Psychometric Test Essay

Psychometric Test Essay
The Different Forms of Psychometric Tests
Describe the different forms of Psychometric tests commonly used by employers to assist in
employee selection and comment on the advantages and disadvantages of their use.
Since the beginning of civilization, employers have testing prospective workers in order to select
suitable candidates. Original tests would have been a rigidly controlled standardized system of
examinations. However in 1883 Galton produced the first psychometric tests to measure intellect,
and his developed form of analysis still form the basis of present day psychometrics. An increasing
number of employers now use psychometric tests as part of their selection process. The tests ...
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The candidate's responses are then measured and scored to five dimensions location, determination,
form quality, content and frequency of occurrence. The Rorschach test had problems upon
implementation. E. Lord in 1950 claimed that the examiner may inadvertently reveal information or
reinforce certain types of responses through facial expressions and other forms of non–verbal
communication (Saccuzzo, 1998). Evaluating Rorschach on classical psychometric properties has
also proven difficult. Psychologists have concluded that the empirical data is inadequate when
judged by scientific standards. This is due to the Rorschach scoring methods being un–standardized
and therefore provided varied and inconsistent results. Other problems relate to the examiner rather
than psychometric properties which include lack of relevant training and experience in scoring
methods. The Holtzman inkblot test was designed to overcome many of the problems with the
Rorschach test. In this test, subjects are only required to give one response per card. The scoring
method was also standardized, to allow accurate consistent results. The test consisted of 45 cards, on
which each response could be measured on twenty two dimensions. Many of these dimensions
corresponded to those of the Rorschach test but others included anxiety and hostility. The main
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Study Area And Activity
2. Study area and materials
The study site is located in Kikori District of Gulf Province (Fig. 1). The site is a logging concession
named as Vailala Block 3. The concession is bounded by the big Purari River on the western side
and Vailala River on the eastern side. The north tip which the boundary diverts from Purari River
uses the ridge tops to join Maropo Creek that flows towards Vailala River. The boundary then
continues following the Vailala River until it reaches the coast line.
The logging operations dates back to the 1920's through initial introduction by the London
Missionaries (Bell, 2015). In 1922 Wame Sawmills owned by Europeans was established and had
ties with 65 villages and by 1943 had 350 laborers (Bell, 2015). The ... Show more content on
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Two TM images of year 1995 and 2000, two ETM+ images of 2005 and 2010 and one OLI image of
year 2015 with the spatial resolution of 30m are used to develop LULC database of the study area.
ERDAS imagine 8.5 is used to perform digital image processing tasks on image data preparation,
classification and interpretation. ArcGIS 10.1 was used to create training data and for preparing
statistical data for final analysis tables on areas in hectares linkage to tons of carbon per hectare.
Microsoft excel is the final application used present the final forest change and carbon stock
changes from 1995 to 2015.
Fig. 2 SFCC and FCC view of three different images of 1995, 2000 and 2005 showing a portion of
the logging concession
As per fig. 2, there are no sign of logging activities found in year 1995, where as fresh selectively
harvested areas depicted by very bright whitish irregular linear patterns depicting recent logging
roads showing in year 2000. This showed that the logging actually commenced before year 2000
and after 1995. In year 2005 the brightness diminishes showing and in Image F pixel color turns
yellow indicating some level of regeneration. Standard False Color Composite (FCC) for Landsat
TM 5 and 7 exposes plant chlorophyll activity in leafs captured in

The, The And, And The New York Times And Tehran
Thematization is considered the mental act or process of selecting particular topics as themes in
discourse or words as themes in sentences. This paper examines thematization strategies in English
opinion articles written by American and Iranian journalists. To this end, two of the leading
newspapers in the United States and Iran, The New York Times and Tehran Times, have been
chosen. Based on the qualitative and quantitative analysis of textual features and marked and
unmarked themes of 12 opinion articles (6 from each newspaper), this study aims to find out how
these two groups of professional writers organize their themes, into marked and unmarked ones and
what effects these organizations have on the audiences. The findings revealed that textual features
were present in both sets of data. The occurrences of marked and unmarked themes were not
significantly different. The findings revealed that thematization patterns can help the understanding
of the texts. The results also showed that marked themes have an impact on the audiences. The
results were relatively the same in the original texts and their translations.
Keywords: Thematization Patterns; Marked Theme; Unmarked Theme; Theme and Rheme;
Systemic Functional Grammar.
1. Introduction
Theme/rheme plays a major role in organizing the message and in enabling it to be communicated
and understood clearly (Halliday, 1994). Whatever is chosen to be the first place, will influence the
hearer/reader 's interpretation of

Language And Michael Jakobson's Functions Of Language
Functions of language Language is the method of human communication, either spoken or written,
consisting of the use of words in a structured and conventional way.
Language is a source of communication along with it performs many functions that are defined by
many linguists in a different way. They have variety of approaches that are used to explain the
functions of language.
Michael Halliday's functions of language
Michael Alexander Kirkwood Halliday (often M. A. K. Halliday; born 13 April 1925) is a British–
born Australian linguist who developed the internationally influential systemic functional linguistic
model of language. His grammatical descriptions go by the name of systemic functional grammar
(SFG).[1] Halliday describes language ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This function is associated with the sender factor. Sender is bold to his/her feelings. Interjections are
found in almost all languages of the world to express happiness and sadness through sounds and
words. It also shows the internal state of a person that how he/she is feeling about an event or an
object.
EXAMPLE
Wow! Muree hills are amazing.
Bravo! You did well in the examination.
THE CONATIVE FUNCTION OF LANGUAGE
Conative function is associated to the receiver of the message. The person is directly called or
addressed and the functions are associated with him. Different characteristics or traits are assigned
to the receiver. Imperatives or vocatives are best examples of conative function of language as the
receiver is clearly addressed.
EXAMPLE
Ahmed is running on the road.
Aslam is driving the car.
THE PHATIC FUNCTION
This function is associated with the channel factor. This function is only for intreraction. This
function is used to start a communication or to end a conversation. The language is used for formal
discussions , greetings and to talk with strangers.

A Brief Note On Land Use Land Cover Change Detection
3.4.2. Land–use Land–cover change detection
LULCC detection was done by involving image of 1989, 1999 and 1999 and 2016. Using GIS
techniques thematic image or vector files of different years were compared. The cross operation
process of mapping LULCC over time began with mapping the present 2016 satellite imagery, then
looking back in time to map the past 1989 imagery.post classification is among the most widely
used techniques for change detection purpose (Chen,2000). The analysis of land–use land–cover
change maps involved technical procedures of integration using the Arc GIS software techniques.
The first task was to develop a table showing the area in hectares or in square kilometer and the
percentage change for each year (1989, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
To calculate fractional vegetation cover (FVC) the following f Eq. 3.3 is used.
FVC=(NDVI–NDVIs)/(NDVIv–NDVIs) Eq. (3.3)
Where,
FVC=fractional vegetation cover
NDVI= Normalized Difference Vegetation Index
The above equation (FVC) is used to get fraction an area with vegetation cover using NDVI value.
NDVIs=is NDVI for soil and NDVIv= NDVI for vegetation
To calculate landsat 8, land surface emissivity (LSE) first the following equation Eq. 3.4 is used to
calculated proportion vegetation.
Pv= (NDVI–NDVImin/NDVImax–NDVImin)^2 Eq. (3.4)
Where,
Pv=proportion of vegetation
NDVI=Normalized Difference Vegetation Index
NDVI min= Normalized Difference Vegetation Index minimum value
NDVImax= Normalized Difference Vegetation Index maximum value
Then, to calculate land surface emissivity (LSE),
Calculating land surface emissivity is important know the inherent characteristics of the earth's
surface and change the thermal radiance energy during calculating land surface temperature
(Sobrino et al 2014). The emissivity constant values for vegetation and soil are stated in the
following table 8.
Table 8: Emissivity constant value
Emissivity Band 10 Band 11

The Ability Of Communicate Through Writing
Summary of the project:
The ability to communicate through writing has been imperative to meet various needs such as
social, professional and academic needs (Mahendran, 2013). However, writing is a difficult and a
complicated skill especially for students who are non–native of a particular language, which makes
it hard for them to meet the writing needs in academic domains particularly. This difficulty is
attributed to the fact that writing comes at last as a skill in terms of its acquirement for both native
and second language speakers of the language (Hamp and Heasly, 2006). For the sake of facilitating
the acquirement of this important skill, effective and new approaches to teaching are to be
incorporated in the classroom practices. One of these approaches is Systemic Functional Linguistics,
which views language as a set of systems, each of which offers people choices to express meanings
(Bloor & Bloor, 1995). This project is two case studies of an EFL classroom that is based on Saudi
Arabia with the intention of improving the academic writing concentrating on two persuasive genre
writings, which are discussion and exposition genres. To do so, SFL is employed with its powerful
analytical tools that are helpful in educational contexts. In particular, these analytical tools examine
written language in the way sentences and clauses are organized as well as the way sentences are
joined together to make a whole text (Coffin, 1996; Feez, 1998; Rothery,

General Information : Christina Morgan And Henry Murray
General Information Christina Morgan and Henry Murray at Harvard University created the
Thematic Apperception Test or TAT in 1935. Throughout time the popularity of the TAT has lead to
widespread distribution. While the prices have fluctuated with the times, the TAT manual and 31
picture card currently run $81–$112 with an average price of $98 (Clinical Psychology). Based on
the nature of test administration and evaluation, on online version of the TAT is neither available nor
appropriate.
Test Description The Thematic Apperception Test is a projective test used to identify and assess
human personality components. This test is used in both clinical and nonclinical settings. The test's
theoretical bases stems from Murrays 28 human needs (Kaplan). Murray's concept breaks
personality into needs. He identifies two types of needs: primary and secondary needs (Cherry). The
TAT is a multidimensional construct primarily used for personality research. The purpose and
potential uses for the TAT is to evaluate human functioning and provide insight into personality. The
TAT measure personality across various demographics. Few cards are suited for all test takers and
many are designed for specified groups such as children, elderly, and specified genders (Murray).
The TAT is a test that is not to be used as a diagnostic instrument (Kaplan). The test consists of 30
pictures and 1 blank card. Each picture card is designed to measure different personality elements.
All thirty cards

Taking a Look at Personality Testing
Personality testing allows psychologists to assess and describe an individual's personality on a
systematic and scientific level. Personality testing is used for the assessment of proposed theories,
track personality changes, to evaluate the effectiveness of therapy, diagnose psychological issues
and many more things. This essay will demonstrate how objective and projective approaches to
personality testing have different results and outcomes, thereby reason why objective is the better
form of personality testing. Given the different nature and formats of the two methods of personality
testing, it is clear that wither side has strengths and weaknesses Principles of Personality Testing
Loevinger (1955) has proposed five principles for personality assessment. The first is concerned
with the structure of the test. This suggests a greater degree of test 'structure'; do identify similarities
and differences in test results and to allow the test administrator to draw conclusions for these
results. The next principle is the 'disguise' principle, which allows for more valid testing. The
principle of 'least stress' creates a valid result, as the participant is comfortable and relaxed with
minimal stress under the test conditions. The fourth principle, the principle of the 'dynamic
continuum' highlights how test results should be measured empirically such as common traits. The
final proposition is the principle of 'emotional limitation' is that the emotions of the administrator are

The Rorschach Inkblot Test Essay
The Rorschach inkblot test is one of the most widely known psychological projective test of
personality, and the most controversial. In general, projective tests are psychoanalytically based
tools that assist clients to reveal their unconscious conflicts via responses towards ambiguous
stimuli, and can also help psychologists to determine psychological disorders. Specifically, the
Rorschach allows individuals to interpret a series of abstract inkblots based on their emotional and
cognitive function, as well as interaction (Barlow & Durand, 2009). Apparently it was Leonardo da
Vinci the first who realized a possible similarity between inkblot responses and personality, as he
had his students draw paintings while looking at ambiguous ... Show more content on
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Rorschach stressed the need for further experimentation and study but he died early in 1922 at the
age of 37 before achieving it and developing his method of systematic interpretation (Kaplan, &
Saccuzzo, 2008). A Rorschach stimuli can be generated by dropping ink on a piece of paper and
folding it in the middle, but still the cards were not random but selected out of thousands that H.
Rorschach created. The test consists five black and white symmetrical inkblots with different shades
of gray, two black/gray with red stains, and three multicolored. Each inkblot is printed on a separate
white card, approximately 18x24 cm in size (Kaplan, & Saccuzzo, 2008). To administer the test, an
examiner, trained in the field of psychology, presents one inkblot at a time and the person he
assesses says what each card portrays based on his emotional, and intellectual state. The examiner
keeps notes of clients verbal interpretation as well as his nonverbal behavioral responses, such as
silence, facial expressions, and gestures. Next, he asks the client based on which perceptions,
internal (personality) and/or external (inkblot) characteristics he utilized or was influenced by in
order to respond, and once again the administrator keeps notes. Afterwords, the responses are
categorized and evaluated based on client's distinguished observations and/or movements derived
from the cards,

The Background Of The Rorschach Inkblot Test
Background: German psychiatrist and psychoanalyst, Hermann Rorschach, was the brains behind
the commonly known, "Rorschach Inkblot Test". The Inkblot Test was designed and published in
1927 and is comprised of ten inkblots projected on cards with five of them being in black and white
and the other five in color. The purpose of this test is to be able to assess underlying psychological
issues that someone might be reluctant to divulge directly. This test developed into a test that
assesses personality traits of individuals ranging from ages five to adults by means of projecting
their own emotions onto these "unambiguous figures". Originally, Rorschach designed this test to
produce a profile for people suffering from mental disorders, like schizophrenia and Rorschach
himself was dissatisfied with using it as a projective test. The combination of altering a test into
something it was not designed to do and the test yielding extremely subjective and variable
responses, it has stirred up quite a bit of controversy as to whether this psychological measure is
actually reliable and valid. In an effort to give this test validity, many tried to create a scoring system
to provide reliability and validity. None seemed to be successful alone, however in 1973, American
Psychologist, John E. Exner M.S., B.S., devised a scoring system in which he combined the best
components of the main five scoring systems at the time. Exner published the paper, The Rorschach:
A Comprehensive System,

The Rorschach Inkblot Test Was Developed By Hermann Rorschach
The Rorschach Inkblot Test was developed by Hermann Rorschach in 1921 in his book
Psychodiagnostik. However, despite finally accomplishing his goal of publishing his now infamous
Inkblot Test, he died the following year. Rorschach's inkblots were created by hand and he
experimented with forty inkblots to begin his research. However, he later revised it down to the ten
we know today. Inkblots were a common phenomenon in Rorschach's childhood because there were
numerous games and party tricks using inkblots. So it is not a surprise to find that Rorschach would
use such a technique in his projective testing. Likewise, he and his father were artistic, which played
a large role in Rorschach's creation of such stimuli. (Chapter 2) The Inkblot Test was later adopted
by American psychologists by word of mouth due to there being no written translation of
Psychodianostik in English until 1942. Samuel Beck and Bruno Klopfer were the two psychologists
most popular for their modernization of the Rorschach scoring system. Klopfer was a research
assistant from Berlin who was able to administer the Rorschach, so he taught Beck and his colleague
Marguerite Hertz the administration of the test. Throughout this era of the Rorschach and leading up
to the publication of the Exner System by John Exner in 1974, the Rorschach was a highly disputed
and criticized form of assessment by many. Exner's System integrated the five existing scoring
systems created after Rorschach's death. Exner's

A Study On The Tat
The TAT includes 30 cards, of which an assessor chooses a subset for a particular subject. The cards
feature various ambiguous scenes, most involving interpersonal situations. The subject is asked to
tell a story regarding the card, and the story may include an explanation of what is happening in the
scene, what events preceded the scene, what events may follow the scene and what the people in the
scene are thinking or feeling. The assessor uses the themes emerging from the stories produced by
the subject to infer personality characteristics about the subject.
The TAT is a projective test in that, like the Rorschach test, its assessment of the subject is based on
what he or she projects onto the ambiguous images. Therefore, to complete ... Show more content on
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The CAT 's creators suggest a series of ten variables to consider when interpreting the results. These
variables include the story 's major theme, the major character 's needs, drives, anxieties, conflicts,
fears, and the child 's conception of the external world.
Multiplicity of scoring systems One precaution required in general assessment of the TAT is the
absence of a normative scoring system for responses. The original scoring system devised in 1943
by Henry Murray, one of the authors of the TAT, attempted to account for every variable that it
measures. Murray 's scoring system is time–consuming and unwieldy, and as a result has been little
used by later interpreters. Other scoring systems have since been introduced that focus on one or
two specific variables–for example, hostility or depression. While these systems are more practical
for clinical use, they lack comprehensiveness. No single system presently used for scoring the TAT
has achieved widespread acceptance. The basic drawback of any scoring system in evaluating
responses to the TAT story cards is that information that is not relevant to that particular system is
simply lost. Computer scoring A recent subject of controversy in TAT interpretation concerns the use
of computers to evaluate responses. While computers were used initially only to score tests with
simple yes/no answers, they were soon applied to interpretation of projective measures. A
computerized system for interpreting the Rorschach

The Effects Of Standardized Cognitive Tests On Student...
There is an exorbitant amount of focus on standardized cognitive tests in K–12 education today –
particularly measures of intelligence and achievement. The usefulness of these tests
notwithstanding, they are limited in that they provide an incomplete picture of a student's abilities
and needs. Having worked 14 years as an English teacher at Bergen County Technical School of
Paramus (Bergen Tech), a vocational–technical high school with a predominantly special needs
population, I find it unfortunate that the educational psychologists with whom I work have in recent
years been directed to focus on cognitive tests such as the Woodcock–Johnson Test of Achievement
and the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, to the exclusion of non–cognitive measures that could
provide insight into student emotional health and personality. For school staff endeavoring to help
students negotiate the path to adulthood and guide them toward brighter more fulfilling futures,
personality assessment could be used to help clarify needs, determine the severity of problems,
make predictions about future behaviors, and aid in educational recommendations.
It is necessary to highlight some of the complications unique to Bergen Tech Paramus and other vo–
tech schools so as to fully appreciate the potential benefit of reintroduction of regular personality
testing. Unlike the trade schools prevalent in Western Europe, which are regarded as normal and
respectable paths to gainful employment, vo–tech schools in the

Holiday by Margaret Atwood Essay examples
Holiday by Margaret Atwood 'Holiday' by Margaret Atwood has a simple and familiar subject but
the real meaning behind the simple story is hard hitting and in many ways it is a warning. She talks
of a holiday and story shows how she is at a barbeque with her family in the countryside. However
she interweaves a bleak image of our future within this straightforward story. It starts of with
Atwood describing her daughter eating sausages. She uses the words ''barbarism'' and creates an
image of '' burst meat dripping down her chin'' these words create a very primitive and uncivilized
image. She describes them standing beneath a large leafed tree with nature as their only protection.
This scene ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
We humans are too placid. ''like a breath, a footstep'' shows that the danger is creeping up slowly
and softly but is without doubt there. She uses a juxtaposition in the next line saying, ''with its calm
eye of fire'' calm and fire are 2 opposites as fire is never meant to be calm. She says that ''fire'' or
danger is coming but very peacefully. The calm 'nothing' carries with it an explosive danger, which
we are ignorant to. She then comes back to present and describes the scene around her. She
continues to depict her daughter eating and looking for berries. However the line ''grace plumps the
berries, two or three hot and squashed in her fist'' seems to be a metaphor. I think that Atwood is
saying simply that her daughter finds a Few dusty berries and then squashes them in her hand.
However its profound meaning seems to be that grace or blessing from god has made the berries
round and juicy, they slowly became dusty and now man destroys it so frivolously. It is a metaphor
showing nature and how man treats it presently, without much care. She also says ''the blades of
grass are still with us'', as she remembers that we still have grass and expresses gratitude. The last
stanza is clearly a warning where she says that so far we have destroyed nature carelessly and for
fun, but we have already

Personality Assessment Instrument Critique Essay
Personality Assessment Instrument Critique
Dekitia Yolonda Ruth
PSY/525
January 21, 2010
Miranda Jennings
Personality Assessment Instrument Critique
An individual's personality is measured with a personality assessment instrument that encompasses
theories and technique. Traditionally psychoanalytical theories provided an outline for accepting
behavior that was abnormal and perceptions that prophesized the outcome for prospect behavior.
Since projecting personality trait occurs, career counselors, and organizations utilize personality
assessment instruments for screening potential employees for qualification. Additionally, personality
assessment instruments are used in detecting personality disorders and abnormal behaviors. This ...
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Latest dispute concerning the competence of the Rorschach with specific concerns as an assessment
instrument and the sufficiency of its data has at spells slanted and distorted vital practical matters
intrinsic in the learning of diverse cultures (Flanagan, 2006). Cultural procedures persist to be a
central and incompetently surveyed variable in the Rorschach examination; an essential embryonic
area of analysis is the Rorschach's scientific usefulness as a cross–cultural assessment instrument
(Allen & Dana, 2004). Consideration of issues that are cultural expands and enhances the
clinical utility of the Rorschach deliberation suggesting barely explored research schemes that may
be a contribution to its purpose.
The Rorschach inkblot test is debated by numerous of disbelievers describing it as a pseudoscience.
Conclusions reached by as results of some studies have test administers liking the Rorschach inkblot
test to cold reading (Wood, 2008). Rorschach test critics suggested questions about the removal of
unbiased meaning from answers to inkblots; the impartiality of psychologists governing the test;
inter–rater reliability; verifiable and common validity of the test; pathology scales bias in relation to
the grander amount of response; the restricted amount of psychological situations which it precisely
diagnoses; the lack of

Rorschach Essay example
many, the word Rorschach is quite unknown and to others it is simply known as the inkblot test and
even then, the real meaning of the Rorschach test is never acknowledged. The Rorschach inkblot test
is a psychological projective test of personality in which a subject's interpretation of ten standard
abstract designs are analyzed as measure of emotional and intellectual functioning and combination.
Also, like other projective techniques, "it is based on the principle that subjects viewing neutral,
ambiguous stimuli will project their own personalities onto them, thereby revealing a variety of
unconscious conflicts and motivations." (Aronow; p 25)
This test, which is administered to both adolescents and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Five of these cards are in black and white; the remaining five are in color. The examiner puts the
cards in the subject's hands right side up. The examiner later asks the subject to look at the cards
carefully and describe what each inkblot resembles to them. The instructions are then given to the
subject though they are kept vague for a purpose. This enables the subject to make associations from
the form, shading, texture and color of the blots. Moreover, the subject can respond to each blot in
its entirety, to major portions of the blot or 'large details,' to small details in the blot's structure;
subjects are also free to make use of the white spaces surrounding the blot or within it. After being
the cards in a certain manner, the subject is also free to rotate the cards from the positions in which
they are presented (right side up) and even to turn cards over and look at the back of them. After the
subject gives a response, the examiner asks him or her to explain what was seen in the images. The
examiner goes back over the responses and may ask the subject to clarify some responses or to
describe which features of each inkblot prompted the responses. The subject is unaware of this but
the examiner is making notations on things such as how much time is used to describe each card, if
the subject covers

Examples Of Dehumanization And Isolation In Flowers For...
Dehumanization and Isolation. These are the main themes in the short story by Danielle Keyes,
titled "Flowers for Algernon". "Flowers for Algernon" is about a boy who is much less intelligent
than the average person, so to make himself smarter, he undergoes an experimental surgery. But as
Charlie's IQ continues to grow, he soon comes to find out that all good things must come to an end.
Many say that Charlie starts out as the object of dehumanization and isolation, seeing as how his
'friends' treat him, but many more insist that the dehumanization and isolation aren't completely
developed until the middle of the story, where Charlie becomes too smart to interact with the people
that gave him his newfound intelligence. These themes are often debated upon as to whether or not
they become more or less relevant as the story progresses, but what most don't consider is that these
themes have always appeared in Charlie's life, he was just too blind to see what was always there. In
the beginning of the story, Charlie is quizzed with the Rorschach Test. The test administer tells
Charlie to tell him what he sees in the ink. Since Charlie has a tendency to take things quite literally,
he first tries to find actual objects in the ink. When the administrator tell him that's not quite what he
means, Charlie get scared that the administrator is mad at him because he thinks he spilled the ink.
This already demonstrates how dehumanized and isolated Charlie really is. Later in the story,
Charlie finds out that he has been chosen to undergo the experimental procedure and happily agrees
even though he really has no idea what he is getting into. This is demonstrated in the story when
writes "And she said Charlie your going to have a second chance. If you volenteer for this
experament you mite get smart. They dont know if it will be perminint but theirs a chance. Thats
why i said ok even when i was scared because she said it was an operashun"(Keyes 206). After
Charlie's operation is when the real dehumanization and isolation begin to make their way into the
limelight. When Charlie decides to go out with his 'work friends', the first hint of dehumanization
begins to show when Charlie finally realizes that they are not really

Construct Validity Research
The above examples provide evidence that a personality measurement can be examined through its
reliability. A good personality test should have the same findings in different occasions (i.e. test–
retest reliability) and also all of the items in the test should be measuring the same thing (i.e. internal
consistency). Nevertheless, personality measurement can be evaluated by its validity as well.
Construct validity is one of the main subtypes of validity. Construct validity refers to the ability that
a personality test measures what it is intended to measure. Discriminant validity is a subtype of
construct validity, which refers to the extent that the concept that is not related to the test doesn't
emerge in the test. Soto, C. J., & John, O. P. (2009) tested the discriminant validity by comparing the
BFI with the NEO PI–R. They showed that the correlation between the BFI and NEO PI–R facet
scales has high discriminant validity. Each BFI facet scales correlated most with the corresponding
NEO PI–R facet scales than with the other NEO PI–R facet. This research demonstrated that BFI is
discriminant valid because it only correlates most with the corresponding items on the NEO PI–R.
Furthermore, McCrae and Costa, P. T. (2004) found that NEO Five–Factory Inventory (NEO–FFI)
had high ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In this meta–analysis, it included 4,378 MMPI and 1,793 the Rorschach articles. Then, the validity
coefficients of the MMPI and the Rorschach Inkblot Test were compared. They found that the
MMPI had the unweighted mean validity coefficients of .30 whereas the Rorschach had .29. The
MMPI was more valid for studies using psychiatric diagnoses and self–report. In contrast, the
Rorschach Inkblot Test was more valid for the objective. This meta–analysis showed that both the
MMPI and the Rorschach Inkblot Test were valid in some

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