drugs. If the BP is drops by 20 to30 mm of hg in the
patient, immediate reporting & intervention should be
done. The patient should be made aware of the
possibility of dizziness & injuries after receiving
medication & injection due to orthostatic hypotension.
37. Accurate route of medication- antipsychotic drugs
are not given subcutaneously unless specially
prescribed as they cause tissue irritation. These
drugs should be given deep IM.
Dry mouth may be may be reduced by encouraging
the patient to rinse his or her mouth frequently. Give
a piece of lemon or chewing gum. Good oral hygiene
should also be maintained.
Blurred or impaired vision in the patient causes
anxiety & annoyance to him. The patient should be
encouraged to inform these symptoms immediately.
Blurred vision or brown coloured vision, night
blindness can be permanent due to pigmentary
retinopathy.
38. The patient on antipsychotic drugs may have
weight gain. Weight record should be maintained.
The patient may be encouraged on a low salt &
planned caloric diet.
The patient may complain of gastric irritation. He
should be discouraged to take antacid as there
will be decreased absorption of antipsychotic
drugs.
An intake output chart should be maintained
specially for male patients who are confined to
bed & have an enlarged prostate gland.
Encourage at least 2500 ml of liquid intake.
39. The patient should be advised to protect his skin, by not going
in the sun & to wear protective clothing & sunglasses.
The patient should be explained not to increase or decrease
or stop taking drugs without discussing with his doctor. The
drugs should be withdrawn slowly to avoid nausea or
seizures.
The nurse should find out menstrual changes from the female
patient. Sometimes the patient may complain of fever, upper
abdominal pain, nausea, jaundice & diarrhea. These
symptoms can be due to cholestatic jaundice. The nurse
should stop the medicine immediately & inform the doctor.
Reassurance to relatives- The patient & his relatives should
be explained that desired effects will be achieved after weeks
of medication, so the relatives need to wait for the effects of
the drugs.
40. A patient receiving clozapine is at risk
for developing agranulocytosis. Monitor
TC,DC essentially in the first week of
treatment. Stop the drug if the WBC count
drops to less than 3000/mm3 of the blood
the patient should be told to report if sore
throat or fever develop which might
indicate infection
41.
42. DESCRIPTION
Antidepressant agents are used in
affective disorders or disturbances
mainly to treat depressive disorders
caused by emotional or environmental
stressors.
Several groups of affective
disturbances are treatable by
antidepressants.
43. MODE OF ACTION
• Antidepressant drugs are classified as Tricyclics,
Tetracyclics & MAO inhibitors. Research studies
have shown reduced levels of norepinephrine (NE) &
serotonin (5-HT) in the space between nerve ending
carrying message from one nerve cell to another
cause depression.
• Tricyclic antidepressants & MAO inhibitors increase
these neurotransmitters i.e. norepinephrine & sertinin
to the synaptic receptors in the central nervous
system. Tricyclic inhibitors block the reuptake of NE
& 5-HT & MAO inhibitors block the action of
MONOamine oxidize in breaking down excess of NE
& 5-HT at the presynaptic neuron.
47. PHARMACOKINETICS
• Antidepressants are highly
lipophilic & protein-bound. The
half-life is long & usually more
than 24 hours.
• It is predominantly metabolized in
the liver.
48. CONTRAINDICATION
• Antidepressants are given with caution
to patients with cardiovascular disorder
because they cause arrhythmias.
• They increase symptoms of psychosis
& mania in cases of manic-depressive
psychosis.
• Drugs are given with caution to
prevents with liver disorders.
50. • HYPERTENSIVE CRISIS.
It occurs if the individual consumes foods
containing Tyramine while receiving MAOI therapy
SYMPTOMS :
severe occipital headache
palpitation
nausea/vomiting
Nuchal rigidity
fever, sweating
marked increase in blood pressure
chest pain
coma.
51. MANAGEMENT
Discontinue the drug immediately
Monitor vital signs
Administer short acting
antihypertensive medication
Use external cooling measures to
control hyperpyrexia
52. 4) Allergic side-effects:-
Agranulocytosis, cholestatic jaundice, skin
rashes,
systemic vasculitis.
5) Metabolic & endocrine side-effects:-
weight gain
6) Special effects of MAOI drugs:-
Hypertensive crises, severe hepatic necrosis,
hyperpyrexia.
53. NURSE’S RESPONSIBILITY
Observation of the side-effects & monitoring the
changes noted are very significant to prevent
complications due to antidepressant agents.
Encourage the patient to take medicine at bed
time due to a sedative effect. Dryness of mouth to
decrease.
Give plenty of fluids orally. Lemonade or chewing
gum should be given. A few sips of water also
help the patient.
54. • Do not give medicine empty stomach as the
patient complains of nausea & vomiting
• Accurate recording of intake & output of the
patient should be maintained to check if he
has retention of urine.
• Accurate recording of vital signs like B.P. &
pulse.
• To relieve constipation plenty of fluids &
roughage should be encouraged in the diet.
55. If the patient complains of dizziness or light
headedness he/she should be encouraged to get
up slowly & sit in the bed before standing. These
symptoms may due to orthostatic hypotension.
The patient should be reassured that these
symptoms are for a short period only. Some
patients may present hypertension.
The nurse should be able to interpret the blood
reports specially blood sugar level & W.B.C.
count. If the patient complains of sore throat,
fever, malaise, it should be reported to the
physician on duty. These symptoms may be due
to agranulocytosis or hyperglycemia.
56. If the patient complains of sexual dysfunction
inform the physician immediately & stop the
drug.
If the patient is presenting symptoms of
pressure of speech, increased motor activity &
elated mood, the physician should be informed
& the drug should be stopped immediately.
Antidepressant tricyclic drugs begin
therapeutic effects within four to eight weeks.
Accurate recording of the observation made.
57.
58. Mood stabilizers are
used for the treatment of bipolar
affective disorders. Some commonly
used mood stabilizers are:-
1. Lithium
2. Carbamazepine
3. Sodium Valproate
59.
60. DESCRIPTION
• Lithium is an element with atomic
number 3 & atomic weight 7.
• It was discovered by FJ Cade in
1949, & is a most effective &
commonly used drug in the
treatment of mania.
61. MODE OF ACTION
The probable mechanisms of action can be:
• It accelerates presynaptic re-uptake &
destruction of catecholamines, like
norepinephrine.
• It inhibits the release of catecholamines at the
synapse.
• It decreases postsynaptic serotonin receptor
sensitivity.
All these actions result in decreased
catecholamine activity, thus ameliorating
mania.
63. PHARMACOKINETICS
• Lithium is readily absorbed with peak
plasma levels occurring 2-4 hours after
a single oral dose of lithium carbonate.
• Lithium is distributed rapidly in liver &
kidney & more slowly in muscle, brain &
bone. Steady state levels are achieved in
about 7 days.
• Elimination is predominately via tubules
& is influenced by sodium balance.
Depletion of sodium can precipitate
lithium toxicity.
64. DOSAGES
Lithium is available in the market in the form of the
following preparation:
– Lithium carbonate: 300mg tablet (eg. Licab);
400mg sustained release tablets (eg.
Lithosun-SR).
– Lithium citrate: 300mg/5ml liquid.
The usual range of dose
per day in acute mania is 900-2100mg given in
2-3 divided doses. The treatment is started after
serial lithium estimation is done after a loading
dose of 600mg or 900mg of lithium to determine
the pharmacokinetics.
67. • Dermatological: Acneiform eruptions,
popular eruptions & exacerbation of
psoriasis.
• Side-effect during pregnancy &
lactation: Teratogenic possibility,
increase incidence of Ebstein‘s anomaly
(distortion & downward displacement of
tricuspid value in right ventricle) when
taken in first trimester. Secreted in milk
& can cause toxicity in infant.
69. MANAGEMENT OF LITHIUM
TOXICITY:-
• Discontinue the drug immediately.
• For significant short-term ingestions, residual
gastric content should be removed by induction of
emesis, gastric lavage adsorption with activated
charcoal.
• If possible instruct the patient to ingest fluids.
• Assess serum lithium levels, serum electrolytes,
renal functions, ECG as soon as possible.
• Maintenance of fluid & electrolyte balance.
• In a patient with serious manifestations of lithium
toxicity, hemodialysis should be initiated.
70. CONTRAINDICATION OF LITHIUM:-
• Cardiac, renal, thyroid or neurological
dysfunctions
• Presence of blood dyscrasias
• During first trimester of pregnancy &
lactation
• Severe dehydration
• Hypothyroidism
• History of seizures
71. NURSE’S RESPONSIBILITY:-
• The pre—lithium work up:
• A complete physical history, ECG, blood
studies (TC, DC, FBS, BUN, Creatinine,
electrolytes) urine examination (routine &
microscopic) must be carried out.
• It is important to assess renal function as
renal side-effects are common & the drug
can be dangerous in an individual with
compromised kidney function.
• Thyroid functions should also be assesses,
as the drug is known to depress the thyroid
gland.
72. To achieve therapeutic effect & prevent
lithium toxicity, the following precaution
should be taken:
• Lithium must be taken on a regular basis,
preferably at the same time daily (for example, a
client taking lithium on TID schedule, who forget
a dose should wait until the next scheduled time
to take lithium & not take twice the amount at one
time, because toxicity can occur).
• When lithium therapy is initiated, mild side-effects
such as fine hand tremors, increased thirst &
urination, nausea, anorexia etc may develop,
Most of them are transient & do not represent
lithium toxicity.
73. • Serious side-effects of lithium that necessitate
its discontinuance include vomiting, extreme
hand tremor, sedation, muscle weakness &
vertigo. The psychiatrist should be notified
immediately if any of these effects occur.
• Since polyuria can lead to dehydration with risk
of lithium intoxication, patients should be
advised to drink enough water to compensate
for the fluid loss.
74. • Various situations may require an
adjustment in the amount of lithium
administered to a client, such as the
addition of the new medicine to the client
drug regimen, a new diet or an illness with
fever or excessive sweating. They must
be advised to consume large quantities of
water with salts, to prevent lithium toxicity
due to decreased sodium levels.
75. • Frequent serum lithium level evaluation is
important. Blood for determination of lithium
levels should be drawn in the morning
approximately 12-14 hours after the last dose
was taken.
• The patient should be told about the importance
of regular follow up. In every six months, blood
sample should be taken for estimation of
electrolytes, urea, creatinine, a full blood count
& thyroid function test.
76.
77. DESCRIPTION
• It is available in the market under
different trade names like Tegretol,
Mazetol, Zeptol & Zen Retard.
78. MECHANISM OF ACTION
• Its mood stabilizing mechanism is
not clearly established. Its
anticonvulsant action may
however be by decreasing
synaptic transmission in the CNS.
80. DOSAGE
• The average daily dose is 600-1800
mg orally, in divided doses. The
therapeutic blood levels are 6-12
µg/ml. toxic blood levels are attained at
more than µg/ml.
82. NURSE’S RESPONCIBILITY
• Since the drug may cause dizziness &
drowsiness advise him to avoid driving &
other activities requiring alertness?
• Advise patient not to consume alcohol
when he is on the drug.
• Emphasize the importance of regular
follow-up visits & periodic examination of
blood count & monitoring of cardiac,
renal, hepatic & bone marrow functions.
84. MECHANISM OF ACTION
• The drugs acts on gamma-
aminobutyric acid (GABA) an
inhibitory amino acid
neurotransmitters. GABA
receptors activation serves to
reduce neuronal excitability.
85. INDICATION
• Acute mania, prophylactic treatment of
bipolar-I disorder, rapid cycling bipolar
disorder.
• Schizoaffective disorder.
• Seizures.
• Other disorders like bulimia nervosa,
obsessive-compulsive disorder, agitation
& PTSD.
86. DOSAGE
• The usual dose is 15
mg/kg/day with a maximum of
60mg/kg/day orally.
87. SIDE EFFECTS
• Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea,
sedation, ataxia, dysarthria,
tremor, weight gain, loss of hair,
thrombocytopenia, platelet
dysfunction.
88. NURSE’S RESPONSIBILITY
• Explain to the patient to take the drug
immediately after food to reduce GI
irritation.
• Advise to come for regular follow-up &
periodic examination of blood count,
hepatic function & thyroid function.
Therapeutic serum level of valproic
acid is 50-100 micrograms/ml.
89.
90. DESCRIPTION
• Anxiety is a state which occurs in all
human being at sometime or the other.
• It is also a cardinal symptoms of many
psychiatric conditions.
• The drugs used to relieve anxiety are
called ANTIANXIETY OR ANXIOLYTIC
AGENTS. Antianxiety drugs relieve
moderate-to-severe anxiety & tension.
91. MODE OF ACTION
• These non-barbiturate benzodiazepines
act as CNS depressants.
• It is believed that these drugs increase
or help the inhibitory neurotransmitter
action of gama-aminobutyric inhibitor in
all areas of CNS. So, there is inhibition
or control on the cortical & limbic system
of the brain, which is responsible for
emotions such as rage & anxiety.
92. INDICATIONS
• Antianxiety agents are used to relieve mild, moderate &
severe anxiety associated with: emotional disorders
physical disorders excessive environmental stress
neuroses & mild depressive states without causing
excessive sedation or drowsiness.
• For control of alcohol withdrawal symptoms.
• To control convulsions.
• To produce skeletal muscle relaxation.
• To provide short-term sleep preoperatively, prior to
diagnosis & insomnia.
• Antianxiety agents should always be used in time-limited
regimen.
94. CLASSIFICATION OF ANTIANXIETY
AGENTS:-
CHEMICAL GROUP &
GENERIC NAME
TRADE NAME RANGE OF
DAILY
DOSAGE IN
mgm
ACTION
I. Non-Barbiturates
A.
Benzodiazepin
es
Chlordiazepoxi
de Diazepam
Oxazepam
Prazepam
Chlorazapate
Flurazepam
Nitrazepam
Librium,
Equibrom
e Valium,
Calmpos
e
Serepax
Verstran
Tranzene
Azene
Dalmane,
Nitravet
Mogadon
15-100
6-50
30-120
20-60
11.25-60
15-60
10-30
2-6
These are non-
barbiturate
benzodiazepine
s. They
produce a
tranquillizing
effect without
much sedation.
These drugs
are potential
95. CHEMICAL GROUP &
GENERIC NAME
TRADE NAME RANGE OF
DAILY
DOSAGE IN
mgm
ACTION
A.Non-
Benzodiazepi
ne
Propanediols
Meprobamate
Equanil
Miltown
Tybamat
e
1.2-1.6
1.2-1.6
1.2-1.6
These drugs
have
sedative
action &
present a
high risk of
abuse &
physical
dependence.II. Antihistamines
Hydroxyzine
Atarax
vistaril
30-200
30-200
96. CLASSIFICATION OF SEDATIVES AND
HYPNOTICS:-
CHEMICAL
GROUP
& GENERIC
NAME
TRADE
NAME
HYPNOTIC
DOSE
RANGE-
DAILY IN
mgm
SEDATIVE
DOSE
DAILY IN
mgm.
ACTION
III. Barbiturates These drugs
cause drowsiness
lethargy,
decrased
alertness & sleep.
Tolerance to drug
can occur within
7-14 days,
resulting in
physical
dependence.
Amobarbidtal SA Amytal 100-200 60-150
Butabarbital SA Butisol 100-200 20-200
Pentobarbital LA Nembutal 100-200 60-150
Phenobarbital LA Luminal 100-200 30-90
Thiopental USA pentothal Used for
anasthesia
IV. Nonbarbiturates
97. CHEMICAL GROUP
&
GENERIC NAME
TRADE
NAME
HYPNOTIC
DOSE
RANGE-
DAILY IN
mgm
SEDATIVE
DOSE
DAILY IN
mgm.
ACTION
V. Quinazolines 150-300 250-300
Methaquualone Quaalude
Parest
Optimal
mandrax
VI. Acetylinic Alcohols 0.5gm-1gms 200-600mgm
Ethchlorvynol placidyl
VII. Chloral
Derivatives Noctaec 0.5gm-2gms
Chloral hydrate Beta-chlor 870mg-1gm
Chloral betaine
VIII. Monoureides
98. CLASSIFICATION OF ANTIANXIETY DRUGS
I. BARBITUATES
LONG ACTING – more than 8 hrs – Phenobarbital
INTERMEDIATE ACTING- action 5-8 hrs – Amobarbital and
Pentobarbital
SHORT ACTING – 1-5 hrs - Secobarbital
ULTRA SHORT ACTING – les than 1 hr – Thiopentone
II. NON BRABITUATES, NON BENZODIAZEPINE ANTIANXIETY AGENTS
Meprobamate,Gluethimide, Ethanol,Diphenhydramine and
Methaqualon.
III. BENZODIAZEPINES.- DRUGS OF FIRST CHOICE
VERY SHORT ACTING - Triazolam
SHORT ACTING – Oxazepam,Lorazepam,Alprazolam,Estazolam
LONG ACTING- Chlordiazepoxide,Diazepam,Clonazepam,Flurazepam
Nitrazepam
IV. NEWER DRUGS.
Buspirone
99. SIDE – EFFECTS OF ANTIANXIETY,
SEDATIVES & HYPNOTICS
1)Central nervous system: drowsiness,
ataxia, confusion, depression, blurred
vision.
2)Cardiovascular system: hypotension,
palpitation, syncope.
3)Endocrine: change in libido.
4)Allergic: skin rash.
100. CONTD…
5) Physical/psychological dependence non-
benzodiazepines & barbiturate group of
drugs has a high risk of abuse & physical
dependence.
6) Acute toxicity of barbiturate that can be
fetal when taken in excessive dosage
usually for suicide attempts. Overdose can
cause tachycardia, hypotension, shock,
respiratory depression, coma & death.
101. NURSE’S RESPONSIBILITY
Assessment of the patient, prior to the use of
antianxiety, sedative-hypnotic agents. If the patient
complains of sleep disturbance the causative factor
should be identified.
Appropriate nursing measures to induce sleep
should be taken such as a calm & quite
environment, a cup of hot milk, good back care,
allowing the patient to read magazines, sitting with
the patient for some time for reassurance purpose.
While administering the drug daily dose should be
given at bed time to promote a normal sleep
pattern, so that day-time activities are not affected.
102. COUNT
…
Give IM injection deep into muscles to prevent
irritation.
Look for side-effects, record & report immediately.
If the patient complains of drowsiness tell him to avoid using
knife or any other dangerous equipment. He should be
instructed not to drive.
Instruct the patient not to take any stimulant like coffee,
alcohol as they alter the effect of drugs.
Avoid excessive use of these drugs to prevent the onset
of substance abuse or addiction.
Drug should be reduced gradually, sudden stoppage of the
drug may cause REM (Rapid Eye Movements), insomnia,
dreams or nighmare, hyperexcitability, agitation or
convulsions.
103.
104. DESCRIPTION
• Antiparkinsonian agents are the specific
drugs to treat the extrapyramidal side-
effects of antipsychotic agents.
• Side-effects are parkinsonism,
akathisia, acute dystonia & tardive
dyskinesia.
• Anticholinergics, antihistamines &
amantidne are used to treat these side-
effects.
105. MODE OF ACTION
• Anticholinergic drugs block the
secretion, thereby reducing the symptoms
of akathesia & acute dystonia. It is not
effective against tardive dyskinesia.
• Antihistamines have effects like
anticholinergic drugs. Amantadines are
dopamine-releasing agents from central
neurons. Studies show that this drug may
affect some clients with tardive
dyskinesia.
107. CONTRINDICATION
• Patient with history of closed angle glaucoma,
urinary or intestinal obstruction,
hypersensitivity, prostatic hypertrophy,
tachycardia are not given these drugs.
• The drugs are given with caution to patients with
mysthesia gravis, arthesclerosis & chronic
respiratory problems.
• Anticholinergic drugs: Amantadine is given with
caution to patients with renal impairment as
most of the medication is excreted through the
kidney.
108. CLASSIFICATION
CHEMICAL & GENERIC
NAME
TRADE
NAME
DOSE RANGE
PER
DAY mgm/Day
FROM OF
AVAILABILITY
I. Anticholinergic
Benztropine
Biperiden HCL
Hydrochiride
Trihexyphenid
yl
Hydrochiride
Procyclidine
hydrochiride
Cogentin
Akineton
e
Dyskinon
Pacitane
Parbenz
kemadrin
0.5-6.0
2.0-8.0
2.0-12.0
5.0-20mg
Tab, injection
-do-
-
do-
Tab
.
Tab.
II. Antihistamine
Diphenhydramine Benadryl 75-100
Capsule & syrup
III. Dopamine Drugs
L. Dopa
Amantadine
Hydrochiride Selegline
Larodopa
Symmetr
el
2 gms-
3gms 100-
200gms 5-
Tab.
Tab
.
109. SIDE-EFFECTS
• Anticholinergic:- Side-effects are dry mouth,
flushed, dry skin, blurred vision, photophobia,
increased heart rate, constipation, urinary
retention, mental confusion & excitement.
• Antihistamines:- Side-effects are drowsiness,
dizziness, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, euphoria,
orthostatic hypotension, weight gain, weakness &
tingling of hands.
• Amantadine:- Side-effects are mood changes,
slurred speech, insomnia, inability to concentrate,
dry mouth, livedo reticularis that is a red-blue
netlike discolouration of the skin which becomes
worse in winter.
110. NURSE’S RESPONSIBILITY
Observation- observation of the patient for side-
effects of anti-parkinsonian drugs such as
tachycardia, palpitation, sedation, drowsiness &
blurred vision.
Maintain an intake output chart in case the patient
has urinary retention or constipation.
Encourage adequate intake of fluids & roughage in
the diet.
Record vital sign such as B.P., pulse & respiration
every four hours.
Advise the patient not to get up quickly from a lying-
down position to sitting because of orthostatic
hypotension.
111. Educate the patient not to use hazardous
machinery or driving when he is on
anticholinergic drugs.
Encourage the patient to get his routine
eye check-up done for early detection of
blurred vision or glaucoma.
Record the medicine & side-effects
accurately.
Report & record any side-effects
observed to the physician.
115. MECHANISM OF ACTION
• Alpha2- adrenergic receptors agonist.
• The agonist effects of clonidine on
presynaptic alpha 2-adrenergic
receptors result in a decrease in the
amount of neurotransmitters released
from the presynaptic nerve terminals.
This decrease serves generally to reset
the sympathetic tone at a lower level &
to decrease arousal.
116. INDICATION
• Control of withdrawal symptoms from
opioids.
• Tourette‘s disorder
• Control of aggressive or hyperactive
behavior in children
• Autism.
117. DOSAGE
• Usual starting dosage is 0.1mg
orally twice a day; the dosage can
be raised by 0.3 mg a day to an
appropriate level.
119. NURSE’S RESPONSIBILITY
• Monitor BP, the drug should be
withheld if the patient becomes
hypotensive.
• Advise frequent mouth rinses &
good oral hygiene for dry mouth.
122. MECHANISM OF ACTION
• Sympathomimetics cause the stimulation of
alpha & beta-adrenergic receptors directly as
agonists & indirectly by stimulating the release
of dopamine & norepinephrine from
presynaptic terminals.
• Dextroamphetamine & methylphenidate are
also inhibitors of catecholamine reuptake,
especially dopamine reuptake & inhibitors of
monoamino oxidase.
• The net result of these activities is believed to
be the stimulation of the several brain regions.
126. NURSE’S RESPONSIBILITY
• Assess mental status for chang in mood, level of
activity, degree of stimulation & aggressiveness.
• Ensure that the patient is protected from injury.
• Keep stimuli low & environment as quiet as
possible to discourage over stimulation.
• To decrease anorexia, the medication may be
administered immediately after meals. The
patient should be weighed regularly during
hospitalization & at home while on therapy with
CNS stimulants, due to the potential for anorexia/
weight loss & temporary interruptions of growth &
development.
127. • To prevent insomnia administer last dose at
least 6 hours before bedtime.
• In children with behavioral disorders a drug
holiday‘ should be attempted periodically
under the direction of the physician to
determine effectiveness of the medication &
the need for continuation.
• Ensure that parents are aware of the delayed
effects of Ritalin. Therapeutic response may
not seen for 2-4 weeks; the drug should not be
discontinued for lack of immediate results.
128. • Inform parents that OTC (over-the-counter)
medications should be avoided while the child
is on stimulant medication. Some OTC
medications, particularly cold & hay fever
preparation contain certain sympathomimetic
agents that could compound the effects of the
stimulants & create drug interactions that may
be toxic to the child.
• Ensure that parents are aware that the drug
should not be withdraw abruptly. Withdrawal
should be gradual & under the direction of the
physician.