Grammar informations ctto

1. PRONOUN- is a word use in place of a noun or another
pronoun. Pronouns help you avoid
unnecessary repetition in your writing and
speech.

2. Different Kinds of Pronoun:
1. Personal
Pronouns
2. Possessive
Pronouns
3. Reflexive
Pronouns
4. Intensive
Pronouns
5. Demonstrative
Pronouns
6. Relative
Pronouns
7. Interrogative
Pronouns
8. Indefinite
Pronouns

3. SINGULAR PLURAL
1stPerson I,me,mine,my we,us,our,ours
2ndPerson you,your,yours you,your,yours
ThirdPerson he,him,his,she,her,hers,it they,them,their,theirs,its
PERSONAL
PRONOUNS
RELATIVE
PRONOUNS
that
which
who
whom
those
INTERROGATIVE
PRONOUNS
what
which
who
whom
whose
PLURAL
SINGULAR /
PLURAL
another other somebody both all
anyone someone something few any
each anybody many more
everyone anything others most
everybody either several none
everything little some
much neither
nobody no one
nothing one
SINGULAR
INDEFINITEPRONOUNS

4. Notice:
- Some forms of the possessive adjective and possessive pronoun are the same
(his, its). So, you have to look at how they are used in the sentence
- Intensive Pronouns end in –self or –selves (like Reflexive) but just add more
emphasis to the noun or pronoun.
SUBJECT
PRONOUNS
OBJECT
PRONOUNS
POSSESSIVE
ADJECTIVES
POSSESSIVE
PRONOUNS
REFLEXIVE/INTENSIVE
PRONOUNS
1st Person I me my mine myself
2ndPerson you you your yours yourself
3rdPerson(Male) he him his his himself
3rdPerson(Female) she her her hers herself
3rdPerson it it its -- itself
1stPerson(Plural) we us our ours ourselves
2ndPerson(Plural) you you your yours yourselves
3rdPerson(Plural) they them their theirs themselves
PRONOUNCHART

5. SUBJECT
PRONOUNS
POSSESSIVE
ADJECTIVES
POSSESSIVE
PRONOUNS
I I my mine
you you your yours
he he his his
she she her hers
it it its --
we we our ours
you you your yours
they they their theirs

6. Possessive Adjective
Examples:
1. My book is on the table.
2. I think you forgot your purse.
3. The dog buried its bone.
4. The girls missed their bus.
5. Joey left his bat at home.

7. Possessive Pronouns
- are used to describe the Noun.
Examples:
1. The chair next to the window is his.
2. The house on the corner is ours.
3. I think the chocolate cookies at the party were
hers.
4. The phone that is ringing is yours.
5. The zebra-stripped bookbag is mine.

8. SUBJECT
PRONOUNS
Myshirtisgreen. MY I MINE Theshirtismine.
Yourbookisnew. YOUR YOUR YOURS Thebookisyours.
Hispillowissoft. HIS HIS HIS Thepillowishis.
Herdogissmall. HER HER HERS Thedogishers.
It'sboneisold. IT'S IT'S --- ---
Ourbirdisnoisy. OUR OUR OURS Thebirdisours.
Yourhouseisbig. YOUR YOUR YOURS Thehouseisyours.
Theircarisslow. THEIR THEIR THEIRS Thecaristheirs.
POSSESSIVEPRONOUNSPOSSESSIVEADJECTIVES

9. VERB- name an action or describe a state of being.

10. Different Kind of Verbs
Action Verb
Auxiliary Verb
Modal

11. ACTION VERBS
From the word itself, action, this kind of verb shows
action or movement.
 a verb that expresses physical or mental action.
The action verb tells us what the subject of our clause
or sentence is doing-physically or mentally.
Examples:
1. The girl dances gracefully
2. She leaves the house quietly.
3. I eat a lot of vegetables.

12. AUXILIARY VERBS
A verb which helps another verb to form its tense, voice
or mood is called an Auxiliary verb. It is also called as
helping verb.
Have, be (am, are, was and were) and do are usually used
as auxiliary verbs, they can be used as Main verbs as well.

13. Examples:
1.I have few urgent works. (Main) (If you can see, “have” is use as
main verb, it implies that the subject have works to do. Do not
confuse “have” with “works” as the main verb.
2. They have done very well in the examinations. (Auxiliary) (Now,
you can see that the main verb in this sentence is “done” while
“have” is used as an auxiliary verb/ helping verb to show that the
action done is already complete.
Try to analyze this following sentences:
1. God is in Heaven. (Main)
2. He is liked by all. (Auxiliary)
3. The man does his work quietly. (Main)
4. Did he come here? (Main)

14. MODAL VERBS
A modal is a type of auxiliary (help) verb that is used to
express: ability, possibility, permission or obligation. Modal
phrases (or semi-modals) are used to express the same things
as modals but are a combination of auxiliary verbs and the
preposition to.

15. TENSES OF THE VERB
PRESENTTENSE PASTTENSE FUTURETENSE
SimplePresent SimplePast SimpleFuture
PresentPerfect PastPerfect FuturePerfect
PresentContinuous PastContinuous FutureContinuous
PresentPerfectContinuos PastPerfectContinuos FuturePerfectContinuos
Tenses – is a form of verb that is used to show when an action happen.
Present Tense – signifies action, being or state of being in present time.
Past Tense – signifies action, being or state of being that has been done already in the past
Future Tense – signifies action still to be done or to happen in some future time. We use
“will” or “shall” plus the simple form of the verb

16. I. THE PRESENT TENSE
1. Simple Present Tense
The main uses of this tense are:
a. To express state or condition.
- The weather today is cool. (condition)
- I am a doctor. (state)
- Today is a sunny day. (condition)
b. To express universal truth.
- The earth rotates on its axis for 24 hours.
- Oil floats on water.
- Spiders have 8 legs.
c. To express habitual actions.
- She always sing nicely.
- They visit their uncle every Thursday.
- He usually punishes his pupils quite
severely.
+ S + Verb + O
- S + Doesn't / Don't + Infinitive
? Do / Does + S + infinitive
Formula for Simple Present

17. c. To make a commentary, especially on the radio
where the commentator is perhaps reporting a
basketball match which the listeners cannot see.
- ……………. He passes the ball to Calvin
Abueva. Abueva now dribble and then………
d. To intoduce quotations.
- Rumi say “Let yourself become living
poetry”.
- George Sand say “There is only one
happiness in this life, to love and be loved”.

18. Sample Questions:
Change the verbs in the brackets into simple present tense.
1. She _____ up early everyday. (wake)
2. They _____ basketball every evening. (play)
3. Tae Hyung _____ to school every day. (go)
4. She _____ to her aunt always. (write)
5. We _____rice every Friday night. (eat)
Answer:
1. She wakes up early everyday.
2. They play basketball every evening.
3. Tae Hyung goes to school every day.
4. She writes to her aunt always.
5. We eat rice every Friday night.

19. 2. Present Continuous Tense
The main uses of this tense are:
a. To indicate an activity of some duration which is
taking place at this moment.
- He is writing an essay now.
- They are playing football at the moment.
- At present, the boys are learning French.
b. To indicate habitual activity that is repetitive,
often which annoys the speaker or seems unreasonable
to him.
- He is always making a noise.
- My car is always breaking down.
- Jace is always coming to school late.
c. To indicate a definite arrangement in the near future.
- I am leaving for home tonight.
- He is flying tomorrow.
- Tom is going to the show this morning.
+ S + Be + ing
- S + Be + not + ing
? Be + S + infinitive + ing
Formula for Present Continuous

20. Sample Questions:
Change the verbs in the brackets into present continuous.
1. They are not always _____ piano. (play)
2. He is _____ a book. (read)
3. She is _____ a story book. (try)
4. Musa is _____ clothes. (wash)
5. They are ______ at the stage. (dance)
Answer:
1. They are not always playing piano.
2. He is reading a book.
3. She is writing a story book.
4. Musa is washing clothes.
5. They are dancing at the stage.

24. Simple Past tense
The past is used to describe things that have already
happened (e.g., earlier in the day, yesterday, last week,
three years ago).

25. Declarative
Formula : Subject + verb + ed + rest of sentence
Example: He + walk + ed + to the store

26. NEGATIVE
Formula:
Subject + did + not + verb + rest of sentence
Example:
He + did + not + walk + to the store

27. INTERROGATIVE
Formula:
Did + subject + verb + rest of sentence?
Example:
Did + he + walk + to the store?

28. Past Progressive (I was doing)

29. DECLARATIVE
Formula:
Subject + was/were (to be) + verb + ing + when +
rest of sentence
Example:
He + was + sleeping + when + the phone rang

30. NEGATIVE
Formula:
Subject + was/were (to be) + not +verb + ing +
when + rest of sentence
Example:
He + was + not + sleep + ing + when + the phone
rang

31. INTERROGATIVE
Formula:
Was/were (to be) + subject + verb + ing + when +
rest of sentence?
Example:
Was + he + sleep + ing + when + the phone rang?