This document discusses proteins, enzymes, and vitamins. It classifies proteins based on structure into fibrous, globular, and membrane proteins. It also categorizes proteins based on function into catalytic, defense, transport, and other types. The document outlines the major classes of enzymes and their functions. It describes vitamins as being either water-soluble or fat-soluble and lists some examples of each. Key roles of several vitamins are mentioned, such as vitamin C's role in collagen formation and vitamin D's role in bone mineralization.

1. PROTEINS,
ENZYMES AND
VITAMINS

2. Protein Classification
Based On SHAPE
1. Fibrous Protein – have simple,
regular linear structures.
2.Globular Protein - molecules have
peptide chains that are folded into
spherical or globular shapes.
3. Membrane Protein – a protein that is
found associated with a cell membrane.

3. Common Fibrous
Proteins
a. Keratin – found in protective
coverings for organisms.
b. Collagen – most abundant
proteins in humans; found in
tendons, bone and other
connective tissue.

4. Common Fibrous
Proteins
c. Elastin – found in blood
vessel and ligaments
d. Myosin – found in muscular
tissue.
e. Fibrin – found in blood

5. Common Globular
Proteins
a. Hemoglobin – transports
oxygen from the lungs to
tissue.
b. Myoglobin – oxygen storage
molecule in muscles.

6. Common Globular
Proteins
c. Insulin – regulatory hormone for
controlling glucose metabolism.
d. Transferrin – involved in iron
transport in the blood.
e. Immunoglobulin – involved in
immune system responses.

7. Protein Classification
Based on FUNCTIONS
a. Catalytic Protein – as catalysts;
b. Defense Protein – body’s
immune system;
c. Transport Protein – transports
small biomolecules to other
locations in the body;

8. Protein Classification
Based on FUNCTIONS
d. Messenger Protein – transmits
signals to coordinate biochemical
processes.
e. Contractile Protein – proteins
necessary for all forms of
movement.

9. Protein Classification
Based on FUNCTIONS
f. Structural Protein – confer
stillness and rigidity.
g. Transmembrane Protein – help
control the movement of small
molecule and ions through the cell
membrane.

10. Protein Classification
Based on FUNCTIONS
h. Storage Protein – proteins that
binds or store small molecules for
future use.
i. Regulatory Protein – act as sites
at which messenger molecules
can bind and thereby initiate the
effect that the messenger carries.

11. Other Proteins
a. Glycoproteins – protein that
contains carbohydrates.
b. Lipoprotein – proteins that
contains lipid in addition to amino
acid; help suspend lipids and
transport them through the
bloodstream.

12. 4 Major Classes of
Plasma Lipoproteins
a. Chylomicrons – transport dietary
triacylglycerol from intestine to liver
and to adipose tissue.
b. Very-Low-Density Lipoproteins
(VLDL) – transport triacylglycerols
synthesized in the liver to adipose
tissue.

13. 4 Major Classes of
Plasma Lipoproteins
c. Low-Density Lipoproteins (LDP) –
transport cholesterol synthesized in the
liver to cells throughout the body.
d. High-Density Lipoproteins (HDP) – to
collect excess cholesterol from body
tissues and transport back to the liver
for degradation to bile acids.

14. Enzymes
•Simple Enzymes –
composed only of amino
acid chains.

15. Enzymes
• Conjugated Enzymes – an enzyme that
has a non protein part in addition to a
protein part.
a. Apoenzyme – the protein part
b. Cofactor – non protein part
c. Holoenzyme – biochemically active
conjugated enzyme.

16. Enzymes
•Coenzyme – serves as a cofactor
in a conjugated enzyme.
•Substrate – reactant in an
enzyme-catalyzed reaction.

17. 6 Major Classes of
Enzymes
1. Oxireductase – oxydation-
reduction reaction.
2. Transferase – transfer of a
functional group from one
molecule to another.

18. 6 Major Classes of
Enzymes
3. Hydrolase – hydrolysis
reaction.
4. Lyase – addition of a group to a
double bond or the removal of a
group to from a double bond.

19. 6 Major Classes of
Enzymes
5. Isomerase – isomeration
(rearrangement of atoms) of a
substrate in a reaction.
6. Ligase – bonding together of
two molecules into one with the
participation of ATP.

20. Enzymes
• Lock-and-Key Model – only a
substrate whose shape and
chemical nature are
complementary to those of the
active site can interact with the
enzyme.

21. Enzymes
• Induced-Fit Model – enzyme
active site, although not exactly
complementary in shape to that of
the substrate, is flexible enough
that it can adapt to the shape of
the substrate.

22. Enzyme Inhibition
a. Reversible Competitive
Inhibition – competitive inhibitor
binds to the active site which
prevents the normal substrate from
binding to the site.

23. Enzyme Inhibition
b. Reversible Noncompetitive
Inhibition – noncompetitive
inhibitor binds to a site other than
active site; enzyme cannot
catalyze the reaction due to the
presence of the inhibitor.

24. Enzyme Inhibition
c. Irreversible Inhibition – a
molecule that forms a covalent
bond to a part of the active site,
permanently preventing substrate
from occupying it.

25. Vitamin
Water-soluble
Vitamins
Fat-Soluble
Vitamins
Thiamin Vitamin B12
Riboflavin Biotin
Niacin Vitamin B6
Folate Vitamin C
Pantothenic Acid
Vitamin A
Vitamin D
Vitamin E
Vitamin K

26. Vitamin C
• Has the simplest structure of 13 Vitamins.
• First vitamin to be discovered and synthesize
in the laboratory.
• Functions as a cosubstrate in the formation
of collagen.
• Also functions as a general antioxidant for
water-soluble substances in the blood and
other body fluids.

27. Vitamin B
• Thiamin (Vit. B1)
• Riboflavin (Vit. B2)
• Niacin (Nicotinic Acid, Nicotinamide,
Vit. B3)
• Vit. B6 (Pyridoxine, pyridoxal,
pyridoxamine)

28. Vitamin B
•Folate (Folic Acid)
•Vit. B12 (Cobalamin)
•Pantothenic Acid (Vit. B5)
•Biotin

29. Vitamin B
•Functions as a components of
conenzymes.
• Have a direct impact on your
energy levels, brain function and
cell metabolism.

30. Vitamin B
•Functions as a components of
conenzymes.
• Have a direct impact on your
energy levels, brain function and
cell metabolism.

31. Vitamin A
4 Major Functions:
1. Vision
2. Regulating cell differentiation
3. Maintenance of the health of
Epithelial Tissues
4. Reproduction and Growth

32. Vitamin D
• Maintains normal blood levels of
calcium ion and phosphate ion so
that bones can absorb these ions.

33. Vitamin E
• An antioxidant.
• Prevents inflammation.
• Support immune function.

34. Vitamin K
• Plays a role in blood clotting, bone
metabolism and regulating blood
calcium levels.