Protein synthesis flipbook

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The document describes the process of protein synthesis which occurs in two main steps: transcription and translation. In transcription, RNA polymerase unwinds DNA and mRNA matches the DNA bases, then breaks away and passes through nuclear pores. In translation, the mRNA interacts with ribosomes which read the mRNA and create tRNA anticodons corresponding to each codon to string together amino acids into a protein.

Protein Synthesis

By Nathan Lingenfelter

In Transcription, RNA polymerase unwinds a
small portion of the DNA. Then, mRNA matches
the bases of the DNA. The mRNA breaks away
from the DNA and passes through the nuclear
pores to get to the ribosomes.

Promoter
Operator DNA Strand

Thymine
Adenine
Guanine
Cytosine

Promoter
Operator DNA Strand

Coding Region Termination
Sequence

Thymine
Adenine
Guanine
Cytosine

Uracil
DNA Strand

Coding Region Termination
Sequence

Thymine
Adenine
Guanine
Cytosine

Uracil Thymine
DNA Strand Adenine
Guanine
Cytosine

Uracil
DNA Strand Adenine
Guanine
Cytosine

Uracil
DNA Strand Adenine
Guanine
Cytosine

mRNA

mRNA

In Translation, the mRNA comes in contact with the
ribosomes. The ribosome then reads the mRNA and
translates it. Then, tRNA anticodons are created for
each codon. These anticodons code for a specific
amino acid. The tRNA finds the correct amino acid
and all the amino acids are strung together to form a
protein.

mRNA

Peptide Bond Amino acid tRNA (anticodon)

The document summarizes the process of transcription and translation. It shows DNA in the cell nucleus containing a gene which is transcribed into a messenger RNA (mRNA) strand by RNA polymerase. The mRNA strand is then translated into a protein with the help of a start codon and end codon which signal the beginning and end of a gene. The genetic code using RNA bases of adenine, guanine, cytosine and uracil is also displayed.

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The document describes the process of transcription and translation. RNA polymerase transcribes DNA in the nucleus to produce mRNA, which is then transported out of the nucleus. During translation in the cytoplasm, ribosomes read the mRNA code and join amino acids specified by codons to produce a protein. tRNA molecules match complementary anticodons to the mRNA and deliver the corresponding amino acids. The process continues until a stop codon is reached, resulting in a completed protein.

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This document summarizes the processes of transcription and translation in 3 steps: 1) Transcription occurs in the nucleus, where RNA polymerase copies DNA sequences into messenger RNA (mRNA) that is exported into the cytoplasm. 2) Translation occurs in the cytoplasm using transfer RNA (tRNA) and ribosomes to read the mRNA codons and add amino acids to form a polypeptide chain according to the genetic code. 3) The polypeptide is completed when the ribosome reaches a stop codon, resulting in a full protein molecule.

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Transcription takes place in the nucleus and involves splitting DNA into two strands. One strand is used as a template to create a complementary mRNA strand. The mRNA strand exits the nucleus through nuclear pores. Translation takes place in the cytoplasm where ribosomes use the mRNA to assemble amino acids brought by tRNAs into a protein chain based on the mRNA codons. tRNAs match their anticodons to mRNA codons and add amino acids to form the protein.

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The document describes the process of transcription and translation in a cell. It shows that RNA polymerase unwinds DNA and binds to the promoter region to begin transcribing DNA into mRNA. The mRNA then exits the nucleus into the cytoplasm. In the cytoplasm, the mRNA binds to a ribosome where it is translated into a protein as amino acids are added one by one according to the mRNA codons. The ribosome continues translating until it reaches a stop codon and a completed protein is released.

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The document describes the process of protein synthesis, which involves two main steps: transcription and translation. In transcription, RNA polymerase copies DNA into messenger RNA (mRNA) in the cell nucleus. The mRNA is then transported out of the nucleus through nuclear pores. In translation, ribosomes in the cytoplasm read the mRNA and assemble amino acids in the sequence specified by the mRNA to produce a protein. tRNA molecules match their anticodons to the mRNA codons and deliver the corresponding amino acids.

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The document describes the process of protein synthesis from DNA to proteins in 5 steps. First, DNA is transcribed into mRNA by RNA polymerase. Second, the mRNA moves from the nucleus to the cytoplasm and ribosomes. Third, the mRNA is drawn through the ribosome and its codons are read slowly. Fourth, tRNA carrying amino acids are run through the ribosome. Fifth, if the mRNA and tRNA codons match, the amino acid is added to the chain to build a complete protein.

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The document describes the processes of transcription and translation. During transcription, DNA is unwound and used as a template to create mRNA. The mRNA is then exported from the nucleus into the cytoplasm. During translation, ribosomes use the mRNA to assemble amino acids in the specified order according to the genetic code, forming a protein chain. Translation continues until a stop codon is reached, completing protein synthesis.

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The document describes the processes of transcription and translation. During transcription, RNA polymerase copies a section of DNA to make mRNA. The mRNA then exits the nucleus and moves to the cytoplasm. During translation, the mRNA binds to ribosomes which read the mRNA sequence and translate it into a chain of amino acids to form a protein. The key steps are transcription of DNA to mRNA in the nucleus, export of mRNA to the cytoplasm, and translation of mRNA into protein by ribosomes.

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The document describes the process of transcription and translation in a cell. During transcription, RNA polymerase copies DNA in the nucleus to produce mRNA. The mRNA then exits the nucleus through nuclear pores. During translation, the mRNA binds to ribosomes in the cytoplasm. tRNAs bring amino acids to the ribosome based on codon-anticodon binding. The amino acids are linked together to form a polypeptide chain, which later folds into a functional protein.

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Transcription and translation are two processes that work together to create proteins. Transcription occurs in the nucleus and involves RNA polymerase making an mRNA copy of a gene's DNA sequence. Translation then occurs in the cytoplasm where tRNAs read the mRNA code and add amino acids to form a polypeptide chain according to the mRNA's codon sequence until a stop codon is reached and a full protein is completed.

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Transcription and translation are the two processes by which DNA is converted into functional proteins. Transcription occurs in the nucleus and involves RNA polymerase making an mRNA copy of a gene's DNA sequence. Translation occurs in the cytoplasm where tRNAs and ribosomes read the mRNA to assemble the protein based on its amino acid sequence specified by the mRNA codons. The figure illustrates these processes through a series of steps that show how the genetic code stored in DNA is used to produce proteins through transcription and translation.

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The document is a flip book that summarizes the processes of transcription and translation. It shows how DNA in the nucleus is transcribed into mRNA by RNA polymerase. The mRNA is then transported to the cytoplasm where it is translated by ribosomes into a protein. Ribosomes read the mRNA and use tRNAs to bring amino acids to the ribosome in the proper order to form a peptide chain. This results in a fully formed protein that can perform functions in the cell.

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1. RNA polymerase reads the DNA strand and creates an mRNA strand, which leaves the nucleus and enters the cytoplasm. 2. rRNA forms ribosomes in the cytoplasm. mRNA binds to ribosomes, which read the code and join amino acids specified by the mRNA to form a protein chain. 3. tRNAs carry amino acids and match them to the mRNA codons. Peptide bonds form between amino acids. 4. When the ribosome reaches a stop codon, protein synthesis is complete and the protein folds into its final shape.

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1. Protein Synthesis By Nathan Lingenfelter

2. In Transcription, RNA polymerase unwinds a small portion of the DNA. Then, mRNA matches the bases of the DNA. The mRNA breaks away from the DNA and passes through the nuclear pores to get to the ribosomes.

8. Promoter Operator DNA Strand Thymine Adenine Guanine Cytosine

9. Promoter Operator DNA Strand Thymine Adenine Guanine Cytosine

10. Promoter Operator DNA Strand Thymine Adenine Guanine Cytosine

11. Promoter Operator DNA Strand Thymine Adenine Guanine Cytosine

12. Promoter Operator DNA Strand Thymine Adenine Guanine Cytosine

13. Promoter Operator DNA Strand Thymine Adenine Guanine Cytosine

14. Promoter Operator DNA Strand Thymine Adenine Guanine Cytosine

15. Promoter Operator DNA Strand Thymine Adenine Guanine Cytosine

16. Promoter Operator DNA Strand Thymine Adenine Guanine Cytosine

17. Promoter Operator DNA Strand Thymine Adenine Guanine Cytosine

18. Promoter Operator DNA Strand Thymine Adenine Guanine Cytosine

19. Promoter Operator DNA Strand Coding Region Termination Sequence Thymine Adenine Guanine Cytosine

20. Uracil DNA Strand Coding Region Termination Sequence Thymine Adenine Guanine Cytosine

21. Uracil Thymine DNA Strand Adenine Guanine Cytosine

22. Uracil Thymine DNA Strand Adenine Guanine Cytosine

23. Uracil Thymine DNA Strand Adenine Guanine Cytosine

24. Uracil DNA Strand Adenine Guanine Cytosine

25. Uracil DNA Strand Adenine Guanine Cytosine mRNA

26.

27.

28.

29. Cytoplasm

30. Cytoplasm

31. through nuclear pore Cytoplasm

32. Cytoplasm

33. Cytoplasm

34.

35.

36.

37.

38.

39. mRNA In Translation, the mRNA comes in contact with the ribosomes. The ribosome then reads the mRNA and translates it. Then, tRNA anticodons are created for each codon. These anticodons code for a specific amino acid. The tRNA finds the correct amino acid and all the amino acids are strung together to form a protein.

40. mRNA

41. mRNA

42. mRNA

43. mRNA

44. mRNA

45. mRNA

46. mRNA

47. mRNA

48. mRNA

49. mRNA

50. mRNA

51. mRNA