This document appears to be an exam for a statistics and methods psychology course. It contains 5 multiple part questions assessing students' knowledge of key statistical concepts like hypotheses testing, t-tests, analysis of variance, and interpreting statistical results. The questions cover topics like comparing means from independent groups, repeated measures designs, setting up ANOVA, interpreting F-ratios and conclusions. Formulas, tables and calculations are required to fully answer the questions.

1. PSYC A303: STATISTICS AND METHODS
NAME:
EXAM 4 (CLASSES 12-18)
FOR EACH OF THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS, PLEASE
PROVIDE THE INFORMATION THAT IS REQUESTED. THE
POINT VALUE OF EACH QUESTION (OR EACH PART) IS
INDICATED IN PARENTHESES AT THE END OF THE
QUESTION. TOTAL POINT VALUE IS 50. EQUATIONS
AND FORMULAS THAT MIGHT BE NEEDED ARE ON THE
LAST PAGE OF THIS EXAM. TABLES FOR z, t, and F WILL
BE NEEDED – USE AS APPROPRIATE. PLEASE BE SURE
TO PROVIDE YOUR CALCULATIONS – SHOW YOUR
WORK.
1. In an independent-groups study, a Mediterranean diet is given
to 50 people and a Paleo diet is given to 40 different people. Of
interest is whether the Mediterranean diet lowers cholesterol
levels more so than the Paleo diet. Participants in this study did
not differ significantly at the start of the study with respect to
their LDL, HDL, or total cholesterol levels, and were randomly
assigned to the two treatment conditions. The Mediterranean
group had a mean decrease of 12 mg/dl of LDL, with a standard
deviation of 3 mg/dl. The Paleo diet group had a mean decrease
in LDL of 8 mg/dl, with a standard deviation of 2 mg/dl.
a. For this between-groups study, state an appropriate set of
hypotheses using the proper notation, where you are comparing
two samples that are believed to be representative of the
population. (2)
b. The result of this study yielded t = 1.496. Using the

2. hypotheses you provided above, what conclusion can you make
about the difference between these means at the p =.05 level of
significance? Please indicate the critical value from the table,
as well as the degrees of freedom associated with this study and
statistical test. (3)
2. A researcher for a yogurt manufacturer would like to
determine whether adult consumers showed any preference
between two new yogurt products that the company recently
developed, as one will be marketed as “organic” and the other
without the organic designation. To start, a small sample of
adults was obtained (n = 9), and on Day 1, given the organic
yogurt to eat. The next day, the same 9 adults were given the
non-organic yogurt to eat, with the same instructions and the
same testing conditions. Participants did not know which type
of yogurt (organic or nonorganic) they were eating, as both
were in identical containers that were white with green
lettering. It was found that these yogurt-eaters ate, on average,
6.0 ounces more of the organic yogurt than of the non-organic
product when allowed to consume as much as they wanted.
a. Indicate an appropriate non-directional set of hypotheses for
this type of repeated measures study. (1)
b. The result of this t-test was t = 2.63. Using the hypotheses
you provided above, what conclusion can you make about this
study of yogurt eating at the p = .05 level of significance?
Please indicate the critical value from the table, as well as the
degrees of freedom associated with this study and statistical
test. (3)

3. F-DISTRIBUTION AND ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
3. When is a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) used to
analyze data? (1)
4. Assume you are a nutritionist who has been asked to
determine whether there is a difference in the sugar content
among three brands of popular breakfast cereal (Life, Lucky
Charms, and Frosted Flakes). To assess the amount of sugar in
these cereals, you randomly sample six packages of each brand
and chemically determine the amount of sugar (in grams) per
equal serving size in these samples of cereals. The following
grams of sugar were found.
LIFE
LUCKY CHARMS
FROSTED FLAKES
5
7
8
1
7
5
4
5
4
3
3
4
3
6
5
2
4
7

4. a. State the appropriate hypotheses for the analysis of variance.
(2)
H0: There is no difference among of sugar content among the
three brand of popular breakfast cereal
H1: At least one of the brand have different sugar amount
b. Indicate the number of degrees of freedom for each of the
following:
(1) Between groups: (2)
(2) Within groups: (2)
(3) Total degrees of freedom: (2)
c. The result of this analysis yielded an F ratio of 4.77. What
do you conclude about the amount of sugar in these three brands
of breakfast cereal? Be sure to indicate the critical value from
the table, as well as the alpha level you have set. (3)
5. A lot of people consume caffeine in the morning – but does
the amount of caffeine have any obvious behavioral effects?
One researcher thought that the amount of caffeine consumed
(in milligrams) might influence people’s walking, as measured
by their stride length – longer strides would allow people to
travel further in some given interval of time. An experimental
study was done with four groups of people, with participants all
of the same height and leg length. One group consumed 12
ounces of a liquid without caffeine, while participants in the
other three groups drank 12 ounces of liquid with either 50 mg,
80, mg, and 100 mg of caffeine. All participants drank these
beverages at 8 am, then were asked to walk across campus to
another location for the next part of the study. The number of

5. strides (steps) that each participant took in a 15-second
observation period was recorded. There were 5 participants in
each of the 4 groups. Here are the data:
PLACEBO
50 mg CAFFEINE
80 mg CAFFEINE
100 mg CAFFEINE
6
8
12
14
2
6
9
12
2
4
8
15
3
4
6
10
3
4
8
11
a. State an appropriate set of hypotheses for this one-way
analysis of variance. (2)
b. Complete the following summary table for this study. (3)
SOURCE OF VARIATION

6. SUM OF SQUARES
DEGREES OF FREEDOM
MEAN SQUARES
F
Between
50
Within
32
Total
82
c. What is your conclusion? As in the other questions like this,
state your alpha level, degrees of freedom used to find the
critical value, and the critical value itself from the table. (3)
ENG315
Professional Experience: Professional Communications Articles
Hyperlink
Date Published
Summary
Employee
http://smallbiztrends.com/2013/11/ways-to-communicate-
effectively-in-the-workplace.html

7. November 19, 2013
This is an article written by Valentine Belonwu that focuses on
ways to connect with your business audience. While they are a
bit scattered in the way they are presented, the points Belonwu
makes are viable and could benefit this organization.
Sam Student
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