This document provides a research proposal to analyze bacteriological contamination of surface and groundwater bodies in the San Salvador neighborhood of Caguas, Puerto Rico and its implications on community water systems. The study will examine community water systems in the area, septic systems, and the presence of bacteria in water bodies. It aims to determine if bacteria levels violate regulations and relate to water-borne diseases in the community. It also seeks to educate residents on water quality standards through community interviews and information sessions. The researcher hypothesizes that human contamination, especially from septic tanks, is polluting water sources and posing health risks to those using community water systems.
This research proposal aims to analyze the bacteriological contamination of surface and underground water sources in the San Salvador neighborhood of Caguas, Puerto Rico. The neighborhood has 3,272 residents served by community water systems, many of which do not meet water quality standards. The study aims to sample water sources to detect E. coli using PCR and electrophoresis techniques, examine relationships between water quality and infectious diseases in residents, and raise awareness in the community about water conservation regulations. The researcher hypothesizes that human activities like improper waste disposal are contaminating local water bodies in a way that could impact public health.
This document summarizes a study on microcystin levels in raw and treated municipal drinking water sources in Alberta. Microcystin is a toxin produced by some cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) that can be harmful to human health. The study analyzed water samples from 18 municipalities over 10 weeks and found microcystin present in 67% of raw water samples, with concentrations up to 14.8 μg/L in some sources. Microcystin was detected less often and at lower levels in treated water, indicating conventional treatment removes some toxin. All samples complied with Health Canada guidelines. The study recommends further sampling of rural communities to fully evaluate microcystin occurrence in municipal surface drinking water supplies.
Cryptosporidium oocysts in the aquatic environment of HaitiPari Doll
Cryptosporidium oocysts were detected in surface water samples from Port-au-Prince, Haiti, which is used as drinking water. Cryptosporidiosis caused by these oocysts results in 17.5% of acute diarrhea in infants under 2 and 30% of chronic diarrhea in HIV-infected patients. The document then discusses the life cycle and resistance of cryptosporidium oocysts, various methods to filter and detect oocysts from water samples, and evaluates the health risks to different populations from exposure to contaminated drinking water in Haiti.
Sanitation Mapping of Groundwater Contamination in a Rural Village of IndiaKavya Prabhakar
This study analyzed groundwater samples from 50 wells in a rural village in India to assess microbial contamination. Laboratory tests found high levels of total coliform, E. coli, and other bacteria in the samples, indicating the water was microbiologically unfit for consumption. A geographic analysis using GPS and GIS mapping found that most wells were located very close to latrines (average distance of 6.44 meters), shorter than the EPA guideline of 15.24 meters. Higher bacterial counts were found in wells located closer to latrines. The study concluded that poor siting of wells near latrines was a key reason for the groundwater contamination in the village.
The document describes the work of the Streamkeepers of Clallam County volunteer water quality monitoring program. It discusses the program's goals of collecting credible water quality data to track conditions, identify issues, and inform restoration efforts. It outlines the program's various monitoring activities including measuring physical, chemical and biological integrity. It also discusses the author's experiences assisting with projects monitoring stormwater runoff and conducting various other tasks to support the program.
This study analyzed 20 public drinking water wells on Cape Cod, Massachusetts for 92 organic wastewater compounds (OWCs) including pharmaceuticals, hormones, and consumer product chemicals. The goals were to evaluate the presence of OWCs in the wells and determine if surrogates of wastewater impact like nitrate, boron, and residential development could identify wells most impacted by OWCs. Fifteen of the 20 wells contained at least one OWC, with the two most frequently detected being the antibiotic sulfamethoxazole and the perfluorosurfactant perfluorooctane sulfonate. Maximum concentrations of two pharmaceuticals matched or exceeded levels reported in other U.S. public water sources, indicating
“You can stroke people with words”
~ F. Scott Fitzgerald
“He started off dishing some nice strokes. With an admiring smile he told me how smart I was, how honest, so absolutely reliable”
~ Mario Puzo, “Fools Die”
“The adult has something to work on: what must I do to gain their STROKES, or approval”
~ Thomas Anthony Harris, “I'm OK, You're OK”.
This document summarizes a student's health risk assessment of using rainwater for toilet flushing. The student assessed potential health risks by employing a Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment. The literature review found mixed results on the safety of consuming rainwater, with some studies finding rainwater safe and others finding potential pathogens. The student conducted their own designed experiment and theoretical modeling study to estimate microbial risks. Their results showed the risk of infection from inhaling Campylobacter and Salmonella after flushing a toilet supplied with rainwater was very low.
This research proposal aims to analyze the bacteriological contamination of surface and underground water sources in the San Salvador neighborhood of Caguas, Puerto Rico. The neighborhood has 3,272 residents served by community water systems, many of which do not meet water quality standards. The study aims to sample water sources to detect E. coli using PCR and electrophoresis techniques, examine relationships between water quality and infectious diseases in residents, and raise awareness in the community about water conservation regulations. The researcher hypothesizes that human activities like improper waste disposal are contaminating local water bodies in a way that could impact public health.
This document summarizes a study on microcystin levels in raw and treated municipal drinking water sources in Alberta. Microcystin is a toxin produced by some cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) that can be harmful to human health. The study analyzed water samples from 18 municipalities over 10 weeks and found microcystin present in 67% of raw water samples, with concentrations up to 14.8 μg/L in some sources. Microcystin was detected less often and at lower levels in treated water, indicating conventional treatment removes some toxin. All samples complied with Health Canada guidelines. The study recommends further sampling of rural communities to fully evaluate microcystin occurrence in municipal surface drinking water supplies.
Cryptosporidium oocysts in the aquatic environment of HaitiPari Doll
Cryptosporidium oocysts were detected in surface water samples from Port-au-Prince, Haiti, which is used as drinking water. Cryptosporidiosis caused by these oocysts results in 17.5% of acute diarrhea in infants under 2 and 30% of chronic diarrhea in HIV-infected patients. The document then discusses the life cycle and resistance of cryptosporidium oocysts, various methods to filter and detect oocysts from water samples, and evaluates the health risks to different populations from exposure to contaminated drinking water in Haiti.
Sanitation Mapping of Groundwater Contamination in a Rural Village of IndiaKavya Prabhakar
This study analyzed groundwater samples from 50 wells in a rural village in India to assess microbial contamination. Laboratory tests found high levels of total coliform, E. coli, and other bacteria in the samples, indicating the water was microbiologically unfit for consumption. A geographic analysis using GPS and GIS mapping found that most wells were located very close to latrines (average distance of 6.44 meters), shorter than the EPA guideline of 15.24 meters. Higher bacterial counts were found in wells located closer to latrines. The study concluded that poor siting of wells near latrines was a key reason for the groundwater contamination in the village.
The document describes the work of the Streamkeepers of Clallam County volunteer water quality monitoring program. It discusses the program's goals of collecting credible water quality data to track conditions, identify issues, and inform restoration efforts. It outlines the program's various monitoring activities including measuring physical, chemical and biological integrity. It also discusses the author's experiences assisting with projects monitoring stormwater runoff and conducting various other tasks to support the program.
This study analyzed 20 public drinking water wells on Cape Cod, Massachusetts for 92 organic wastewater compounds (OWCs) including pharmaceuticals, hormones, and consumer product chemicals. The goals were to evaluate the presence of OWCs in the wells and determine if surrogates of wastewater impact like nitrate, boron, and residential development could identify wells most impacted by OWCs. Fifteen of the 20 wells contained at least one OWC, with the two most frequently detected being the antibiotic sulfamethoxazole and the perfluorosurfactant perfluorooctane sulfonate. Maximum concentrations of two pharmaceuticals matched or exceeded levels reported in other U.S. public water sources, indicating
“You can stroke people with words”
~ F. Scott Fitzgerald
“He started off dishing some nice strokes. With an admiring smile he told me how smart I was, how honest, so absolutely reliable”
~ Mario Puzo, “Fools Die”
“The adult has something to work on: what must I do to gain their STROKES, or approval”
~ Thomas Anthony Harris, “I'm OK, You're OK”.
This document summarizes a student's health risk assessment of using rainwater for toilet flushing. The student assessed potential health risks by employing a Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment. The literature review found mixed results on the safety of consuming rainwater, with some studies finding rainwater safe and others finding potential pathogens. The student conducted their own designed experiment and theoretical modeling study to estimate microbial risks. Their results showed the risk of infection from inhaling Campylobacter and Salmonella after flushing a toilet supplied with rainwater was very low.
Introduction to Drinking Water Quality: A Layperson’s Guide to Water Quality,...lhirsh
Poor water quality is a global health crisis. Not everyone who must help remedy this monumental problem is a scientist, or policy maker, or water, sanitation and hygiene expert, or public health professional. However, everyone at every level must have some understanding of the subject and science behind it.
Our booklet provides basic information to help people make intelligent decisions about safe drinking water.
This document discusses the development of a web-based decision support system (DSS) for monitoring and predicting water quality parameters important for outdoor microalgae cultivation. The DSS allows users to monitor temperature and salinity in real-time and predicts future values of these parameters based on historical data using a K-nearest neighbors algorithm. Validation tests found the DSS could accurately forecast temperature and salinity 96.98% and 98.92% of the time respectively. The DSS notifies users when parameter levels rise or fall outside standard ranges and provides suggestions to maintain optimal water quality.
The document provides a water quality report card for streams in the Great Swamp Watershed. It acknowledges the efforts of volunteers and funders who supported water quality monitoring programs. Various water quality parameters are described, including how they impact aquatic life. Each of the major streams in the watershed is given grades for different parameters based on data collected in 2014. Primrose Brook and the upper reaches of Great Brook received the best grades overall, while Black Brook and the lower reaches of Great Brook showed the most impairment. Continued monitoring and improvement efforts are recommended.
This document discusses a study investigating land use and water quality in the Wilgerfontein Catchment in Edendale, South Africa via analysis of E. coli levels. The study aimed to assess E. coli levels at different points along the river, identify potential land uses associated with E. coli counts, and examine relationships between E. coli, temperature, and pH. Water samples were collected from 10 sites along the river and analyzed for E. coli, pH, and temperature. Results showed highest E. coli counts downstream with elevated levels of pH and temperature. The study concludes land use impacts water quality in the river.
Substantial reductions in faecal indicator bacteria loads were found after sewerage improvements in seven shellfish water catchments in England and Wales. Specifically:
1) Loads from key sewage treatment works that installed ultraviolet disinfection were reduced to ≤0.6% of total loads impacting shellfish waters.
2) Loads from intermittent discharges like combined sewer overflows that installed screens and increased storage were reduced to ≤7% of total loads assuming a 90% flow reduction.
3) Additional data is still needed to accurately characterize loads from agriculture and other sources to inform future interventions.
Summary and interpretation of monitoring data for synthetic pyrethroids in U....Jeremiah Wilson
Summary and interpretation of monitoring data for synthetic pyrethroids in U.S. surface water and sediment - Presentation for the 13th IUPAC International Congress of Pesticide Chemistry.
“Public services are never better performed than when their reward comes in consequence of their being performed, and is proportioned to the diligence employed in performing them.”
- Adam Smith
"If you stand up and be counted, from time to time you may get yourself knocked down. But remember this: A man flattened by an opponent can get up again. A man flattened by conformity stays down for good."
- Thomas J. Watson, Jr.
“What counts in life is not the mere fact that we have lived. It is what difference we have made to the lives of others that will determine the significance of the life we lead.”
- Nelson Mandela
"You've got to go out on a limb sometimes because that's where the fruit is."
- Will Rogers
Testing The Waters A Water Quality WorkshopDane George
This document provides an overview of a water quality workshop hosted by the Sierra Club of Canada Atlantic Chapter. The workshop covers topics including watersheds, water quality parameters, monitoring strategies, and quality assurance/control procedures. It aims to educate participants on testing water quality and monitoring their local water resources.
Hydrofracturing and Its Impact on GroundwaterBrian Oram
2011 Private Well Symposium - The importance for Fixing Private Wells in Pennsylvania - The Marcellus Shale Factor-Concurrent Session 3: Hydrofracturing and Its Impact on Groundwater
An Assessment on Drinking Water Quality and Management in Kakamega Municipalitypaperpublications3
Abstract: Drinking water must be free from components which may adversely affect the human health. Such components include minerals, organic substances and disease causing microorganisms. A large portion of the population in urban areas in developing countries suffers from health problems associated with either lack of drinking water or due to the presence of microbiological contamination in water. This research was conducted in Kakamega municipality with a broad objective to conduct assessment of water quality and management in Kakamega municipality. The Specific objective was to determine the chemical water quality parameters in water and to evaluate the management practices on water in Kakamega municipality. Four water quality parameters; two physical and two chemical were tested from the samples collected for this research work. Sampling technique was purposive where water samples from water sources and distribution points in densely populated areas of Kakamega municipality were taken. Data collection instruments that were used included sterilized bottles to collect water, delivery to the laboratory within six (6) hours of collection for reliable results and data quality control was achieved through immediate entry in the pre-designed data form. According to the results pH values at all the sources and house connections are well within the WHO desirable limit of 6.50-8.0. The sample from Sichirai had a pH of 7.8 that was the highest as compared to an Isiukhu river that had 6.6 pH. The samples from Isiukhu river, Savona Island River, fishpond at bridge and Shikhambi spring showed more than 5 NTU. The researchers recommended for water surveillance in Kakamega municipality in order to ensure consumers have safe water free from agricultural and industrial chemical pollution.
Samples of water were collected from Lake Herrick and Parvo Pond and brought to the lab for E. coli analysis. The membrane filtration method was used to filter the samples and incubate the filters to count purple E. coli colonies. On average, E. coli levels were below the EPA limit, but spikes occurred during rainy events when runoff introduced more contaminants. Levels tended to be higher closer to sources of input like Parvo Pond and storm drains. The sources of contamination include wildlife, pets, stormwater runoff, and surrounding urban areas.
Detection Of Escherichia Coli, An Indicator Of Feacal Contamination, In Drink...IOSR Journals
The detection of Escherichia coli as an indicator of faucal contamination in drinking water sources in Amassoma town, a host Community of the Niger Delta University, Bayelsa State in the Niger Delta of Nigeria, was carried out to determine their suitability for drinking. Result obtained showed mean total coliform bacterial counts of 2.05 x103 cfu/ml for borehole water, 1.25x103 cfu/ml for well water and 1.0x103 for pipe borne water. The mean count of faecal coliform was 2.1x103 cfu/ml for borehole water, 4.5x10 cfu/ml for well water and 1.0x10 cfu/ml for pipe borne water. The faecal coliform identified was Escherichia coli. Sources of contamination were found to be septic tanks, waste dump sites and periodic flooding of the area, being a typical wetland environment. It was concluded that water from the different sources studied in Amassoma did not meet the world health Organization (WHO) standard for drinking water. This study has therefore shown the need for continuous monitoring of our water supply systems.
Calidad del agua para agricultura fao 29-ayers y westcot 1985-okiPIEDRON
This document provides guidelines for evaluating water quality for agricultural irrigation. It discusses four main water quality problems: salinity, infiltration rate, toxicity, and miscellaneous other issues. For each problem, the document describes guidelines for interpreting water quality data, potential impacts on crops, and management options. It provides water quality guidelines in tables and discusses experiences using various water qualities from different locations worldwide.
Water sampling, testing, and statistical applicationLester Rosario
This workshop covered water sampling, testing, and statistical analysis. It discussed the importance of clean drinking water and the process of treating water. The quality of water depends on environmental and human factors in the country it comes from, such as agriculture, urban areas, and waste management. The workshop demonstrated how to collect water samples, test them for E. coli and other bacteria, and use statistics software to analyze the results and compare bacterial levels between populated and unpopulated areas.
The document discusses a study analyzing the recreational water illness (RWI) prevention protocols of the City of Mesa Aquatics Division. It examines the division's administration, aquatic staff, and maintenance entities to evaluate if their prevention and sanitation measures meet CDC guidelines. Through interviews and reviewing documentation from each entity, it was found that while administration and maintenance meet standards, aquatic staff inconsistently complete required daily logs. The study concludes by recommending streamlining the staff documentation process and increasing education on its importance to improve compliance with RWI prevention protocols.
The document summarizes a quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) conducted to estimate the risk of sailors contracting a highly credible gastrointestinal illness during a one hour Olympic sailing race in Guanabara Bay, Rio de Janeiro. Guanabara Bay receives untreated sewage and trash from nearby favelas. The QMRA used exposure and dose-response models to estimate that the risk of illness for sailors was very low at 6.24999E-06. The analysis identified ingestion rates as the most sensitive variable and noted limitations in applying data from other regions. It recommended future risk mitigation through improved sewage treatment, trash collection, and educating local communities.
The document summarizes a study assessing the water quality of the Valapattanam River in Kerala, India using benthic macroinvertebrates as biological indicators. A total of 408 individuals from 20 genera and 14 families were collected from 5 stations along the river during 3 seasons. The downstream stations showed signs of moderate pollution, with tolerant species like Chironomus present. Water quality was found to be impacted by sewage and agriculture, reducing aquatic insect abundance. Biological water quality criteria were used to evaluate the stations, finding slight to moderate pollution depending on the season and location.
This document provides information about groundwater contamination at the Massachusetts Military Reservation (MMR) in Cape Cod, Massachusetts. It discusses the Air Force's efforts to investigate and treat 11 groundwater plumes and monitor additional areas through its Installation Restoration Program. While some exposure pathways have been eliminated by connecting residences to municipal water, the Air Force also tests private wells and ponds in the area for contamination. The primary health risk is from ingesting contaminated groundwater, but as long as exposure pathways are addressed, there is no risk to human health.
AbstractThis researchs main purpose is to analyze the cost incu.docxdaniahendric
Abstract
This research's main purpose is to analyze the cost incurred for the nitrate contamination in the drinking water. The study focuses on the detail investigation for the health effect because of contact of nitrates in the underground reserves at “San Joaquin Valley”. This report provides detail information about the far-reaching effect of this contamination on the environmental well-being and economic vitality. The major effect of this issue is one of the low-income populations and Spanish oriented residents. San Joaquin Valley is highly contaminated due to the existence of nitrate. It is observed that most of the Californian” always take it forgiven the potable water is easily accessible. San Joaquin Valley has many communicates and agriculture areas. This nitrate contamination has a strong impact on drinking water as well as agriculture land. It is also observed that the drinking water which is served in the homes and schools is also highly contaminated. This contamination has an adverse impact on the overall health of the population in San Joaquin Valley. At the same time, it will also affect the environment along with agriculture. The nitrate contamination is very high as it leads to bring lots of problems for the infants as well as the older population. The focus of this research is to develop the clean water by using the method of cleaning nitrate contamination the results from each method will be analyzed in order to provide the most relevant method. Introduction
My main interest in research is in “Environmental Engineering”. The reason behind the selection of this field is my interest, i want to provide my services in order to make the planet batter. There are many issues faced by the earth which are still not investigated. Water is one of the basic needs of people. But it is also the fact that many people are getting water even for their drinking purpose. A research conducted by Pacific Institute” titled “The Human Costs of Nitrate-Contaminated Drinking Water in San Joaquin Valley” provides several evidences for the nitrate contaminations in the consumable water. Alone in San Joaquin Valley, 63% of the individuals are not getting water for drinking purposes. The groundwater in San Joaquin Valley is extensively contaminated with nitrate. During recent times, most of the world has been subjected to contaminated drinking water. According to the research contrite by Harter that 63% of the water in the valley is not acceptable for the drinking. The water is not usable for drinking purposes as it containsa large amount of “Pesticides, Arsenic, Nitrate, and Uranium”. At the same time, the communities using this water are also facing lots of health issues.
The nitrate has been developed from the nitrogen compound which is excreted from the industries. Nowadays, industrial waste is one of the common issues faced by the environment. As the airborne nitrogen is given off from the industries as well as the automobile it leads to cause l ...
Water quality refers to the chemical, physical, and biological characteristics of water. It is determined by measuring various parameters and comparing them to standards for different intended uses like drinking water, recreation, agriculture, and ecosystem health. Assessing water quality involves understanding natural and human factors that can influence contaminant levels. Monitoring programs and technologies help evaluate water quality over time and inform policies to protect water resources and public health.
Introduction to Drinking Water Quality: A Layperson’s Guide to Water Quality,...lhirsh
Poor water quality is a global health crisis. Not everyone who must help remedy this monumental problem is a scientist, or policy maker, or water, sanitation and hygiene expert, or public health professional. However, everyone at every level must have some understanding of the subject and science behind it.
Our booklet provides basic information to help people make intelligent decisions about safe drinking water.
This document discusses the development of a web-based decision support system (DSS) for monitoring and predicting water quality parameters important for outdoor microalgae cultivation. The DSS allows users to monitor temperature and salinity in real-time and predicts future values of these parameters based on historical data using a K-nearest neighbors algorithm. Validation tests found the DSS could accurately forecast temperature and salinity 96.98% and 98.92% of the time respectively. The DSS notifies users when parameter levels rise or fall outside standard ranges and provides suggestions to maintain optimal water quality.
The document provides a water quality report card for streams in the Great Swamp Watershed. It acknowledges the efforts of volunteers and funders who supported water quality monitoring programs. Various water quality parameters are described, including how they impact aquatic life. Each of the major streams in the watershed is given grades for different parameters based on data collected in 2014. Primrose Brook and the upper reaches of Great Brook received the best grades overall, while Black Brook and the lower reaches of Great Brook showed the most impairment. Continued monitoring and improvement efforts are recommended.
This document discusses a study investigating land use and water quality in the Wilgerfontein Catchment in Edendale, South Africa via analysis of E. coli levels. The study aimed to assess E. coli levels at different points along the river, identify potential land uses associated with E. coli counts, and examine relationships between E. coli, temperature, and pH. Water samples were collected from 10 sites along the river and analyzed for E. coli, pH, and temperature. Results showed highest E. coli counts downstream with elevated levels of pH and temperature. The study concludes land use impacts water quality in the river.
Substantial reductions in faecal indicator bacteria loads were found after sewerage improvements in seven shellfish water catchments in England and Wales. Specifically:
1) Loads from key sewage treatment works that installed ultraviolet disinfection were reduced to ≤0.6% of total loads impacting shellfish waters.
2) Loads from intermittent discharges like combined sewer overflows that installed screens and increased storage were reduced to ≤7% of total loads assuming a 90% flow reduction.
3) Additional data is still needed to accurately characterize loads from agriculture and other sources to inform future interventions.
Summary and interpretation of monitoring data for synthetic pyrethroids in U....Jeremiah Wilson
Summary and interpretation of monitoring data for synthetic pyrethroids in U.S. surface water and sediment - Presentation for the 13th IUPAC International Congress of Pesticide Chemistry.
“Public services are never better performed than when their reward comes in consequence of their being performed, and is proportioned to the diligence employed in performing them.”
- Adam Smith
"If you stand up and be counted, from time to time you may get yourself knocked down. But remember this: A man flattened by an opponent can get up again. A man flattened by conformity stays down for good."
- Thomas J. Watson, Jr.
“What counts in life is not the mere fact that we have lived. It is what difference we have made to the lives of others that will determine the significance of the life we lead.”
- Nelson Mandela
"You've got to go out on a limb sometimes because that's where the fruit is."
- Will Rogers
Testing The Waters A Water Quality WorkshopDane George
This document provides an overview of a water quality workshop hosted by the Sierra Club of Canada Atlantic Chapter. The workshop covers topics including watersheds, water quality parameters, monitoring strategies, and quality assurance/control procedures. It aims to educate participants on testing water quality and monitoring their local water resources.
Hydrofracturing and Its Impact on GroundwaterBrian Oram
2011 Private Well Symposium - The importance for Fixing Private Wells in Pennsylvania - The Marcellus Shale Factor-Concurrent Session 3: Hydrofracturing and Its Impact on Groundwater
An Assessment on Drinking Water Quality and Management in Kakamega Municipalitypaperpublications3
Abstract: Drinking water must be free from components which may adversely affect the human health. Such components include minerals, organic substances and disease causing microorganisms. A large portion of the population in urban areas in developing countries suffers from health problems associated with either lack of drinking water or due to the presence of microbiological contamination in water. This research was conducted in Kakamega municipality with a broad objective to conduct assessment of water quality and management in Kakamega municipality. The Specific objective was to determine the chemical water quality parameters in water and to evaluate the management practices on water in Kakamega municipality. Four water quality parameters; two physical and two chemical were tested from the samples collected for this research work. Sampling technique was purposive where water samples from water sources and distribution points in densely populated areas of Kakamega municipality were taken. Data collection instruments that were used included sterilized bottles to collect water, delivery to the laboratory within six (6) hours of collection for reliable results and data quality control was achieved through immediate entry in the pre-designed data form. According to the results pH values at all the sources and house connections are well within the WHO desirable limit of 6.50-8.0. The sample from Sichirai had a pH of 7.8 that was the highest as compared to an Isiukhu river that had 6.6 pH. The samples from Isiukhu river, Savona Island River, fishpond at bridge and Shikhambi spring showed more than 5 NTU. The researchers recommended for water surveillance in Kakamega municipality in order to ensure consumers have safe water free from agricultural and industrial chemical pollution.
Samples of water were collected from Lake Herrick and Parvo Pond and brought to the lab for E. coli analysis. The membrane filtration method was used to filter the samples and incubate the filters to count purple E. coli colonies. On average, E. coli levels were below the EPA limit, but spikes occurred during rainy events when runoff introduced more contaminants. Levels tended to be higher closer to sources of input like Parvo Pond and storm drains. The sources of contamination include wildlife, pets, stormwater runoff, and surrounding urban areas.
Detection Of Escherichia Coli, An Indicator Of Feacal Contamination, In Drink...IOSR Journals
The detection of Escherichia coli as an indicator of faucal contamination in drinking water sources in Amassoma town, a host Community of the Niger Delta University, Bayelsa State in the Niger Delta of Nigeria, was carried out to determine their suitability for drinking. Result obtained showed mean total coliform bacterial counts of 2.05 x103 cfu/ml for borehole water, 1.25x103 cfu/ml for well water and 1.0x103 for pipe borne water. The mean count of faecal coliform was 2.1x103 cfu/ml for borehole water, 4.5x10 cfu/ml for well water and 1.0x10 cfu/ml for pipe borne water. The faecal coliform identified was Escherichia coli. Sources of contamination were found to be septic tanks, waste dump sites and periodic flooding of the area, being a typical wetland environment. It was concluded that water from the different sources studied in Amassoma did not meet the world health Organization (WHO) standard for drinking water. This study has therefore shown the need for continuous monitoring of our water supply systems.
Calidad del agua para agricultura fao 29-ayers y westcot 1985-okiPIEDRON
This document provides guidelines for evaluating water quality for agricultural irrigation. It discusses four main water quality problems: salinity, infiltration rate, toxicity, and miscellaneous other issues. For each problem, the document describes guidelines for interpreting water quality data, potential impacts on crops, and management options. It provides water quality guidelines in tables and discusses experiences using various water qualities from different locations worldwide.
Water sampling, testing, and statistical applicationLester Rosario
This workshop covered water sampling, testing, and statistical analysis. It discussed the importance of clean drinking water and the process of treating water. The quality of water depends on environmental and human factors in the country it comes from, such as agriculture, urban areas, and waste management. The workshop demonstrated how to collect water samples, test them for E. coli and other bacteria, and use statistics software to analyze the results and compare bacterial levels between populated and unpopulated areas.
The document discusses a study analyzing the recreational water illness (RWI) prevention protocols of the City of Mesa Aquatics Division. It examines the division's administration, aquatic staff, and maintenance entities to evaluate if their prevention and sanitation measures meet CDC guidelines. Through interviews and reviewing documentation from each entity, it was found that while administration and maintenance meet standards, aquatic staff inconsistently complete required daily logs. The study concludes by recommending streamlining the staff documentation process and increasing education on its importance to improve compliance with RWI prevention protocols.
The document summarizes a quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) conducted to estimate the risk of sailors contracting a highly credible gastrointestinal illness during a one hour Olympic sailing race in Guanabara Bay, Rio de Janeiro. Guanabara Bay receives untreated sewage and trash from nearby favelas. The QMRA used exposure and dose-response models to estimate that the risk of illness for sailors was very low at 6.24999E-06. The analysis identified ingestion rates as the most sensitive variable and noted limitations in applying data from other regions. It recommended future risk mitigation through improved sewage treatment, trash collection, and educating local communities.
The document summarizes a study assessing the water quality of the Valapattanam River in Kerala, India using benthic macroinvertebrates as biological indicators. A total of 408 individuals from 20 genera and 14 families were collected from 5 stations along the river during 3 seasons. The downstream stations showed signs of moderate pollution, with tolerant species like Chironomus present. Water quality was found to be impacted by sewage and agriculture, reducing aquatic insect abundance. Biological water quality criteria were used to evaluate the stations, finding slight to moderate pollution depending on the season and location.
This document provides information about groundwater contamination at the Massachusetts Military Reservation (MMR) in Cape Cod, Massachusetts. It discusses the Air Force's efforts to investigate and treat 11 groundwater plumes and monitor additional areas through its Installation Restoration Program. While some exposure pathways have been eliminated by connecting residences to municipal water, the Air Force also tests private wells and ponds in the area for contamination. The primary health risk is from ingesting contaminated groundwater, but as long as exposure pathways are addressed, there is no risk to human health.
AbstractThis researchs main purpose is to analyze the cost incu.docxdaniahendric
Abstract
This research's main purpose is to analyze the cost incurred for the nitrate contamination in the drinking water. The study focuses on the detail investigation for the health effect because of contact of nitrates in the underground reserves at “San Joaquin Valley”. This report provides detail information about the far-reaching effect of this contamination on the environmental well-being and economic vitality. The major effect of this issue is one of the low-income populations and Spanish oriented residents. San Joaquin Valley is highly contaminated due to the existence of nitrate. It is observed that most of the Californian” always take it forgiven the potable water is easily accessible. San Joaquin Valley has many communicates and agriculture areas. This nitrate contamination has a strong impact on drinking water as well as agriculture land. It is also observed that the drinking water which is served in the homes and schools is also highly contaminated. This contamination has an adverse impact on the overall health of the population in San Joaquin Valley. At the same time, it will also affect the environment along with agriculture. The nitrate contamination is very high as it leads to bring lots of problems for the infants as well as the older population. The focus of this research is to develop the clean water by using the method of cleaning nitrate contamination the results from each method will be analyzed in order to provide the most relevant method. Introduction
My main interest in research is in “Environmental Engineering”. The reason behind the selection of this field is my interest, i want to provide my services in order to make the planet batter. There are many issues faced by the earth which are still not investigated. Water is one of the basic needs of people. But it is also the fact that many people are getting water even for their drinking purpose. A research conducted by Pacific Institute” titled “The Human Costs of Nitrate-Contaminated Drinking Water in San Joaquin Valley” provides several evidences for the nitrate contaminations in the consumable water. Alone in San Joaquin Valley, 63% of the individuals are not getting water for drinking purposes. The groundwater in San Joaquin Valley is extensively contaminated with nitrate. During recent times, most of the world has been subjected to contaminated drinking water. According to the research contrite by Harter that 63% of the water in the valley is not acceptable for the drinking. The water is not usable for drinking purposes as it containsa large amount of “Pesticides, Arsenic, Nitrate, and Uranium”. At the same time, the communities using this water are also facing lots of health issues.
The nitrate has been developed from the nitrogen compound which is excreted from the industries. Nowadays, industrial waste is one of the common issues faced by the environment. As the airborne nitrogen is given off from the industries as well as the automobile it leads to cause l ...
Water quality refers to the chemical, physical, and biological characteristics of water. It is determined by measuring various parameters and comparing them to standards for different intended uses like drinking water, recreation, agriculture, and ecosystem health. Assessing water quality involves understanding natural and human factors that can influence contaminant levels. Monitoring programs and technologies help evaluate water quality over time and inform policies to protect water resources and public health.
Water quality refers to the physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of water relative to its intended uses. It is assessed using standards related to ecosystem health, human contact, and drinking water. Water quality depends on local geology, ecosystems, and human activities like pollution. Parameters vary based on intended uses like drinking, industry, or environmental uses. Maintaining appropriate water quality involves understanding water systems, identifying contaminants, and regulating pollution through legislation.
This document is a case study examining accessibility to water supply and waste disposal facilities in Oworonshoki slum area of Lagos, Nigeria. It finds that private individuals provide 64% of daily water while public provision is only 36%. The slum area faces serious problems with sanitation and hygiene due to lack of facilities and open defecation. The study evaluates accessibility and usefulness of water and waste services for improved living standards through surveys and analysis of the local population. Key issues identified include water scarcity, overflowing drains, infrequent waste collection contributing to unhygienic conditions and health risks for residents.
Water quality can be assessed through various physical, chemical, and biological indicators. It depends on factors like geology, ecosystem, and human activities. Standards are set based on intended uses like drinking, industrial, or environmental. Water is sampled and tested using on-site or laboratory methods to monitor these indicators. Maintaining adequate water quality is important for public health and ecosystem protection.
Safe Drinking Water Act How Safe is My Drinking WaterMichael Klein
The Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) is the main federal law that ensures the quality of Americans' drinking water. Under SDWA, EPA sets standards for drinking water quality and oversees the states, localities, and water suppliers who implement those standards. This presentation provides an overview of the SDWA.
Determinants of household water quality in the tamale metropolis, ghanaAlexander Decker
This study assessed factors influencing household water quality in Tamale, Ghana. Water samples were collected from 250 households and tested for contaminants. The results showed that 83% of samples tested positive for E. coli, and the majority had feacal coliform bacteria present. Water source, distance to source, and water storage practices were found to impact household water quality. Those fetching water from outside sources like public standpipes were less likely to have quality water compared to those with in-home sources. On-site water treatment is needed to ensure water safety for domestic use in Tamale.
This document discusses the increasing recognition of microorganisms in groundwater systems and their impact. It notes that groundwater microbiology is a newly developing field, as groundwater was long considered sterile. Microorganisms are now known to influence groundwater chemistry and the performance of wells. The document outlines some of the functions of microorganisms in groundwater, such as degrading pollutants and impacting water quality. It emphasizes that more understanding is needed of microbial communities and activities in groundwater systems to effectively manage this important water resource.
Environmental Monitoring Model of Health, Parasitological, And Colorimetric C...theijes
The sanitary quality of water was evaluated in two micro basins, Bacaxá and Capivari belonging to the Lakes Basin St. John in the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, for colimetric and parasitological analysis. Analyses were performed seasonally over a year and the levels of Escherichia coli were within the recommended only in the summer of 2012 and fall, and inappropriate with levels above recommended in winter, spring and summer of 2013 in both the micro basins. Through our observations, we compare the average values of the levels of total coliforms and Escherichia coli between both rivers. Initially, the samples indicate a similarity between the distributions of coliforms and Escherichia coli. However, Mann-Whitney-Wilcoxon test samples indicate that the distributions are different. In parasitological analysis it was observed that in Capivari was detected a greater presence of filarial larvae. Anthropogenic influences mainly by the presence of sewage is being able to compromise the health quality of the micro basins studied carrying a significant pollutant load to the Juturnaíba reservoir. The monitoring of the sanitary quality of the watersheds that supply the population may indicate when it is necessary to adopt more effective measures in the treatment of water supply of cities.
JBES| Water quality and socio-demographic assessment of Mahuganao Stream: inp...Innspub Net
Small as they may appear, headwater streams are very important because the health of the organism depends on that network of streams. The present study deals with the assessment of water quality of Mahuganao Stream, the socio-demographic and economic profile of residents living near the stream, the way they utilize the stream and how much waste they can produce. The analysis of the water samples collected was done in the laboratory to determine the Water Quality Index. Twelve (12) households were interviewed to elicit information on their socio-demographic and economic profile, how they utilize the stream and the amount of waste each household produces. Overall, Mahuganao stream is within the standard set by the agencies concerned such as DENR, PNSDW and USEPA. The socio-demographic profile of the community and its solid waste management is seen to be changing over time due to the fact that the median age at present is found to be within their late teens. There is a need to manage the stream as this group of people has the capacity to reproduce and could increase the anthropogenic activities and waste generation in the area.
Multiple Use of Surface Water Resources and Bacteria Colonization of Water Bo...Editor IJCATR
Water samples collected along the water courses of surface water sources of domestic water supply in Ezinihite Mbaise were analyzed for bacterial species inventory and total viable count (TVC) using the multiple test tube technique and colony counters. The surface waters covered include Ariam River and other tributaries that constitute the bulk of surface water resources in the area. Eight species of bacteria including E-coli, staphylococcus aureus, salmonella, and fecal streptococci among others were identified. Total viable counts gave alarming growth levels when compared o the standards as set by the world health organization (WHO). The microbial population explosion in the river is attributable to the multiple activities within and around the river also the uses including wash off from abattoirs carrying abattoir wastes directly into the river, domestic wastes dumped along the recharge path, others include in stream fermentation of food stuff and general laundry point for any for clothes, automobiles. All these make sufficiently available to enhance microbial growth. Surface water use should be monitored to ensure sustainability and proper management of watershed will control this trend of colonization of public water supply sources and in turn control the trends in water borne infections.
Influence of Anthropogenic Activities on Microbial and Nutrient Levels Along ...Douglas Anyona
1. The study assessed the influence of anthropogenic activities on nutrient and microbial levels along two tributaries (Amala and Nyangores) of the Mara River in Kenya.
2. Higher levels of total phosphorus were found along the Nyangores tributary compared to the Amala tributary. Sites within urban areas and with human/livestock contact had significantly higher nutrient and microbial levels.
3. The findings imply that the health of local communities relying on this water source for domestic use may be compromised. Regular monitoring, enforcement of environmental laws, public education and proper sewage disposal are recommended.
Biophysical Characteristics and the Anthropogenic Activities in San Roque Riv...YogeshIJTSRD
River provides essential various ecosystem goods and services that are essential for living organisms’ survival. As such, its quality must be maintained to ensure the healthy condition of the environment as well as the safety of the community. The study aimed to assess the biophysical characteristics and the anthropogenic activities in San Roque River, Northern Samar. It employed descriptive research combined with laboratory analysis and SPSS was employed to treat and analyze the data.The study revealed that the physico chemical characteristics of the water in San Roque River in terms of temperature, pH, TSS, TDS, and turbidity were within the DENR standards. However, the water of the river was highly contaminated with total coli forms and fecal coli forms. Likewise, the salinity was beyond from the standard that made the water of the river salty. T test revealed that the characteristics of water during high and low tides showed no significant differences. On the contrary. It has shown significant difference on water parameters in terms of temperature, pH, TSS, TDS, BOD, and DO between high tide and the standards. Likewise, pH, TSS, BOD, and DO have shown significant difference on low tide with the standards. It also revealed that there were anthropogenic activities and practices of the community living along the river that directly affect the water quality and condition of the river. Moreover, this also concludes that there were no significant relationships on the characteristics of the water and the anthropogenic activities. Lastly, the San Roque River was classified as Class D river at the time of the conduct of the study. This concludes that the river needed rehabilitation so that the potential uses of the river would be maximized which would redound to better benefits of the community. Elvin L. Jarito | Gerald T. Malabarbas "Biophysical Characteristics and the Anthropogenic Activities in San Roque River, Northern Samar" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-3 , April 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38775.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/other/38775/biophysical-characteristics-and-the-anthropogenic-activities-in-san-roque-river-northern-samar/elvin-l-jarito
The document discusses the precarious state of fresh water systems globally due to mismanagement, overuse, and climate change. It summarizes findings from the Global Water System Project that humans significantly impact water quantities through reservoirs, river and groundwater extraction, and pollution. Current increases in water use and impairment are unsustainable. The document calls for a strategic partnership between scientists, stakeholders, decision-makers, and the private sector to develop an evidence-based action plan around integrated and multidisciplinary water management that balances human and environmental needs through sustainable practices.
This study analyzed nutrient and bacterial concentrations in Bowne Park Pond over time. Algal blooms were previously observed, indicating potential eutrophication. Water samples were tested for nutrients and bacteria using various methods. Results showed high nutrient levels, likely due to surface runoff during heavy rainfall. Total coliform levels increased from 18 to 24 hours of incubation. Enterococcus levels remained relatively constant, suggesting it may be a more stable indicator of contamination than E. coli or total coliform. Future studies are needed to determine if the pond is prone to eutrophication, and if remedial actions are required to protect the marine habitat and public.
Monitoring the Occurrence of Microbes in a Wellhead Protection Area in an Agr...guestdd2f4b
The document summarizes research on characterizing microbial risks to municipal groundwater in an agricultural setting. The research aimed to: 1) assess temporal and spatial trends of microbes within a wellhead protection area, 2) assess factors controlling vulnerability of wells to microbial contamination compared to dissolved contaminants, and 3) examine how policy treats microbial risks to better characterize the risks. The research found consistent occurrences of microbes throughout the aquifer system, highest concentrations correlated with meltwater events, and microbes occurred infrequently in municipal wells even under vulnerable conditions.
Presentation on water supply system and sources in rural area14031907
The document discusses rural water supply and the importance of safe drinking water. It notes that over 30% of the rural population in developing countries lacks access to safe water. Traditionally, rural communities obtain water from unprotected sources like ponds, wells and rivers, which often leads to waterborne diseases. The document outlines some strategies for effective rural water supply, including selecting appropriate water sources and treatment methods tailored to local conditions. The goal is to provide access to basic water services while minimizing costs through community-based management approaches.
Epidemiological data and operational information about outbreaks is.pdfakashapparels
Epidemiological data and operational information about outbreaks is dynamic and changes
rapidly. You must develop a comprehensive Event Management System to manage critical
information about an outbreak (of your choice) within the Excel program that you have just
learned. This is one method to ensure accurate and timely communications between key public
health professionals and the community.
Choose from any one of the fields below.
Features of the data management system you create should include:
Solution
Case Management-
Businesses and agencies in long-term relationships with their customers, citizens or subscribers
will be judged by the accuracy of the records they hold, the consistency of the communications
that take place, and the speed, efficiency and fairness with which each case, claim or contract is
processed.
Delivery of customer service against these priorities has never been more challenging.
Customers are more mobile in their addresses, jobs and family relationships. Communications
channels seem to multiply overnight, with customers switching between them at will. Corporate
messaging demands multi-channel distribution with increasing amounts of personalization.
Mergers and acquisitions create multiple silos of customer-related data to be seamlessly joined.
And products, business rules and government regulations change with alarming frequency.
Against this backdrop, the demands on the IT systems to support smooth, efficient and integrated
delivery are considerable, particularly where case-orientated transactions are involved.
Emergency Response-
Environmental emergencies are incidents or events that threaten public safety, health, and
welfare and include hurricanes, floods, wildfires, industrial plant explosions, chemical spills, acts
of terrorism, and others. While these events range in size, location, cause, and effect, most have
an environmental component. Emergency response is the organizing, coordinating, and directing
of available resources in order to respond to the event and bring the emergency under control.
The goal of this coordinated response is to protect public health by minimizing the impact of the
event on the community and the environment.
An emergency response plan must provide the resources and information needed to evaluate the
human and environmental health impacts of the event, assess and reduce human exposures to
contaminants, and develop science-based strategies for remediation and rebuilding. One example
is the immediate response of NIEHS and other government agencies to the devastation and
hardship caused by Hurricane Katrina. This included the establishment of a field hospital in
Mississippi to meet the immediate health needs of the hurricane victims, as well as the
development of a Geographic Information System to plot the locations of chemical plants,
refineries, Superfund clean-up sites, and other potential hot spots of contamination where
flooding occurred.
Safe Drinking Water-
There are many types o.
This document discusses establishing monitoring systems in streams and rivers. It covers defining streams and rivers and their importance as a water source. Monitoring can be done for research purposes to study aspects of hydrology and water quality, or for practical purposes to monitor impacts from projects. The document discusses common concerns to monitor like nutrient pollution, algal blooms, turbidity, and eutrophication. It also covers measuring streamflow, typical monitoring systems, data management, and recommended equipment for monitoring streams and rivers.
This document discusses potential methods for the University of California Santa Cruz to improve water conservation. It focuses on capturing and reusing greywater from residential areas on campus. While reusing greywater could save UCSC money by reducing potable water usage, there are significant health, cost, and logistical challenges. Implementing infrastructure for greywater capture, treatment, storage and distribution would be extremely expensive. Additionally, safely removing all pathogens from greywater for non-potable reuse would be difficult. Due to these obstacles, reusing residential greywater is likely not a cost-effective or feasible conservation method for UCSC.
Similar to Proposal angelica m. gonzalez (written) (20)
This document discusses a workshop on classifying Mycobacteriophages isolated from Puerto Rican soils using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and primer design. PCR is a technique used to amplify specific DNA sequences based on primer binding. It requires Taq polymerase, DNA primers, nucleotide triphosphates, a DNA template, and a thermocycler. The steps of PCR are denaturation, annealing of primers, and extension. Primers are short DNA sequences designed to bind to a target region and should be 17-28 bases long with a 50-60% GC content. Primer design considerations include length, melting temperature, and preventing primer dimers.
Angélica González Sánchez is seeking a research internship to develop her skills as a forming researcher. She is pursuing a Bachelor's degree in Natural Sciences with a concentration in Chemistry from the University of Puerto Rico in Cayey. She has a history of academic excellence, including graduating with honors and receiving awards for her achievements. She is involved in extracurricular activities like the Chemistry Circle and seeks to contribute significantly to research.
This creative writing assignment tells the story of a revolution through poetic language. Troops stand ready to defend their site from an imminent attack by an opponent hidden from view. When the lines overlap in battle, flaws emerge - the soldiers' lives are short and they cannot last under the confusion and exhaustion. Defeat leads the minds behind the revolution to develop new ambitious strategies. They learn not to waste all their forces at once but to target objectives and release troops sequentially as the enemy weakens. By outlining tasks, increasing skills, and forming alliances, the revolution is liberated from its former routine. The insightful minds behind the new strategies cannot stop their enterprise and more battles are yet to be fought to disrupt the cores of command
1) The author has had a lifelong interest in science stemming from observing nature as a child and asking questions that led her to appreciate the power of books and learning.
2) During her undergraduate studies, she discovered a passion for research through a program that helped her present a proposal and write a review paper, solidifying her interest in biochemistry.
3) The author is particularly interested in researching topics related to cancer and endocrinology due to personal experiences and their societal importance, such as obesity, diabetes, and breast cancer. She hopes to pursue a PhD in biochemistry or related fields and contribute to scientific understanding of conditions that greatly impact people's lives.
In silico discovery of dna methyltransferase inhibitors (1)angelicagonzalez10
1) The document describes an in silico study to identify potential inhibitors of DNA methyltransferase (DNMT1) using pharmacophore modeling.
2) Two pharmacophore models were generated based on features of compounds previously shown to bind DNMT1. These models were used to screen a database of compounds.
3) A total of 182 compounds were identified with predicted binding energies over -9.7 kcal/mol to DNMT1. The results provide support for further refinement of the pharmacophore models and experimental testing of top compounds.
In silico discovery of dna methyltransferase inhibitors 05 05 (1) (1)angelicagonzalez10
This document summarizes an in silico study to identify potential inhibitors of DNA methyltransferase (DNMT1) through pharmacophore modeling and molecular docking. Two pharmacophore models were generated and used to screen over 150,000 compounds, identifying 182 potential hits with binding energies below -9.7 kcal/mol. The top 25 compounds predicted by one model had binding energies ranging from -10.5 to -10.1 kcal/mol. Future work will involve testing the top compounds in a bioassay and potentially refining the pharmacophore models.
This document discusses preparing a receptor/target for docking simulations by cleaning a protein, setting a grid configuration file, and running Vina docking with benzenes. It also mentions converting and separating benzenes for use in a molecular model.
The document summarizes an experiment that aimed to classify Mycobacteriophages found in Puerto Rican soil into genomic clusters. PCR with cluster-specific primers was used to amplify DNA from isolated Mycobacteriophages. Gel electrophoresis showed that one phage belonged to cluster B2, while others showed uncertain or no results. Technical issues affected some results. Classifying phages into clusters allows comparison to known viruses and contributes to research on these important bacteria-infecting viruses.
This document summarizes two laboratory assignments. The first assignment focused on nanotechnology and electron microscopy. Students learned about nanotechnology instrumentation and observed an electron microscope. They saw how electron microscopy can provide high magnification but image quality depends on charge. The second assignment covered water sampling, testing, and statistical analysis. Students analyzed water samples from local rivers to determine nitrate concentration using colorimetry. They found low nitrate levels, indicating the water source did not receive much agricultural or septic runoff. Both statistical analysis and chemical water testing were useful for science and provided information on water safety for human consumption.
This document contains summaries of three laboratory assignments:
1) A column chromatography laboratory that taught protein isolation techniques and showed lysozyme purification.
2) A neurobiology workshop that covered the nervous system, neurons, and included a sheep brain dissection.
3) An in-silico drug design workshop where students identified benzene clusters that could bind to and inhibit the HIV protease protein.
In the first paragraph, the student learned about various microscopy techniques including sample mounting, photomicrography, and the applications of microscopy in studying microorganisms and diseases. The student took microscopic photos of organisms and presented them to classmates.
In the second paragraph, the student practiced measuring liquids with micropipettes and learned aseptic techniques. They observed bacteria slides, made bacteria cultures, and prepared microscope slides.
In the third paragraph, the student attended a workshop on translational medicine covering topics from DNA to proteins and cancer. They extracted their own DNA and observed DNA and proteins through various techniques like PCR and electrophoresis. The workshop provided relevant applications and implications for biomedical research.
The student was assigned to take photomicrographs of a moth specimen for a biology lab course. They placed the moth under a stereomicroscope using the whole mount technique and reflected light. They adjusted the light and focus, magnified the image as desired, and took several pictures. The objective was to practice microscopy techniques and document the assigned organism.
This document contains annotations for three bibliographic sources on the topic of curcumin and its effects on colitis. The first source demonstrates curcumin's therapeutic properties in inhibiting inflammation in murine colitis models by suppressing pro-inflammatory cytokines and promoting anti-inflammatory ones. The second source assesses curcumin's effects in reducing inflammation markers and inhibiting NF-kB in a mouse colitis model. The third source presents an experiment showing that a cyclodextrin complex of curcumin increases its solubility and demonstrates its anti-inflammatory effects in rats with colitis.
The student wrote a letter thanking the administrators of the RISE program for their support during the fall semester. She took a course on scientific literature that improved her skills in reading research papers, writing annotated bibliographies, and presenting. She also attended seminars that inspired her career goals and helped her prepare for a summer research internship. The various workshops encouraged her to pursue a Ph.D. The experiences through RISE have helped her academically and professionally by teaching scientific concepts and connecting her with experts, motivating her continued research. She looks forward to learning more lab and research methods to be better prepared for future opportunities.
The document summarizes a seminar on intellectual property given by Dr. Roberto Zayas. Dr. Zayas defined intellectual property, which includes trademarks, copyrights, trade secrets, and patents. Patents grant the right to exclude others from using an invention for a period of time in exchange for publicly disclosing the invention. The seminar also discussed the patent process and requirements, as well as debates around what types of scientific discoveries should be patentable. While patents can promote innovation by rewarding inventors, others argue they slow scientific progress. The student found the seminar productive for learning about the implications of patenting in science.
The document summarizes a seminar presentation about research into identifying metabolite biomarkers that could enable earlier detection of recurrent breast cancer. The research examined blood samples from patients using analytical chemistry techniques like NMR and GC×GC-MS to profile metabolites. This resulted in identifying 11 potential metabolite biomarkers for recurrent breast cancer that require further validation. The topic is significant as early detection of recurrence could help given breast cancer recurrence has increased in recent decades, and biomarkers may help with early detection of other cancers as well.
The document summarizes a seminar on proteomic biomarker discovery presented by a PhD candidate. The seminar discussed using proteomics and mass spectrometry techniques like characterizing phosphorylated peptides to study protein structure and function for disease biomarker discovery. It described the typical shotgun proteomics process of obtaining samples, digesting proteins, separating peptides by liquid chromatography, analyzing via mass spectrometry, and comparing to databases to identify potential biomarkers. However, this approach often identifies too many proteins, making validation lengthy and biomarker specificity uncertain. Newer approaches combine tissue and plasma samples or use experimental designs to detect protein bioactivity in an effort to improve the biomarker discovery process.
1) A student attended a seminar given by an MD/PhD student about cancer stem cells in brain tumors.
2) The speaker explained that brain tumors like glioblastoma multiforme contain rare stem-like cancer cells that are resistant to chemotherapy and radiation.
3) These "cancer stem cells" are thought to be responsible for tumor metastasis and recurrence, so studying them could help improve brain tumor treatment.
Curcumin, a compound in turmeric, has shown potential therapeutic effects for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) by regulating molecules involved in the body's stress response. Studies in rat models of IBD found that curcumin reduced inflammation in intestinal tissues and improved outcomes like survival and weight gain. It is thought to work by binding to proteins and enzymes that control immune response pathways, which are deregulated in IBD and cause excessive inflammation. However, more research is still needed to fully understand curcumin's mechanisms of action, establish safe dosages, and improve its absorption in the body to prove it as a viable treatment alternative for IBD.
This review paper presentation summarizes inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and the potential anti-inflammatory effects of curcumin. IBD causes severe inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract and is linked to genetic, environmental, and immunological factors. Curcumin is a compound obtained from turmeric that has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Studies show curcumin may decrease inflammation in the intestines for IBD by regulating molecules involved in the immune response and stress pathways. However, more research is still needed to fully understand curcumin's effects on IBD as not all studies have found impacts on the same molecules.
Pushing the limits of ePRTC: 100ns holdover for 100 daysAdtran
At WSTS 2024, Alon Stern explored the topic of parametric holdover and explained how recent research findings can be implemented in real-world PNT networks to achieve 100 nanoseconds of accuracy for up to 100 days.
TrustArc Webinar - 2024 Global Privacy SurveyTrustArc
How does your privacy program stack up against your peers? What challenges are privacy teams tackling and prioritizing in 2024?
In the fifth annual Global Privacy Benchmarks Survey, we asked over 1,800 global privacy professionals and business executives to share their perspectives on the current state of privacy inside and outside of their organizations. This year’s report focused on emerging areas of importance for privacy and compliance professionals, including considerations and implications of Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies, building brand trust, and different approaches for achieving higher privacy competence scores.
See how organizational priorities and strategic approaches to data security and privacy are evolving around the globe.
This webinar will review:
- The top 10 privacy insights from the fifth annual Global Privacy Benchmarks Survey
- The top challenges for privacy leaders, practitioners, and organizations in 2024
- Key themes to consider in developing and maintaining your privacy program
Unlock the Future of Search with MongoDB Atlas_ Vector Search Unleashed.pdfMalak Abu Hammad
Discover how MongoDB Atlas and vector search technology can revolutionize your application's search capabilities. This comprehensive presentation covers:
* What is Vector Search?
* Importance and benefits of vector search
* Practical use cases across various industries
* Step-by-step implementation guide
* Live demos with code snippets
* Enhancing LLM capabilities with vector search
* Best practices and optimization strategies
Perfect for developers, AI enthusiasts, and tech leaders. Learn how to leverage MongoDB Atlas to deliver highly relevant, context-aware search results, transforming your data retrieval process. Stay ahead in tech innovation and maximize the potential of your applications.
#MongoDB #VectorSearch #AI #SemanticSearch #TechInnovation #DataScience #LLM #MachineLearning #SearchTechnology
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 5DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 5. In this session, we will cover CI/CD with devops.
Topics covered:
CI/CD with in UiPath
End-to-end overview of CI/CD pipeline with Azure devops
Speaker:
Lyndsey Byblow, Test Suite Sales Engineer @ UiPath, Inc.
“An Outlook of the Ongoing and Future Relationship between Blockchain Technologies and Process-aware Information Systems.” Invited talk at the joint workshop on Blockchain for Information Systems (BC4IS) and Blockchain for Trusted Data Sharing (B4TDS), co-located with with the 36th International Conference on Advanced Information Systems Engineering (CAiSE), 3 June 2024, Limassol, Cyprus.
Building Production Ready Search Pipelines with Spark and MilvusZilliz
Spark is the widely used ETL tool for processing, indexing and ingesting data to serving stack for search. Milvus is the production-ready open-source vector database. In this talk we will show how to use Spark to process unstructured data to extract vector representations, and push the vectors to Milvus vector database for search serving.
Why You Should Replace Windows 11 with Nitrux Linux 3.5.0 for enhanced perfor...SOFTTECHHUB
The choice of an operating system plays a pivotal role in shaping our computing experience. For decades, Microsoft's Windows has dominated the market, offering a familiar and widely adopted platform for personal and professional use. However, as technological advancements continue to push the boundaries of innovation, alternative operating systems have emerged, challenging the status quo and offering users a fresh perspective on computing.
One such alternative that has garnered significant attention and acclaim is Nitrux Linux 3.5.0, a sleek, powerful, and user-friendly Linux distribution that promises to redefine the way we interact with our devices. With its focus on performance, security, and customization, Nitrux Linux presents a compelling case for those seeking to break free from the constraints of proprietary software and embrace the freedom and flexibility of open-source computing.
Essentials of Automations: The Art of Triggers and Actions in FMESafe Software
In this second installment of our Essentials of Automations webinar series, we’ll explore the landscape of triggers and actions, guiding you through the nuances of authoring and adapting workspaces for seamless automations. Gain an understanding of the full spectrum of triggers and actions available in FME, empowering you to enhance your workspaces for efficient automation.
We’ll kick things off by showcasing the most commonly used event-based triggers, introducing you to various automation workflows like manual triggers, schedules, directory watchers, and more. Plus, see how these elements play out in real scenarios.
Whether you’re tweaking your current setup or building from the ground up, this session will arm you with the tools and insights needed to transform your FME usage into a powerhouse of productivity. Join us to discover effective strategies that simplify complex processes, enhancing your productivity and transforming your data management practices with FME. Let’s turn complexity into clarity and make your workspaces work wonders!
Full-RAG: A modern architecture for hyper-personalizationZilliz
Mike Del Balso, CEO & Co-Founder at Tecton, presents "Full RAG," a novel approach to AI recommendation systems, aiming to push beyond the limitations of traditional models through a deep integration of contextual insights and real-time data, leveraging the Retrieval-Augmented Generation architecture. This talk will outline Full RAG's potential to significantly enhance personalization, address engineering challenges such as data management and model training, and introduce data enrichment with reranking as a key solution. Attendees will gain crucial insights into the importance of hyperpersonalization in AI, the capabilities of Full RAG for advanced personalization, and strategies for managing complex data integrations for deploying cutting-edge AI solutions.
Threats to mobile devices are more prevalent and increasing in scope and complexity. Users of mobile devices desire to take full advantage of the features
available on those devices, but many of the features provide convenience and capability but sacrifice security. This best practices guide outlines steps the users can take to better protect personal devices and information.
HCL Notes and Domino License Cost Reduction in the World of DLAUpanagenda
Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-and-domino-license-cost-reduction-in-the-world-of-dlau/
The introduction of DLAU and the CCB & CCX licensing model caused quite a stir in the HCL community. As a Notes and Domino customer, you may have faced challenges with unexpected user counts and license costs. You probably have questions on how this new licensing approach works and how to benefit from it. Most importantly, you likely have budget constraints and want to save money where possible. Don’t worry, we can help with all of this!
We’ll show you how to fix common misconfigurations that cause higher-than-expected user counts, and how to identify accounts which you can deactivate to save money. There are also frequent patterns that can cause unnecessary cost, like using a person document instead of a mail-in for shared mailboxes. We’ll provide examples and solutions for those as well. And naturally we’ll explain the new licensing model.
Join HCL Ambassador Marc Thomas in this webinar with a special guest appearance from Franz Walder. It will give you the tools and know-how to stay on top of what is going on with Domino licensing. You will be able lower your cost through an optimized configuration and keep it low going forward.
These topics will be covered
- Reducing license cost by finding and fixing misconfigurations and superfluous accounts
- How do CCB and CCX licenses really work?
- Understanding the DLAU tool and how to best utilize it
- Tips for common problem areas, like team mailboxes, functional/test users, etc
- Practical examples and best practices to implement right away
Cosa hanno in comune un mattoncino Lego e la backdoor XZ?Speck&Tech
ABSTRACT: A prima vista, un mattoncino Lego e la backdoor XZ potrebbero avere in comune il fatto di essere entrambi blocchi di costruzione, o dipendenze di progetti creativi e software. La realtà è che un mattoncino Lego e il caso della backdoor XZ hanno molto di più di tutto ciò in comune.
Partecipate alla presentazione per immergervi in una storia di interoperabilità, standard e formati aperti, per poi discutere del ruolo importante che i contributori hanno in una comunità open source sostenibile.
BIO: Sostenitrice del software libero e dei formati standard e aperti. È stata un membro attivo dei progetti Fedora e openSUSE e ha co-fondato l'Associazione LibreItalia dove è stata coinvolta in diversi eventi, migrazioni e formazione relativi a LibreOffice. In precedenza ha lavorato a migrazioni e corsi di formazione su LibreOffice per diverse amministrazioni pubbliche e privati. Da gennaio 2020 lavora in SUSE come Software Release Engineer per Uyuni e SUSE Manager e quando non segue la sua passione per i computer e per Geeko coltiva la sua curiosità per l'astronomia (da cui deriva il suo nickname deneb_alpha).
2. Title
Analysis of the direct bacteriological contamination of the superficial and underground water
bodies of the San Salvador neighborhood in Caguas and its implications on the community water
systems.
Abstract
Most of the water used by the population of Puerto Rico (97%) comes from the Water
and Sewage Authority. However, the rest of the population (3%) acquires their water from
community water systems which obtain it from water bodies near the community and on which
the residents themselves build systems to distribute the water. Many of these community water
systems haven’t been examined by the agencies in charge of this and many of the ones that have
been inspected have shown deficiencies because of the lack of economic resources, the
disinformation of the communities on the established parameters for the conservation of tap
water, for the construction of water and septic systems and for the disposal of used waters, and
because of the lack of knowledge of the residents on the protocols for the good constructing,
processing and maintenance of water systems. Because of all these factors, this investigation
infers that the water from the water bodies that serve community water systems is contaminated
by human means, especially by fecal contamination developed from the percolation of septic
tanks. To determine with certainty all of this, the San Salvador neighborhood from Caguas,
Puerto Rico has been chosen to study the community water systems, which are known to be used
in the area, the septic systems and the presence of bacteriological pollution in the water bodies of
the zone. This inquire will also treat the health and legal implications of the construction and
3. maintenance of these water systems by analyzing bacteria in the water of the area and checking if
the results have any relationship with diseases derived from those bacteria and by researching the
established parameters for these water systems and comparing them with the qualitative evidence
on the systems of this community. This research also implies the participation of the community
in interviews and, lastly, in orientations about the results of the study. After this research, it is
expected to conclude that in the San Salvador neighborhood there are certain violations to the
federal and state regulations on tap and used water, which result from ignorance of the topic and
which cause the bacteriological contamination of water along with the spread of diseases related
to those bacteria.
4. Introduction
In Puerto Rico, 97% of the population receives their water resource from the Water and
Sewage Authority. The other 3% of the population (approximately 125, 000 persons) obtains
their water from community water systems, which, as their name says, are operated by the
residents of the community themselves (EPA, 2001). These community water systems can be
classified on superficial or underground, according to the source of the water. As studied by the
Water and Sewage Authority of Puerto Rico in 2004 (AAA, 2004) there are about 239 superficial
and underground community water systems in our Island. About 41% of these 239 community
water systems do not reach the bacteriological parameters established by the Department of
Health of Puerto Rico, the Environmental Quality Board of Puerto Rico, the Water and Sewage
Authority or by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) under the National Primary
Regulation on Tap Water (EPA, 2003). As several studies from these agencies expose, this may
be because of the insufficient amount of trustable epidemiologic information, the poor
economical resources invested on the construction and maintenance of these community water
systems, the scarce education of the people who administrate these systems, the lack of the
required filtration methods on most of them and by the construction deficiencies of old-
uninspected septic tanks which allow percolations. It can be said by this that this is a multisource
problem.
Because of all these, it has been decided to investigate the real conditions of the water of one
of these community water systems. The chosen community water system is located in the San
Salvador neighborhood in Caguas Puerto Rico. San Salvador neighborhood borders in the North
with Borinquen neighborhood and in the South with the Municipalities of Cayey and San
Lorenzo. This vicinity has a population of 3,272 habitants distributed in about 1,133 houses
5. (Census Bureau, 2000). The exact number of people of this area who use community water
systems is not certainly known, but that’s why it is one of the objectives of this research. Since
this is a rural community which was founded several decades ago, it is not so updated with the
required parameters and technology for the treatment of tap water and for the disposal of used
water. Many of the employed water of this area is disposed on septic tanks or flows through the
ditches, landing ultimately on the water bodies and the soil of the area as percolation. That way,
both the superficial and the underground water result affected. This can have a direct effect on
the population because it can be a medium of reproduction and transmition of microorganisms
some of which may be pathogenic. The diseases that these pathogenic agents cause are called
water diseases because they are mostly transmitted by the consumption of contaminated water.
According to the Health Department of Puerto Rico, (Departamento de Salud de Puerto Rico,
2008) the most common water diseases are: diarrhea, vomits, fever, respiratory infections,
urinary infections, meningitis, between others. Most of these are caused by protozoans such as
Cryptosporidium parvum, by bacteria such as Salmonella, Shigella, Klebsiella, Enterobacter,
Citrobacter, by viruses such as Group A Rotavirus or by parasites such as Giardias and
Amoebas. Most of these microorganisms are very hard to detect because of the small amounts of
them that are typically found on samples, but by detecting the presence of a specific bacteria we
can determine the presence of these. E. coli is a bacterium from the coliform group and it is used
as an indicator of fecal contamination because its incidence reveals the existence of other
microorganisms which can be pathogenic. It is also a well known and studied bacterium and
most of its commonly found strains are non-pathogenic. That’s why it is mostly used in the water
quality tests. However, the absence of these bacteria does not necessarily exclude contamination
of water with protozoa or virus.
6. Because of the geological and public health implications of the contamination of water in the
community water systems of the San Salvador neighborhood explained above, it has been
decided to propose the making of this investigation. By means of it, it is intended to investigate
about the established parameters for the conservation of tap water, and also about its concern and
observance in the area. On the other hand, it is deliberated to make some fieldwork to inspect
exactly how many community water systems are in the area and how many residents of the
neighborhood use water from them. It is also proposed to evaluate the condition, the given
permits and the maintenance of the community water and septic systems in the vicinity of San
Salvador to determine if they are a potential risk in the quality of both superficial and
underground water of the zone. To do this, it is planned to compare the construction of the
community’s septic tanks with the regulations of the Individual System of Residual Water
Disposition, as established by the Administration of Regulations and Permits of Puerto Rico
(ARPE) in the Edification Guideline.
After making this research, it is projected to determine if there are found bacteriological
pollutants from the coliform group in the underground and superficial water bodies of the San
Salvador neighborhood in Caguas. Because of the health issues related to the presence of such
microbes in water, it is also intended to analyze the existence and the recurrence, if any, of
diseases related to these bacteriological pollutants in the residents of the studied community.
Finally, after all this investigation and analysis has been made, the main objective of it is to raise
awareness about the regulations for the conservation of tap water by orienting the residents of the
area and publishing the results.
During this investigation it is expected to find out that the community water systems of
the San Salvador neighborhood from Caguas are being polluted by human means and, therefore,
7. have the presence of bacteriological pollutants which will have a direct effect on the health of
people who use the water from them without decontaminating it first.
8. Methodology
For this investigation, it is intended to study the community water systems of the San
Salvador neighborhood in Caguas because it is known that there are several families that live in
it and use the water from these kind of systems. These systems haven’t necessarily been
inspected or studied before and there is no certainty on the quality of the water in them because
of the percolations from septic tanks and from other human activities, because of the insufficient
amount of trustable epidemiologic information and because of the poor economical resources
invested on the construction and maintenance of them.
To reach the objectives of this research, there are several steps that have to be done. First, it
would be needed to research about the established parameters for the conservation of tap water in
Puerto Rico, mainly about the community water systems, the septic tanks and their use and
observance in the studied zone. This will be completed by visiting the agencies in charge of these
topics in Puerto Rico, such as the Environmental Quality Board (JCA), the Water and Sewage
Authority (AAA), the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the Health Department and the
Administration of Regulations and Permits of Puerto Rico (ARPE). It will also be done by
visiting and interviewing the residents of the San Salvador neighborhood to ask them about their
use of the community water systems, the construction of them and of the septic tanks. We will
also inquire about the permissions they have processed for them, if any. This way we will be
able to compare the existent evidence with the instituted regulations.
The next step on this investigation, in order to achieve the goals of it, would be to take
samples and analyze both the underground and superficial water bodies of the studied zone to
determine the presence of bacteriological pollutants. This will be done during a year by taking
9. about five samples monthly (of about 2ml each) of every of the water bodies found in the San
Salvador community (to have at least 60 samples of each water body after twelve months). After
taking each sample, they will be stored in a portable refrigerator until taken to a laboratory where
it should be analyzed. Then, the PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) will be used to detect the
existence of the most common fecal contamination indicator bacteria, called Escherichia coli. By
the PCR procedure trace amounts of DNA can be quickly and repeatedly copied to produce a
quantity sufficient to investigate using traditional laboratory methods (Reece, Urry, et. al., 2011).
This procedure will be used because it is a very sensitive method for the detection of genes from
these bacteria from the small quantities of them that will supposedly be found and because it will
help to analyze the samples in a relatively conventional way.
The PCR procedure implies several steps. First the samples must be purified by a few
protocols, which include centrifuging, adding Lysis solution and removing the cellular trash.
After all the protocol is done, we will keep only the chromosomal DNA that we want to study.
Then, we will prepare the final sample for the PCR by adding a primer solution specific for the
E. coli DNA and the processed sample to a PCR tube which has Taq polymerase, dNTPs
(nucleotides), Mg² and a buffer, which allow the amplification of the DNA to occur. Then, the
purified chromosomal DNA sample must be amplified by putting it in the Thermocycler and
adjusting it to make a 3 stage cycle which consists of: denaturation, which separates de DNA
strands and occurs at 95°C, annealing, which grips the primers to the DNA strands by allowing
them to form hydrogen bonds with the ends of the target sequence and occurs at 50°C, and
finally, elongation, where the DNA strands duplicate and elongate because the DNA polymerase
(Taq polymerase, in this case) adds nucleotides to the 3’ end of each primer at a temperature of
10. 72°C. This cycle is repeated for an average of 35 times. The whole amplification process can
take about 2 hours.
After the PCR procedure, electrophoresis must be done so that we will be able to perceive
if there is actually the presence of E. coli in the sample. The electrophoresis shows the amplified
genes by presenting bars. This process is made in an agarose matrix which has ethidium
bromide, a chemical compound that intertwines with the DNA strands and fluoresces. The matrix
also has a buffer (TBE or TAB) which provides the electrolytes (ions) so that the applied
electrical current (usually 90 to 100 Volts) can pass the matrix. There are also some wells in the
matrix on which the DNA samples are going to be put. Before putting the samples in the wells,
they have to be tinted with a loading dye which will also give weight to the sample, preventing it
from getting out of the course. Also, we have to make sure that the wells are aligned with the
negative charge source because that way, the DNA strands (which have a negative charge) will
be attracted to the opposite positive side of the matrix and, therefore will extend to it according
to their molecular weight, allowing us to determine the presence or absence of the studied DNA,
in this case the one from E. coli. Along with the strands, in the first two wells, two molecular
weight markers will be put to compare the molecular weight of the studied genes with the one of
a known gene. After carefully putting the markers and the DNA samples in the wells with the
help of a micropipette, the electrophoresis chamber must be turned on and watched for 45
minutes. After that, the agarose matrix should be put under an ultra violet light and observed for
the results of the presence of amplified genes. The markers will surely show constant bars which
indicate comparative amounts of molecular weight (in kb). If the samples result positive to the E.
coli gene they will show wide and consistently dark bars, if the sample results slightly positive to
the gene (have a little amount of the gene) they will show lighter and slimmer bars, finally, if the
11. samples show no bars at all it will mean that they have resulted to be negative to the presence of
the E. coli gene.
All of these simple laboratory methods will allow us to determine if the water is
contaminated with bacteriological pollutants because the presence of E. coli indicates the
presence of other prejudicial microorganisms.
After making sure of the presence or the absence of bacteriological pollutants, it is
proposed to investigate the relationship between the bacteriological pollutants present in the
water of San Salvador neighborhood and the occurrence or recurrence, if any, of infectious
diseases derived from these. This will be done by making interviews to the residents of the zone
and asking them about how they process and use their water, if it comes from a community water
system and if they have gotten any of the symptoms of the water diseases described in the
introduction after drinking water from the community water systems.
The last step on this investigation is one of the most important ones because it is the one
that allows the people of the community to know about the results of this research. It will consist
on orientations in the community centers, the handling of informative brochures and
personalized orientations in each of the houses of the neighborhood and on publications in the
regional newspapers. This way the residents of the San Salvador neighborhood will get educated
about the established parameter for the conservation of tap water, the regulations for the disposal
of used waters and for septic tanks and about the results of the analysis of the water they
consume. Therefore, they will get informed, will have the tools to correct any violations to the
regulations that they may have and will make sure that in the future the quality of the water they
are consuming is acceptable. On this step, it is also planned to publish the results in scientific
12. magazines as well as to report the outcomes to the Government’s Agencies in charge of water
conservation, such as the Water and Sewage Authority, so that they can help in the process of
keeping the quality of the water of the studied community. This will also increase consciousness
about the conditions of the community water systems and, as a result, promote the government’s
concern and actions about it.
13. Expected results and discussion
After making this investigation we will find that there are several community water
systems in the San Salvador neighborhood from Caguas either private or controlled by an
administrative board of residents. This research will show that approximately an 80% of the
families use the water from community water systems. It will also be found that there are quite a
few violations to the established parameters for the conservation of tap water, for the discard of
used waters, for the construction of community water systems and for septic tanks. These
violations, along with other human activities such as irresponsible waste disposal, are resulting in
a direct contamination to the water bodies of the studied area. This contamination will cause the
rapid and continuous reproduction of bacteria because it will mainly come from the percolations
of septic tanks. These results will be tested by the PCR which will show the presence of E. coli
genes in the water, which as a result will mean that there are other bacteriological pollutants in
the water of the zone and that it is not adequate for human consumption. This will also be shown
by the direct relationship that it will have with the recurrence of infectious diseases derived from
bacteria in the people who use the water without filtering and decontaminating it with some
chemical agent or with high temperatures before consuming it. This investigation will also result
in a better understanding and orientation of the residents on the water system’s topic, which will
also outcome a better preservation and care of the water of the area. This will raise the awareness
of the community about the importance of the conservation of tap water and all what it implies. It
is also be expected that people will still be satisfied with their community water systems even
though the study reveals the presence of bacteriological pollutants because most of the residents
have been in the neighborhood for decades and they must still feel comfortable and safe with
their water sources.
14. In case that the hypothesis doesn’t result as a fact, several other studies will be made on
other communities so that the conservation and quality of community water systems will be
promoted. This inquiry will therefore serve as a template for future studies in other several areas
of the Island where no previous investigations have been done. It can also lead to new researches
about how to improve the quality of the community water systems and about the specific bacteria
that are in them. When this study is completed, it can lead to an improvement in the used
techniques and therefore to an eventual repetition of it to compare the results. The outcome of
this research can also lead to resolve the economic problem that leads to the poor maintenance of
the community water systems. This can be done by making the government aware of the problem
and, therefore, helping in the promotion of the implementation of viable federal or state financial
aids so that these communities would be able to take correct care of their water systems without
monetary implications to hold them back.
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