The document discusses various intestinal protozoa including Giardia lamblia, Entamoeba histolytica, Balantidium coli, and Trichomonas vaginalis. It describes their life cycles, modes of transmission through fecal-oral routes, clinical presentations including diarrhea and abdominal pain, and treatments. The document also discusses protozoa that can infect other parts of the body like Naegleria sp. and Acanthamoeba sp. that can cause fatal meningoencephalitis if they enter the brain through the nose or eyes.
Clinically important cestodes pathogenic to man are:
Tenia solium (pork tapeworm), T. saginata (beef tapeworm), Diphyllobothrium lattum (fish or broad tapeworm), Hymenolepis nana (dwarf tapeworm) and Echinococcus granulosus and E. multilocularis (hydatid).
discussion about nematode,
their form, general characteristics, life cycle, discussion about their host.
diseases caused by nematodes
and discussion about different class of nematodes.
Clinically important cestodes pathogenic to man are:
Tenia solium (pork tapeworm), T. saginata (beef tapeworm), Diphyllobothrium lattum (fish or broad tapeworm), Hymenolepis nana (dwarf tapeworm) and Echinococcus granulosus and E. multilocularis (hydatid).
discussion about nematode,
their form, general characteristics, life cycle, discussion about their host.
diseases caused by nematodes
and discussion about different class of nematodes.
Typhoid perforation is a serious complication of typhoid fever, a bacterial infection caused by Salmonella typhi. It occurs when the infection causes a hole to form in the wall of the intestine, leading to the leakage of contents from the intestine into the abdominal cavity. This can cause severe infection and inflammation of the abdominal cavity, known as peritonitis.
The symptoms of typhoid perforation may include severe abdominal pain, fever, nausea and vomiting, diarrhea or constipation, and signs of shock such as low blood pressure and rapid heart rate. In some cases, there may also be visible signs of a perforation, such as a palpable abdominal mass or signs of fluid accumulation in the abdomen.
The diagnosis of typhoid perforation is typically made through a combination of physical examination, laboratory tests, and imaging studies such as X-rays or CT scans. Treatment typically involves surgical repair of the perforation and aggressive management of the infection and inflammation. This may include antibiotics, intravenous fluids, and other supportive care measures such as pain management and nutritional support.
It is important to seek prompt medical attention if you suspect you or someone you know may have typhoid fever or typhoid perforation. Early diagnosis and treatment are essential for a successful outcome and to prevent further complications.
: Parasitic water pollution in the Nile River (Schistosoma & Giardia lamblia)MenrvaSorial
Causative organism.
Geographical distribution.
Epidemiology & Risk factors.
Mode of Transmission.
Vector (if available).
Habitat.
Life cycle (including infective stage, Diagnostic stage, Final host, Intermediate host and Reservoir).
-According to your lab group assignment topic, you must mention at least two examples (Causative organisms) for the required type of parasitic infection and their prevalence in Egypt. -Then discuss briefly the mentioned examples covering all the following points:
As a pharmacist, how could you identify and confirm a patient with such disease?
(NB: Identification and confirmation include the signs and symptoms and the diagnostic tests in details)
What are the therapeutic options available (suggest a line of treatment).
How can we prevent & control such disease?
Protozoa and Helminth Parasites ppt by Dr.Prince.C.PDR.PRINCE C P
PPT prepared by :Dr.Prince.C.P
Associate Professor & HOD , Department of Microbiology,
Mother Theresa Post Graduate & Research Institute of Health Sciences (Government of Puducherry Institution)
Medical Parasitology is the subject which deals with the parasites that infect human being, the diseases caused by them, clinical feature and the response generated by human being against them. It's also concerned with the various methods of their diagnosis, treatment and finally their prevention & control.
An ova or cyst or egg is detected by microscopic evaluation of a stool sample that is used to look for parasites that may infect the lower digestive tract, causing symptoms such as diarrhoea. The parasites and their eggs (ova) are shed from the lower digestive tract into the stool
Stool examination (Microscopic) is performed for the diagnosis of following parasitic infections
1. Protozoa • Entamoeba histolytica • Giardia lamblia • intestinal coccidian parasites (i) Cryptosporidium parvum (ii) Cyclospora (iii) Isospora • Balantidium coli
2. Helminthes • nematodes: (i) Ascaris lumbricoides (ii) Trichuris trichuria
(Iii) hookworm • Ancylostoma duodenale • Nectar americans (iv) Strongyloides stercoralis
Cestodes: (i) Taenia spp • T. Saginata • T.Solium (ii) Hymenolepsis nana (iii) Enterobius vermicularis
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
3. Intestinal protozoa
• The World Health Organization (WHO) - diarrheal disease as the
2nd highest cause of morbidity and mortality in children in the
developing world.
• Intestinal protozoa are transmitted by the fecal-oral route.
• Life cycles consisting of a cyst stage and a trophozoite stage:
- the cysts consist of a resistant wall and are excreted in the feces,
its’ wall functions to protect the organism from desiccation in the
external environment
- trophozoite any stage which can ingest food, motile form
4.
5.
6. • EXCYSTATION occurs in the stomach and the duodenum
in the presence of acid and pancreatic enzymes
• In small bowel they multiply rapidly, with a doubling
time of 9-12 hours
• As trophozoites pass into the large bowel, ENCYSTATION
occurs in the presence of neutral pH and secondary bile
salts
7. • Assemblage A : A-I to A-IV:
• A-I has been reported in humans
and animals,
• A-II in humans
• A-III and IV exclusively in animals
• Assemblage B has broad host
specificity infecting humans and
animals.
• dogs and cats have been reported to
also carry Assemblages A-I or B:
zoonotic transmission ?
• Giardia lamblia is an enteric
protozoan pathogen found in a
variety of mammalian hosts,
including humans (isolated in 22
species of household stocks,
ranging from sheep, cows, goats,
to ducks: Sullivan 1988)
• seven genetic Assemblages of
Giardia duodenalis, named A-G
• humans are infected with
Assemblages A and B,
• dogs primarily with C and D,
• cats with F
8. Clinical:
- 90% of infected are asymptomatic carriers
- For symptomatic disease the incubation period is usually 3-20
days, but can be much longer
- Acute giardiasis includes diarrhea (90%), gas, anorexia, weight
loss: 10-15 pounds in adult (66%)
- Chronic giardiasis – Giardia inhibits the digestion
of fats by pancreatic lipase (malabsorption with diarrhea)
- Impaired absorption of carotene, folate, vit. B 12 and D-xylose
- Chief cause of growth retardation in infected children
9. Proposed mechanisms of pathogenesis include:
• occlusion of the mucosa by large numbers of the organisms,
• competition with the host for nutrients,
• epithelial damage,
• immune-mediated absorptive changes such as transient lactase
deficiency, altered mucus secretion, and alterations in motility.
11. In developed countries, giardiasis is considered a travel related disease.
(Germany >50% acquired indigenously- Espelage et. al. 2010).
Symptomatic cases are significantly more likely to be
immunocompromised than control persons from the general population.
Physicians should consider Giardia infections among patients with no recent
history of travel abroad, particularly if they have immune deficiencies.
12. Developing countries:
poor sanitary conditions,
poor water quality and overcrowding
Industrialized countries:
international travel and immigration
Populations at increased risk of autochthonous infection:
small children in day care centres, oral-anal sex practitioners, persons in
custodial institutions
13. Large community outbreaks
have been attributed to:
contaminated drinking water
Smaller outbreaks:
contaminated food
(eg. green salad)
contact with contaminated
recreational waters
(swimming and wading pools)
14. It is recommend boiling for 1 minute to allow for a margin of safety and so
users are clear that the water is truly boiling. Because the boiling point
decreases with increasing altitude, boil water for 3 minutes at altitudes
greater than 6,562 feet (>2000 m).
Microfilters with “absolute” pore sizes of 0.1–0.4 μm are usually effective
for removal of cysts and bacteria
15. Entamoeba histolytica
The only source: man (not a zoonosis)
Transmission: fecal-oral
Pathogenic amebas use three major virulence factors,
eg. proteases, for:
lyse,
phagocytose,
kill and destroy
cells and tissues in the host
Pathogenesis: - digests (liquifies) human host cells
(colon wall, neutrophils, liver cells, RBC’s)
16. About 40–50 million people develop clinical
amoebiasis each year, resulting on up to 100 000
deaths (Walsh 1988)
Risk factors:
• In tropics: crowded living conditions, poor sanitation
• High alcohol consumption
• Impaired immunity (eg. HIV infection)
• Recent travel to an endemic area
• Oral-anal contact :
invasive amebic diseases more prevalent in homosexuals
23. Balantidium coli-
balantidiosis
• Balantidiosis is a zoonotic disease and is acquired by humans via the
fecal-oral route from the pig
• Human-to-human transmission may also occur
• Balantidium's habitats in humans are the cecum and colon
• B. coli can become an opportunistic parasite in urban
environments, where pigs are not a factor in infection
• Areas of high prevalence include regions of Latin America, the
Philippines, Papua New Guinea Middle East (<1% to 29% in
endemic area)
24. BALANTIDIUM COLI
• Form nests and necrotic ulcers of the large intestine (bigger than the
ulcer of E. histolytica)
• In acute infection explosive diarrhea may occur as often as every
20 min , with mucus, blood
•Perforation of the colon may also occur in acute disease, with life-
threatening consequences
• Chronic disease- intermittent diarrhoea alternating with constipation,
tender colon, anemia and cachexia- wasting syndrome
27. Within the ulcer and intestinal mucosa, the large ciliated trophozoites
can be seen
28. Extraintestinal sites of infection
• the appendix but rarely, the liver
• the lungs, causing a pneumonia-like disease (in elderly or otherwise
immunocompromised )
• uterine infection, vaginitis, and cystitis, are thought to occur via
direct spread from the anal area (Balantidium coli in the urine
sediment -Maino et al. 2010)
29. • Cysts of Balantidium are large and would not be carried over great
distances, either on air currents or in water droplets. Thus, infection
by inhalation would require direct contact with aerosol droplets.
• Rats may be carriers of Balantidium, but it is not known if the rat
Balantidium species can infect humans.
• The cockroach, which has its own species of Balantidium, may serve
as a mechanical agent of transmission from feces to food
32. TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS
The most common non-viral human sexually transmitted pathogen
Flagelate of the lumen of the urogenital tract, prostate.
Only trophozoite stage known to exist i.e. absence of cyst stage.
Epidemiology: incidence is about 10 – 20% in women.
Higher among women with poor feminine hygiene.
Mode of transmission: sexual contact, direct contact with infected female,
contaminated toilet articles e.g. towels, toilet seats and infection acquired
in babies while passing the birth canal.
33. • Pathophysiology:
- causes degeneration and desquamation of local tissues; mechanism
unclear
symptomatic - vaginitis, prostatitis, urethritis
Epidemiology
- found in 3-5% of female population of N.A.
- increased in STD clinics (50%), prostitutes 50-75%
- only in humans; no animal reservoir
- sexual transmission
- can persist for 2 years in host
34. Treatment:
• Drug of choice:1 Metronidazole 2 g once
or 500 mg bid x 7d
• OR Tinidazole 2 g once 50 mg/kg once
(max. 2 g)
35. Pathology and Symptoms:
Incubation period 4 to 20 days
Symptoms: profuse, frothy, yellow-green or gray vaginal discharge
leucorrhoea, sometimes with bleeding, an unpleasant vaginal odor,
and vulvovaginal itching and discomfort. Painful and frequent urination,
vulvovaginal swelling, discomfort during sexual intercourse, and
abdominal pain
Granular – strawberry vagina.
In males, there may be urethritis
40. African Sleeping Sickness
Gambian or Rhodesian tryponosomiasis
Congestive heart failure (CHF) occurs when the heart can no longer pump
blood efficiently, so the blood backs up in the body – particularly in the liver
EKG
43. Diagnosis
- motile organisms on wet preparations of
fresh blood or CSF
- stained smears (Giemsa) may reveal
organism
- high levels of protein (IgG and IgM) in CSF
- lymphocytosis in CSF
-antigen capture or PCR
44.
45. A zoonosis with reservoirs of
armadillo, opossums, raccoons;
transmitted to man
Epidemiology:
Transmission:by reduvid bug bite
vertical (in utero)
blood transfusion
12 million of people affected;
35 million at risk;
Central and South America.
Trypanosoma cruzi Chagas' Disease,
American
Trypanosomiasis
46. Triatoma infestans, Rhodnius prolixus
and Panstrongylus megistus.
The bug (Reduvidae bug) can live and be
infective for two years
Reduvid bug bites human while asleep and passes
feces containing parasite (trypomastigote form)
onto skin near the bite. Human rubs faeces and
parasite into wound or eye.
47. Clinical:
• Acute: Seen mainly in children: local
inflammation at site of innoculation
(chagoma), lymphadenopathy,
hepatosplenomegaly, fever.
• Chronic: Seen mainly in adult life up to
several decades after acute stage
myocardopathy
• - heart failure, arrhythmias megaintestine
• - megaoesophagus, megacolon, megaureter
48. Romana's sign in acute Chagas' disease
Unilateral painless orbital oedema
52. Naegleria sp. enters the body
through the nose while swimming
or participating in water sports.
Once inside the nose, the amoeba
makes its way to the brain.
There, it causes inflammation and
destroys brain tissue.
Naegleria infection is very rare.
Only 31 cases occurred in the
United States between 1989 and
2002. About 200 cases of
naegleriasis infection have been
reported worldwide.
53. Clinical Features:
Acute primary amoebic meningoencephalitis (PAM) is
caused by Naegleria fowleri.
• It presents with severe headache and other meningeal signs,
fever, vomiting, and focal neurologic deficits
• progresses rapidly (<10 days)
• frequently leads to coma and death.
Sources: the environment: warm water reservoirs, unchlorinated
groundwater, soil
54. Acanthamoeba spp. causes mostly subacute
or chronic granulomatous amoebic
encephalitis (GAE),
headaches, altered mental status, and focal
neurologic deficit,
which progresses over several weeks to death
cause granulomatous skin lesions
keratitis and corneal ulcers following corneal
trauma
(poor contact lens hygiene and exposure to
contaminated water may increase the risk among
contact lens users- coroneal trauma)
60. • Diagnosis of Malaria
• a) clinical picture: - fever, chills
- travel history
- fever pattern
• b) examination of blood:
- thin
- thick smear
- PCR
- antigen capture (ELISA)
61. BLOOD examination
- thin smear for characteristics of
species
- use shape and size
of: trophozoite, schizont and
gametocyte
- % of RBCs with parasites (very
rarely over >1% parasitemia in
P. vivax, ovale or malariae)
- metabolic debris (pigment) in
RBC around parasite (called
Schuffner's dots in P. vivax
infection)
- size and age of RBCs which
contain parasites (P. vivax and
ovale infect younger (larger RBCs)
62. Severe Malaria: Common Clinical Manifestations
Pathogenesis Clinical Features
Cerebral Sluggish flow caused by sticky knobs on
parasitized red cells leading to stagnant
hypoxia and vascular damage.
Impaired level of
consciousness. Convulsions.
Generalized and localized
neurological signs.
Anaemia Destruction of parasitized and nonparasitized
red cells by immune complexes, bone marrow
suppression
Pallor and jaundice. High
output cardiac state.
Renal Acute tubular necrosis resulting from sluggish
blood flow and hypotension. Hemoglobinuria.
Oliguria. Haemoglobinuria.
Acute renal failure.
Gastro-
intestinal
Unknown. Diarrhoea.
63. Severe Malaria: Common Clinical Manifestations
Pathogenesis Clinical Features
Respiratory Increased pulmonary
capillary permeability.
Cough. Pulmonary edema,
bronchopneumonia.
Hepatic Unknown.? Partially due
to haemodynamic
changes.
Jaundice (mainly attributable to
haemolysis). Elevated serum enzyme
levels, impaired elimination of drugs,
prolonged prothrombin time, bleeding.
Fluid and
electrolyte
balance
Unknown.? Partially due
to inappropriate release of
antidiuretic hormone
(ADH).
Increased intravascular volume.
Electrolyte changes, hypoglycemia,
hyperkalemia and hemolysis.
Obstetric Sluggish blood flow in
placental vessels leading
to vascular damage.
Fetal death. Premature labour.