Psychoanalysis began in the late 19th century with Sigmund Freud who developed comprehensive theories about human nature, behavior, and the structure of the mind. Freud believed that talking about psychological problems and hidden memories could help treat mental disorders, known as the "talking cure." He identified concepts like the id, ego, and superego that make up different parts of the personality. Psychoanalysis uses techniques like free association, dream analysis, and interpretation to bring unconscious thoughts and desires into awareness to provide insight.

1. Psychoanalysis

2. • It is a comprehensive theory about human nature, drive, actions,
growth, and experience.
• It refers to a method of treatment for psychological problems and
challenges in living a successful life.

3. Historical Context
• Psychoanalysis began with Sigmund Freud when he broadened his
practice from medicine to psychiatry in 1882.
• Freud was influenced by Josef Breuer, who believed that a client with
psychological disorder can be helped by simply talking about his or
her problem (talking cure)
• Freud experienced emotional problems such as an exaggerated fear
of dying; thus, he engaged in studying his dreams.
• He was able to publish his book, The Interpretation of Dreams, after
he was accepted in the intellectual community again.

4. Other related findings
• Oedipus Complex
• Common in children in ages 3-5
• a desire for sexual involvement with the parent of the opposite sex and a
concomitant sense of rivalry with the parent of the same sex
• Electra Complex
• a term used to describe the female version of the Oedipus complex.
• It involves a girl, aged between 3 and 6, becoming subconsciously sexually attached
to her father and increasingly hostile toward her mother.
• Carl Jung developed the theory in 1913
• Penis envy
• young girls experience anxiety upon realization that they do not have a penis.
• Freud considered this realization a defining moment in a series of transitions toward
a mature female sexuality

6. Levels of Mental Life
Conscious
• It contains those thoughts of which you are
currently aware (e.g., logic and reasoning).
Preconscious
• It stores all the thoughts of which you could bring
into consciousness fairly easily if you wanted to;
• It includes thoughts that can be easily recalled
without special techniques.
Unconscious
• The material that we have no immediate access to,
and we cannot bring into consciousness.
• It includes repressed feelings, hidden memories,
habits, thoughts, shameful experiences, immoral
desires, fears, violent motives, and reactions.

7. Provinces of the Mind
Id
• It is the oldest and most
primitive psychic energy;
• It represents the
biological foundations of
personality;
• It is concerned only with
satisfying personal
desires immediately. If
these requirements are
not immediately
satisfied, the result is
anxiety or tension.
• The actions taken by the
id are based on the
Pleasure Principle
(motivate the organism
to seek pleasure).
Ego
• The “executive”;
• The primary job of the
ego is to mediate/
balance the demands of
the Id and the outer
forces of reality;
• The center of reason,
reality-testing, and
common sense; and
• Governed by the Reality
Principle
Superego
• The “ideal”;
• The moral arm of the
personality, it
corresponds to one’s
conscience; and
• Bids the psychic
apparatus to pursue
idealistic goals and
perfection.
• It incorporates the values
and morals of society
which are learned from
one's parents and others.
It develops around the
age of 3 – 5 years
• Behavior which falls short
of the ideal self may be
punished by the

8. Key Conceps in Psychoanalysis
• Structures of Personality
• Id
• original system of personality
• self-gratifying branch of personality driven by the pleasure principle, which attempts to
reduce tension by sexual and aggressive impulses
• PLEASURE PRINCIPLE - the instinctive seeking of pleasure and avoiding of pain to satisfy
biological and psychological needs
• Ego
• decision-making branch of personality
• ruled by the reality principle
• Superego
• discriminating branch of personality
• concerned with moralistic issues in deciding what is right and wrong

9. Dimensions of Consciousness
• Conscious - contains the information that a person is aware and can
readily recover
• Preconscious - information that the person is almost consciously
aware but is out of mental awareness
• Unconscious - information that a person is not aware of

10. Techniques Used in Psychoanalysis
• Association - encourages the patient to discuss what comes to mind
to overcome the patient’s tendencies to suppress or censor
information
• Dream Analysis - analyze elements of dreams that contain symbolic
meaning
• Confrontation and Clarification -- feedback procedures to help the
patient become aware of what is occurring and in need of further
analysis
• Interpretation - involves providing insight to the patient regarding
inner conflicts reflected in resistance and transference among others