Pneumonia is a common illness that kills millions of people per year, especially children under 5. It can be caused by viruses, bacteria, or fungi. Vaccines are the most effective way to prevent certain types of pneumonia. Treatment involves antibiotics for bacterial pneumonia. Prevention strategies include vaccination, adequate nutrition, environmental measures like clean cooking stoves, and treating underlying illnesses.

1. PROPHYLACTICS OF
PNEUMONIA
VACCINATION
JOISY ALOOR
LEONARD SHAJU

2. ACCORDING TO WHO
• Pneumonia accounts for 15% of all deaths of
children under 5 years old, killing 808 694 children
in 2017.
• Pneumonia can be caused by viruses, bacteria, or
fungi.
• Pneumonia can be prevented by immunization,
adequate nutrition, and by addressing
environmental factors.
• Pneumonia caused by bacteria can be treated with
antibiotics, but only one third of children with
pneumonia receive the antibiotics they need.

3. EPIDEMIOLOGY
• Pneumonia is a common illness affecting
approximately 450 million people a year and
occurring in all parts of the world. It is a major cause
of death among all age groups resulting in 4 million
deaths (7% of the world's total death) yearly.
• Rates are greatest in children less than five, and
adults older than 75 years. It occurs about five times
more frequently in the developing world than in the
developed world. Viral pneumonia accounts for
about 200 million cases. In the United States, as of
2009, pneumonia is the 8th leading cause of death.

6. TREATMENT
• Pneumonia should be treated with antibiotics.
The antibiotic of choice is amoxicillin dispersible
tablets. Most cases of pneumonia require oral
antibiotics, which are often prescribed at a
health centre.
• These cases can also be diagnosed and treated
with inexpensive oral antibiotics at the
community level by trained community health
workers. Hospitalization is recommended only
for severe cases of pneumonia.

7. PREVENTION
• Preventing pneumonia in children is an essential
component of a strategy to reduce child mortality.
Immunization against Hib, pneumococcus, measles
and whooping cough (pertussis) is the most effective
way to prevent pneumonia.
• Adequate nutrition is key to improving children's
natural defenses, starting with exclusive
breastfeeding for the first 6 months of life. In
addition to being effective in preventing pneumonia,
it also helps to reduce the length of the illness if a
child does become ill.

8. • Addressing environmental factors such as
indoor air pollution (by providing affordable
clean indoor stoves, for example) and
encouraging good hygiene in crowded homes
also reduces the number of children who fall ill
with pneumonia.
• In children infected with HIV, the antibiotic
cotrimoxazole is given daily to decrease the risk
of contracting pneumonia.

9. PREVENTION BY WHO
The WHO and UNICEF integrated Global action
plan for pneumonia and diarrhoea (GAPPD)
aims to accelerate pneumonia control with a
combination of interventions to protect, prevent,
and treat pneumonia in children with actions to:
• Protect children from pneumonia including
promoting exclusive breastfeeding and adequate
complementary feeding;

10. • Prevent pneumonia with vaccinations, hand
washing with soap, reducing household air
pollution, HIV prevention and cotrimoxazole
prophylaxis for HIV-infected and exposed children.
• Treat pneumonia focusing on making sure that
every sick child has access to the right kind of care --
either from a community-based health worker, or in
a health facility if the disease is severe -- and can get
the antibiotics and oxygen they need to get well.

11. • A number of countries including Bangladesh,
India, Kenya, Uganda and Zambia have
developed district, state and national plans to
intensify actions for the control of pneumonia.
• Many more have integrated pneumonia specific
action into their national child health and child
survival strategies. For many countries the post
Millenium Development Goal agenda has
explicitly included ending pneumonia deaths as
a priority action.

12. • Prevention includes vaccination, environmental
measures and appropriate treatment of other
health problems.[19] It is believed that, if
appropriate preventive measures were instituted
globally, mortality among children could be
reduced by 400,000; and, if proper treatment
were universally available, childhood deaths
could be decreased by another 600,000.

13. VACCINATION
• Vaccination prevents against certain bacterial
and viral pneumonias both in children and
adults. Influenza vaccines are modestly effective
at preventing symptoms of influenza.
• The Center for Disease Control and Prevention
(CDC) recommends yearly influenza vaccination
for every person 6 months and older.
Immunizing health care workers decreases the
risk of viral pneumonia among their people.

14. • Vaccinations against Haemophilus influenzae
and Streptococcus pneumoniae have good
evidence to support their use. There is strong
evidence for vaccinating children under the age
of 2 against Streptococcus pneumoniae
(pneumococcal conjugate vaccine).
• Vaccinating children against Streptococcus
pneumoniae has led to a decreased rate of these
infections in adults, because many adults
acquire infections from children.

16. PCV13
• The pneumococcal conjugate vaccine prevents
against 13 kinds of bacteria that cause serious
infections in children and adults.
• PCV13 is part of the standard vaccination
protocol for babies and is administered by a
pediatrician.

17. • In babies, it’s given as a three- or four-dose series,
beginning when they’re 2 months old. The final dose is
given to babies by 15 months.
• In adults aged 65 and older, PCV13 is given as a one-time
injection. Your doctor may recommend revaccination in
5 to 10 years.

18. PPSV23
• Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine is a one-
dose vaccine that protects against 23 kinds of
bacteria. It’s not recommended for children.
• PPSV23 is recommended for adults over age 65
who’ve already received the PCV13 vaccine. This
typically occurs around one year later.

19. • People aged 19 to 64 who smoke or have
conditions that increase their risk for
pneumonia should also get this vaccine.
• People who receive PPSV23 at age 65 generally
don’t require revaccination at a later date.

21. • The pneumococcal vaccine has been shown to
reduce the risk of community acquired pneumonia
in people with chronic obstructive pulmonary
disease, but does not reduce mortality or the risk of
hospitalization for people with this condition.
• People with COPD are suggested to have a
pneumococcal vaccination. Other vaccines for which
there is support for a protective effect against
pneumonia include pertussis, varicella, and measles.

22. • Certain people should not get the pneumonia
vaccine. They include:
• people who are allergic to the vaccine or any
ingredient in it
• people who had an allergic reaction to PCV7, a
former version of the pneumonia vaccine
• women who are pregnant
• people who have a severe cold, flu, or other
illness

23. • Both pneumonia vaccines may have some side
effects. These may include:
• redness or swelling at the injection site
• muscle aches
• fever
• chills

24. • living in a hospice or institutionalized setting
• using a ventilator
• frequent hospitalizations
• a weakened immune system
• a progressive lung disease, such as COPD
• asthma
• heart disease
• smoking cigarettes

25. • People at risk for aspiration pneumonia include
those who:
• overuse alcohol or recreational drugs
• have medical issues affecting their gag reflex,
such as a brain injury or trouble swallowing
• are recovering from surgical procedures that
required anesthesia

26. • Tips for avoiding postoperative pneumonia
(pneumonia after surgery) include:
• deep breathing and coughing exercises, which
your doctor or nurse will walk you through
• keeping your hands clean
• keeping your head elevated
• oral hygiene, which includes an antiseptic such
as chlorhexidine
• sitting as much as possible, and walking as soon
as you are able

27. OTHERS
• Smoking cessation and reducing indoor air
pollution, such as that from cooking indoors
with wood or dung, are both recommended.
Smoking appears to be the single biggest risk
factor for pneumococcal pneumonia in
otherwise-healthy adults.
• Hand hygiene and coughing into one's sleeve
may also be effective preventative measures.
Wearing surgical masks by the sick may also
prevent illness.

28. • Appropriately treating underlying illnesses (such
as HIV/AIDS, diabetes mellitus, and
malnutrition) can decrease the risk of
pneumonia.
• In children less than 6 months of age, exclusive
breast feeding reduces both the risk and severity
of disease.

29. • Testing pregnant women for Group B
Streptococcus and Chlamydia trachomatis, and
administering antibiotic treatment, if needed,
reduces rates of pneumonia in infants.
• Zinc supplementation in children 2 months to
five years old appears to reduce rates of
pneumonia.

31. THANK YOU
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