During these three months in Budapest to demonstrate the interest that you wear to the country and the city where we live, we'll focus on the results that is Hungary ago its integration into the European Union.
The paper briefly discusses the main economic developments in Poland since its accession to the EU in May 2004 and sees how they relate to the regulatory environment and policies which the EU imposes on the member states. Even though the paper concerns the recent period of 2004-2006 there are frequent references to developments that took place in Poland in the pre-accession period. This is because the country’s integration into the EU economy was a gradual and lengthy process which had formally been initiated in December 16, 1991 when Poland and the EU signed the Europe Agreement.
Authored by: Ewa Balcerowicz
Published in 2007
Danish Government Positions on Various European Union Politico-Economic PoliciesNicholas Gober
This dossier summarizes the positions espoused by the current Danish Government (i.e., solely Venstre-led Cabinet) regarding a selection of key politico-economic policies instituted by the European Union.
It is written in a manner such that it may be referred to by the Danish Prime Minister, His Excellency Lars Løkke Rasmussen, during a meeting of the European Council, which is one of the institutions of the European Union.
Obviously, much, much more could be written in regards to the different policy areas that are covered in this dossier; however, assignment regulations set forth by the professor of the course limit the length of the paper to a maximum of 10 pages.
EU policies addressed include: Cohesion; Agriculture; Single Market; Economic & Monetary Union; Freedom, Security, & Justice; Environmental/Energy; Trade; and Common Foreign & Security Policy.
The paper briefly discusses the main economic developments in Poland since its accession to the EU in May 2004 and sees how they relate to the regulatory environment and policies which the EU imposes on the member states. Even though the paper concerns the recent period of 2004-2006 there are frequent references to developments that took place in Poland in the pre-accession period. This is because the country’s integration into the EU economy was a gradual and lengthy process which had formally been initiated in December 16, 1991 when Poland and the EU signed the Europe Agreement.
Authored by: Ewa Balcerowicz
Published in 2007
Danish Government Positions on Various European Union Politico-Economic PoliciesNicholas Gober
This dossier summarizes the positions espoused by the current Danish Government (i.e., solely Venstre-led Cabinet) regarding a selection of key politico-economic policies instituted by the European Union.
It is written in a manner such that it may be referred to by the Danish Prime Minister, His Excellency Lars Løkke Rasmussen, during a meeting of the European Council, which is one of the institutions of the European Union.
Obviously, much, much more could be written in regards to the different policy areas that are covered in this dossier; however, assignment regulations set forth by the professor of the course limit the length of the paper to a maximum of 10 pages.
EU policies addressed include: Cohesion; Agriculture; Single Market; Economic & Monetary Union; Freedom, Security, & Justice; Environmental/Energy; Trade; and Common Foreign & Security Policy.
This paper discusses the link between the deficit bias in public finance and institutional settings. The Polish experience is put in a wider context and provides an extensive discussion of possible institutional reforms that may be implemented to stabilise the path of fiscal policy and reduce the deficit bias. Although substantial improvements have been made in Poland with respect to fiscal transparency standards set by the IMF and EU there is still much scope for enhancement. The recommended change in fiscal policy would involve the implementation of medium-term budgetary framework that would ensure consistency between the budgetary process and medium-term fiscal goals. This should be accompanied by the introduction of binding constraints on fiscal policy. The expenditure rule could be reintroduced to strengthen fiscal discipline, as it could force policymakers to tighten fiscal policy. It seems to be indispensable to maintain fiscal rules at the local government level. The issue of still limited fiscal transparency and unsatisfactory performance of fiscal rules requires the undertaking of various appropriatemeasures to strengthen the policy framework in Poland. This can be done in our view by involving external institution entitled to examine fiscal transparency and the performance of fiscal rules in the budgetary process. We think that the institution that is fully capable to take the lead in this respect is the NIK, which was granted full independence in 1994 and has since proved to be successful in overseeing public finances. This should, however, be accompanied by simultaneous enhancement of the internal audit.
Authored by: Rafal Benecki, Jens Holscher, Mariusz Jarmuzek
Published in 2006
The priorities of the Polish presidency of the Council of the European Union ...Adam Mickiewicz University
The paper discusses the Polish presidency of the EU Council in terms of its priorities. It analyzes the circumstances of their formulation, selection and implementation. The authors answer the question of what influenced the selection of Poland’s priorities and what selection mechanisms were applied. Additionally, they examine how the national agenda was ‘concealed’ in Community rhetoric. Thus, the analytical part discusses the political and legal path that determined the priorities. The EU agenda, Polish
ambitions and the context of the trio is also presented. The paper concludes with the authors’ assessment of the implementation of the priorities.
In 2009, the Republic of Moldova created an alternative to the communist
leadership. In 2013, the Alliance for European Integration was replaced by the Alliance for Pro-European Governance, which secured two issues: the signing of the Association Agreement between the Republic of Moldova and the European Union, and
the interests of local oligarchs. After the parliamentary elections in 2014, as an alternative to the increasingly powerful Igor Dodon’s Party of Socialists, another coalition,
the Political Alliance for European Moldova was created and ‘sealed’ by embezzling
$ 1 billion from Moldovan banks (12.5% of GDP). The coalition formed in January
2015, was replaced by the re-launched Alliance for European Integration, and then by
another coalition without a definite name in January 2016. This extremely expanded
political activity is a backdrop for the façade of democracy and the subsequent parliamentary elections scheduled for 2018. The pro-European coalitions in the Republic of
Moldova discredited themselves in front of the society as strongly as their predecessors (the communists), causing a state of general disintegration.
The enlargement of the EU to include the ten new member states in Central and Eastern Europe and the two Mediterranean islands on 1 May 2004 and Bulgaria and Romania on 1 January 2007 was the result of a tremendous effort to reconfigure not only the frontiers of Europe, but also the concept of what Europe is. Enlargements in 2004 and 2007 did not end the debate about where Europe begins and ends, however. Rather it fuelled the discussion, as neighbouring countries continue to express interest in joining the EU. At the moment it seems that enlargement will continue in the short term to include the remaining Balkan states and Turkey. This process is expected to continue well into the second decade of this millennium. But what then? The borders of the EU have been highly unstable since its inception. The possibility, desirability or inevitability of enlargement has become part of the discourse of the EU. Certain practical and institutional problems, however, are increasingly apparent. Physically can the EU institutions cope with endless enlargement? Psychologically can we cope with a ‘Europe’ that is not constrained by any physically finite framework? Theoretically, is it possible to incorporate the inherently unstable into a constitutional framework?
Authored by: Elspeth Guild, Viktoriya Khasson, Miriam Mir
Published in 2007
Implementation of the Structural Funds in the Sector of Arts and Culture in ...Małgorzata Sikora-Gaca
The purpose of the following article is to analyze the implementation of Structural Funds in the Arts and Culture Sector of in Poland in the years 2007-2013. The subject of the study consists of 980 contracted projects implemented in 2007-2013 in 16 provinces. We have selected only those that have been co-financed from the Structural Funds, namely the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF), from which 4,93 billion zł funding had been acquired for the mentioned 980 projects. The largest number of investments was realized in the Silesian province – 135, and the least in the Lubusz – 10. The largest share in the disbursement of structural funds was in the Mazovian province – 797,2 million zł
Strategy Paper for Pension Policy in UkraineUNDP Ukraine
This document was prepared by the European Centre for Social Welfare Policy and Research and funded by the UNDP in Ukraine. This strategy paper has four-fold objectives which are to describe the current Ukrainian pension system and set the context for possible reforms in the future, to report on challenges faced by the Ukrainian pension system, to review and drawn lessons from experiences of pension reforms from other European countries adding specific recommendations for the future pension policy strategy in Ukraine and to make recommendations for short-term immediate reform measures (during the period 2012-2014), medium- and long-term reform measures for it.
W dążeniu do realizacji celów Rady Europejskiej w zakresie działań zewnętrznych traktat
lizboński stworzył nowy kontekst instytucjonalny. Opiera się on na wzroście zarówno potencjału jak i ambicji RE, które może realizować ona przez wykorzystanie pełnej gamy instrumentów
i zasobów – w dążeniu do działań bardziej skutecznych i o większym znaczeniu strategicznym.
Uznano zatem, że koncepcje i zasady regulujące kompleksowe podejście Rady Europejskiej
zyskać muszą rangę zasad przewodnich działań zewnętrznych UE we wszystkich dziedzinach,
w szczególności w odniesieniu do bezpieczeństwa, zapobiegania konfliktom i reagowania w sytuacjach kryzysowych. Z tego względu Rada Europejska określiła szereg konkretnych działań,
które podejmuje, dążąc do osiągnięcia coraz bardziej kompleksowego podejścia w polityce
i działaniach z zakresu stosunków zewnętrznych. Dla realizacji tego zadania (co precyzyjnie
analizuje powyższy tekst) zajęto się wszystkimi aspektami zagrożeń dla bezpieczeństwa płynących z konfliktów i kryzysów zewnętrznych – od wczesnego ostrzegania i gotowości, poprzez
zapobieganie konfliktom oraz reagowanie i zarządzanie kryzysowe, aż po wczesny etap wychodzenia z kryzysu oraz budowania stabilizacji i pokoju.
Zdaniem Rady Europejskiej – co wykazuje niniejszy tekst – konieczność wzajemnie uzupełniających się interwencji w obszarach bezpieczeństwa zewnętrznego i zagrożeń dla Unii
Europejskiej jest efektem nowych problemów międzynarodowych w skali globalnej. Rada Europejska konsekwentnie podkreśla, że bezpieczeństwo jest niezbędnym warunkiem stabilności
UE i że trwały pokój nie jest możliwy bez rozwoju i eliminacji zagrożeń i ryzyk.
Dla Rady Europejskiej tworzenie i wzmacnianie warunków politycznych, społecznych
i gospodarczych dla stabilności ma zasadnicze znaczenie dla bezpieczeństwa i jest warunkiem
wstępnym zmian w unijnej polityce zewnętrznej. Ta współzależność między bezpieczeństwem
i stabilnością odgrywa kluczową rolę w zwiększaniu skuteczności działań zewnętrznych UE.
Każde państwo, które dąży do zapewnienia bezpieczeństwa i pokoju, musi posiadać lub nabyć
odpowiednie zdolności we wszystkich istotnych obszarach, w tym w obszarze bezpieczeństwa
i obrony. Umożliwi to nie tylko ustabilizowanie sytuacji na świecie, ale również przyczyni
się w sposób konstruktywny do zaprowadzenia pokoju, uzyskania stabilizacji i zapobiegania
kryzysom.
Na przestrzeni ostatnich lat UE w coraz większym zakresie wspierała tę współzależność
między bezpieczeństwem i antykryzysową stabilnością, prowadząc interwencje w różnych
obszarach polityki unijnej i korzystając z różnych instrumentów. Działania te obejmują m.in.
dostęp do instrumentów międzynarodowych, dialog polityczny, współpracę techniczną (w tym
wspólne badania naukowe i innowacje) oraz szkolenia (transfer wiedzy oraz rozwój umiejętności).
EuroPACE is an innovative financial mechanism inspired by an American building improvement initiative called Property Assessed Clean Energy (PACE). The innovative character of the EuroPACE mechanism is that financing through EuroPACE is linked to the taxes paid on a property. In other words, the financing lent by a private investor is repaid through property taxes and other charges related to the buildings. EuroPACE is therefore in line with the EC’s objectives of (1) putting EE first, (2) contributing to the EU’s global leadership, and (3) empowering consumers to enable MS to reach their energy and climate targets for 2030. Last but not least, EuroPACE could contribute to the democratisation of the energy supply by offering cash-flow positive, decentralised EE solutions.
The EuroPACE mechanism engages several stakeholders in the process: local government, investors, equipment installers, and homeowners. To establish the EuroPACE programme, several conditions must be satisfied, each of which are relevant for different stakeholder at different stages of the implementation. For the purpose of this report, we divided these criteria into two categories: key criteria, which make the implementation possible, and complementary criteria, which make the implementation easier. For the time being, it is a pure hypothesis to be tested with potential EuroPACE implementation.
cultural and social assimilation of immigrants, and systemic solutions – Pol...Przegląd Politologiczny
: The article presents the problem of migration and assimilation of newcomers in the countries
of residence. One of the main reasons for migration are economic and social considerations, this applies
to both non-European arrivals and internal migration. The aim of this study, conducted by scholars from
Norway and Poland, is to compare systemic solutions both within the social legislation and the functioning of the labor market with respect to Poles and Ukrainians, confronting them with existing barriers regarding the possibility of assimilation and obstacles related to the transformation of economic into
settlement migration. The methodological and theoretical basis of the team’s research is comparative
methods, including comparative politics. The research on immigrants was conducted using both quantitative methods – statistical and qualitative data analysis – and research using the in-depth interview
method. Poles and Ukrainians are not at the same stage of formal migration due to the formal plane. According to the analysis, Ukrainians have much greater opportunities for actual assimilation than Poles in
Norway. Smaller cultural differences and linguistic barriers to the Ukrainians in Poland are conducive
to this process. If the state and Polish society take advantage of this situation and enable the settlement
of Ukrainians and make their job offers more attractive, there is a chance that they will fill the emerging
demographic gap. It would be for the benefit of both societies.
This paper discusses the link between the deficit bias in public finance and institutional settings. The Polish experience is put in a wider context and provides an extensive discussion of possible institutional reforms that may be implemented to stabilise the path of fiscal policy and reduce the deficit bias. Although substantial improvements have been made in Poland with respect to fiscal transparency standards set by the IMF and EU there is still much scope for enhancement. The recommended change in fiscal policy would involve the implementation of medium-term budgetary framework that would ensure consistency between the budgetary process and medium-term fiscal goals. This should be accompanied by the introduction of binding constraints on fiscal policy. The expenditure rule could be reintroduced to strengthen fiscal discipline, as it could force policymakers to tighten fiscal policy. It seems to be indispensable to maintain fiscal rules at the local government level. The issue of still limited fiscal transparency and unsatisfactory performance of fiscal rules requires the undertaking of various appropriatemeasures to strengthen the policy framework in Poland. This can be done in our view by involving external institution entitled to examine fiscal transparency and the performance of fiscal rules in the budgetary process. We think that the institution that is fully capable to take the lead in this respect is the NIK, which was granted full independence in 1994 and has since proved to be successful in overseeing public finances. This should, however, be accompanied by simultaneous enhancement of the internal audit.
Authored by: Rafal Benecki, Jens Holscher, Mariusz Jarmuzek
Published in 2006
The priorities of the Polish presidency of the Council of the European Union ...Adam Mickiewicz University
The paper discusses the Polish presidency of the EU Council in terms of its priorities. It analyzes the circumstances of their formulation, selection and implementation. The authors answer the question of what influenced the selection of Poland’s priorities and what selection mechanisms were applied. Additionally, they examine how the national agenda was ‘concealed’ in Community rhetoric. Thus, the analytical part discusses the political and legal path that determined the priorities. The EU agenda, Polish
ambitions and the context of the trio is also presented. The paper concludes with the authors’ assessment of the implementation of the priorities.
In 2009, the Republic of Moldova created an alternative to the communist
leadership. In 2013, the Alliance for European Integration was replaced by the Alliance for Pro-European Governance, which secured two issues: the signing of the Association Agreement between the Republic of Moldova and the European Union, and
the interests of local oligarchs. After the parliamentary elections in 2014, as an alternative to the increasingly powerful Igor Dodon’s Party of Socialists, another coalition,
the Political Alliance for European Moldova was created and ‘sealed’ by embezzling
$ 1 billion from Moldovan banks (12.5% of GDP). The coalition formed in January
2015, was replaced by the re-launched Alliance for European Integration, and then by
another coalition without a definite name in January 2016. This extremely expanded
political activity is a backdrop for the façade of democracy and the subsequent parliamentary elections scheduled for 2018. The pro-European coalitions in the Republic of
Moldova discredited themselves in front of the society as strongly as their predecessors (the communists), causing a state of general disintegration.
The enlargement of the EU to include the ten new member states in Central and Eastern Europe and the two Mediterranean islands on 1 May 2004 and Bulgaria and Romania on 1 January 2007 was the result of a tremendous effort to reconfigure not only the frontiers of Europe, but also the concept of what Europe is. Enlargements in 2004 and 2007 did not end the debate about where Europe begins and ends, however. Rather it fuelled the discussion, as neighbouring countries continue to express interest in joining the EU. At the moment it seems that enlargement will continue in the short term to include the remaining Balkan states and Turkey. This process is expected to continue well into the second decade of this millennium. But what then? The borders of the EU have been highly unstable since its inception. The possibility, desirability or inevitability of enlargement has become part of the discourse of the EU. Certain practical and institutional problems, however, are increasingly apparent. Physically can the EU institutions cope with endless enlargement? Psychologically can we cope with a ‘Europe’ that is not constrained by any physically finite framework? Theoretically, is it possible to incorporate the inherently unstable into a constitutional framework?
Authored by: Elspeth Guild, Viktoriya Khasson, Miriam Mir
Published in 2007
Implementation of the Structural Funds in the Sector of Arts and Culture in ...Małgorzata Sikora-Gaca
The purpose of the following article is to analyze the implementation of Structural Funds in the Arts and Culture Sector of in Poland in the years 2007-2013. The subject of the study consists of 980 contracted projects implemented in 2007-2013 in 16 provinces. We have selected only those that have been co-financed from the Structural Funds, namely the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF), from which 4,93 billion zł funding had been acquired for the mentioned 980 projects. The largest number of investments was realized in the Silesian province – 135, and the least in the Lubusz – 10. The largest share in the disbursement of structural funds was in the Mazovian province – 797,2 million zł
Strategy Paper for Pension Policy in UkraineUNDP Ukraine
This document was prepared by the European Centre for Social Welfare Policy and Research and funded by the UNDP in Ukraine. This strategy paper has four-fold objectives which are to describe the current Ukrainian pension system and set the context for possible reforms in the future, to report on challenges faced by the Ukrainian pension system, to review and drawn lessons from experiences of pension reforms from other European countries adding specific recommendations for the future pension policy strategy in Ukraine and to make recommendations for short-term immediate reform measures (during the period 2012-2014), medium- and long-term reform measures for it.
W dążeniu do realizacji celów Rady Europejskiej w zakresie działań zewnętrznych traktat
lizboński stworzył nowy kontekst instytucjonalny. Opiera się on na wzroście zarówno potencjału jak i ambicji RE, które może realizować ona przez wykorzystanie pełnej gamy instrumentów
i zasobów – w dążeniu do działań bardziej skutecznych i o większym znaczeniu strategicznym.
Uznano zatem, że koncepcje i zasady regulujące kompleksowe podejście Rady Europejskiej
zyskać muszą rangę zasad przewodnich działań zewnętrznych UE we wszystkich dziedzinach,
w szczególności w odniesieniu do bezpieczeństwa, zapobiegania konfliktom i reagowania w sytuacjach kryzysowych. Z tego względu Rada Europejska określiła szereg konkretnych działań,
które podejmuje, dążąc do osiągnięcia coraz bardziej kompleksowego podejścia w polityce
i działaniach z zakresu stosunków zewnętrznych. Dla realizacji tego zadania (co precyzyjnie
analizuje powyższy tekst) zajęto się wszystkimi aspektami zagrożeń dla bezpieczeństwa płynących z konfliktów i kryzysów zewnętrznych – od wczesnego ostrzegania i gotowości, poprzez
zapobieganie konfliktom oraz reagowanie i zarządzanie kryzysowe, aż po wczesny etap wychodzenia z kryzysu oraz budowania stabilizacji i pokoju.
Zdaniem Rady Europejskiej – co wykazuje niniejszy tekst – konieczność wzajemnie uzupełniających się interwencji w obszarach bezpieczeństwa zewnętrznego i zagrożeń dla Unii
Europejskiej jest efektem nowych problemów międzynarodowych w skali globalnej. Rada Europejska konsekwentnie podkreśla, że bezpieczeństwo jest niezbędnym warunkiem stabilności
UE i że trwały pokój nie jest możliwy bez rozwoju i eliminacji zagrożeń i ryzyk.
Dla Rady Europejskiej tworzenie i wzmacnianie warunków politycznych, społecznych
i gospodarczych dla stabilności ma zasadnicze znaczenie dla bezpieczeństwa i jest warunkiem
wstępnym zmian w unijnej polityce zewnętrznej. Ta współzależność między bezpieczeństwem
i stabilnością odgrywa kluczową rolę w zwiększaniu skuteczności działań zewnętrznych UE.
Każde państwo, które dąży do zapewnienia bezpieczeństwa i pokoju, musi posiadać lub nabyć
odpowiednie zdolności we wszystkich istotnych obszarach, w tym w obszarze bezpieczeństwa
i obrony. Umożliwi to nie tylko ustabilizowanie sytuacji na świecie, ale również przyczyni
się w sposób konstruktywny do zaprowadzenia pokoju, uzyskania stabilizacji i zapobiegania
kryzysom.
Na przestrzeni ostatnich lat UE w coraz większym zakresie wspierała tę współzależność
między bezpieczeństwem i antykryzysową stabilnością, prowadząc interwencje w różnych
obszarach polityki unijnej i korzystając z różnych instrumentów. Działania te obejmują m.in.
dostęp do instrumentów międzynarodowych, dialog polityczny, współpracę techniczną (w tym
wspólne badania naukowe i innowacje) oraz szkolenia (transfer wiedzy oraz rozwój umiejętności).
EuroPACE is an innovative financial mechanism inspired by an American building improvement initiative called Property Assessed Clean Energy (PACE). The innovative character of the EuroPACE mechanism is that financing through EuroPACE is linked to the taxes paid on a property. In other words, the financing lent by a private investor is repaid through property taxes and other charges related to the buildings. EuroPACE is therefore in line with the EC’s objectives of (1) putting EE first, (2) contributing to the EU’s global leadership, and (3) empowering consumers to enable MS to reach their energy and climate targets for 2030. Last but not least, EuroPACE could contribute to the democratisation of the energy supply by offering cash-flow positive, decentralised EE solutions.
The EuroPACE mechanism engages several stakeholders in the process: local government, investors, equipment installers, and homeowners. To establish the EuroPACE programme, several conditions must be satisfied, each of which are relevant for different stakeholder at different stages of the implementation. For the purpose of this report, we divided these criteria into two categories: key criteria, which make the implementation possible, and complementary criteria, which make the implementation easier. For the time being, it is a pure hypothesis to be tested with potential EuroPACE implementation.
cultural and social assimilation of immigrants, and systemic solutions – Pol...Przegląd Politologiczny
: The article presents the problem of migration and assimilation of newcomers in the countries
of residence. One of the main reasons for migration are economic and social considerations, this applies
to both non-European arrivals and internal migration. The aim of this study, conducted by scholars from
Norway and Poland, is to compare systemic solutions both within the social legislation and the functioning of the labor market with respect to Poles and Ukrainians, confronting them with existing barriers regarding the possibility of assimilation and obstacles related to the transformation of economic into
settlement migration. The methodological and theoretical basis of the team’s research is comparative
methods, including comparative politics. The research on immigrants was conducted using both quantitative methods – statistical and qualitative data analysis – and research using the in-depth interview
method. Poles and Ukrainians are not at the same stage of formal migration due to the formal plane. According to the analysis, Ukrainians have much greater opportunities for actual assimilation than Poles in
Norway. Smaller cultural differences and linguistic barriers to the Ukrainians in Poland are conducive
to this process. If the state and Polish society take advantage of this situation and enable the settlement
of Ukrainians and make their job offers more attractive, there is a chance that they will fill the emerging
demographic gap. It would be for the benefit of both societies.
Social Media and Crisis Communication: the story of #memstormMemphisWeather.net
Social Media & Crisis Communication:
The story of #memstorm
Presented to the Memphis Social Media Club
4/25/2012
MemphisWeather.net meteorologist Erik Proseus describes how and why he uses social media, specifically Facebook and Twitter, during severe weather in the Memphis area.
Social Media & Crisis Communications: the story of #memstormMemphisWeather.net
Social Media & Crisis Communication:
The story of #memstorm
Presented at TechCamp Memphis (#tcmem)
5/12/2012
MemphisWeather.net meteorologist Erik Proseus
VB Script is a subset of Visual Basic 4.0 language. It was developed by Microsoft to provide more processing power to Web pages. VB Script can be used to write both server side and client side scripting. (If you already know Visual Basic or Visual Basic for Applications (VBA), VB Script will be very familiar. Even if you do not know Visual Basic, once you learn VB Script, you are on your way to programming with the whole family of Visual Basic languages.)
Polyfuses is a new standard for circuit protection .It is re-settable by itself. Many manufactures also call it as Polyswitch or Multifuse. Polyfuses are not fuses but Polymeric Positive temperature Coefficient Thermistors (PPTC).We can use several circuit protection schemes in power supplies to provide protection against fault condition and the resultant over current and over temperature damage.
Visa policy,European Union,Turkey and Turkey’s Strategic Importance and Factors Over the World, Strategic Importance, Geopolitical Dimension, Economic Dimension
Turkey – EU Relations, The Ankara Agreement , Customs Union, Negotiation Process, The Helsinki Summit, The Benefits of Accession for Turkey and the EU, EU Visa Status and Turkey,Is Turkey ready to join the EU?
In recent years, the EU has assumed a greater role in dealing with security concerns
within the EU. In response to nation states’ decreasing capabilities to deal effectively
with problems at the national level, domestic policy fields such as asylum and migration
have been at least partially transferred to supranational responsibility (Scharpf, 2003;
Zürn, 2000). One of the issues that receives increasing attention at the supranational
level is irregular migration. Every year, an estimated 30 million people cross an
international border irregularly, of which, according to Europol, between 400,000 and
500,000 enter the EU. The stock of irregular residents in the EU is currently estimated
to be around three million (Council of Europe, 2003). In recent years, EU members
have come to the conclusion that they are no longer able to properly react to the
phenomenon of irregular migration on the domestic level and instead need to combine
their efforts regarding return policies on the European level. Measures against irregular
immigration thus became a focal point in the EU’s efforts to establish an ‘area of
freedom, security and justice’.
At the same time, the EU’s role in the outside world has changed. With the Eastern
enlargement, new regions and countries became neighbours of the EU. New
frameworks of cooperation, such as the Stabilisation and Association Process (SAP)
and the European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP) were set in motion to closely affiliate
neighbouring states with the EU (Emerson, 2005; Emerson & Noutcheva, 2005;
Emerson et al., 2007; Landaburu, 2006; Tassinari, 2006). The EU tried to assume a
greater responsibility in the stabilisation of the neighbourhood and sought to “promote a
ring of well governed countries to the East of the European Union and on the borders
of the Mediterranean with whom we can enjoy close and cooperative relations”
(European Security Strategy, 2003, p. 8). A major challenge in the EU’s efforts to
stabilise the neighbourhood was to find a proper balance with the internal security
concerns. Whereas the EU’s foreign and security policy was interested in advancing
regional integration and good neighbourly relations, the EU justice and home affairs
ministers were primarily guided by their interest in keeping problems out and the
external border closed.
This paper is concerned with an EU foreign policy instrument that is a case in point for
this struggle: EC visa facilitation and readmission agreements. These agreements aim
at fostering good neighbourly relations by easing the tight visa regime with
neighbouring countries in order to externalise a restrictive migration policy. By
elaborating on the EU’s strategy on visa facilitation and readmission, this paper aims at
offering a first systematic analysis of the objective, substance, and political implications
of these agreements. When was the link between visa facilitation and readmission
made? What are the target
This report is the result of the joint work of a number of experts from various fields who have been - for many years – analysing the multidimensional effects of EU institutions and cooperation with Member States pursuant to European values and mechanisms. The authors summarise the benefits of Poland’s membership in the EU based on facts; however, they do not hide their own views and reflections. They also demonstrate the barriers and challenges to further European integration.
This report was prepared by CASE, one of the oldest independent think tanks in Central and Eastern Europe, utilising its nearly 30 years of experience in providing objective analyses and recommendations with respect to socioeconomic topics. It is both an expression of concern about Poland’s future in the EU, as well as the authors’ contribution to the debate on further European integration.
European Integrative Processes of Albania and Mo.docxhumphrieskalyn
European Integrative Processes of Albania and Montenegro
FEEDBACK and things TO AMEND:
1) The Title has to be re-phrased
2) The Figure of the map is wrong
3) The English used needs to make sense
4) Some facts and statistics are wrong
5) Book to include: “The Europeanisation of the Western Balkans; a Failure of EU conditionality?” ISBN: 978-3-319-91412-1
6) Freedom House has a report on Albania and Montenegro and Check EU parliment resolutions.
7) Create your own opinion, argument and support it by facts.
ABSTRACT
This study is presenting the analysis and evaluation by the use of secondary data from the past researches. The data from the year 2013 to 2017 is utilized in this study to present discussions that are explaining the trends and narrative of the countries to join EU. The conducted study is supporting the discussion by exploring and explaining each aspect of the impact of joining of EU in Albania and Montenegro. This study is presenting the advantages that can be avail by Albania and Montenegro by availing the opportunities through the membership of NATO. The critical literature is presenting the changing trends along with the democratic rights avail by the member countries in Europe under the influence of EU regulations.
Table of Contents
ABSTRACT 2
Chapter 1: Introduction 8
1.1 Research Background 8
1.2 Problem Statement 10
1.3 Research Questions 10
1.4 Research Objectives 11
1.5 Significance of the Study 11
1.6 Project Outline 11
Chapter 2: Literature Review 13
2.1 Chapter Introduction 13
2.2 European Union, its Impacts and Process of Joining 13
2.3 Conceptual Framework 21
2.4 Research Gap 22
2.5 Chapter Summary 22
Chapter 3: Research Methodology 24
3.1 Chapter Introduction 24
3.2 Research Philosophy 24
3.3 Research Type 25
3.4 Research Design 27
3.5 Data Collection Technique 27
3.6 Sampling Technique and Sample Size 28
3.7 Data Analysis 28
3.8 Ethical Consideration 29
3.9 Chapter Summary 31
Chapter 4: Data Analysis and Discussions 32
4.1 Discussions 32
4.2 Chapter Summary 37
Chapter 5: Recommendations and Conclusion 39
5.1 Limitation of the Study 39
5.2 Future Scope 39
5.3 Recommendation 40
5.4 Conclusion 40
6.0 References 42
List of Acronyms
CSR: Corporate Social Responsibility
DPS: Democratic Party of Socialists
ECU: Eurasian Customs Union
EU: European Union
FDI: Foreign Direct Investment
IFDI: Inward Foreign Direct Investment
MNC: Multinational Corporations
NATO: North Atlantic Treaty Organization
SME: Small Medium Enterprise
WTO: World Trade Organization
List of Figures
Figure 1: Countries waiting to join EU13
Figure 2: NATO and EU Relations15
Figure 3: The Economic Impact of Brexit20
Chapter 1: Introduction1.1 Research Background
This thesis is going to prove a comparative analysis of the impact of the process of joining the European Union. As per the analysis of Featherstone and Kazamias (2014), it has been found that the European Union made a step by step improvements and changes in the relations o.
Moldova unilaterally declares its EU membership aspirations and started the process of economic, legal and institutional approximation targeted at establishing free market economy, stable democratic institutions and sound legal system. In the paper the authors made an attempt to assess the competitive and institutional capacity of Moldova in the context of EU membership requirements. It presents Polish achievements in European integration process as a CEE successful way towards full membership. The paper is devoted to transfer know how on Polish experience in EU integration at first stages of the process, with the emphasis on assessment of fulfillment of Copenhagen criteria and the role of association stage in the integration process as a whole. Basing on Poland's example, it provides the recommendations for Moldova on possible ways of integration with the EU so that Moldovan economy and society would be able to benefit most from the process - in other words, to successfully conclude the transformation of economy and adjust law and state institutions to European standards.
The analysis does not cover the political aspects of Transdniestrian conflict as it is an important and broad issue that requires deep separate analysis. In the paper there is also no evaluation of cooperation within Stability Pact for South Eastern Europe since we consider Moldova as Eastern European country with clear geopolitical position neighboring Ukraine and Romania.
Authored by: Iurie Gotisan, Karina Kostrzewa, Eugen Osmochescu
Published in 2005
Synthesis and Foreign Policy Debates, Nr. 6, June 2016Lina Grau
The Newsletter Synthesis and Foreign Policy Debates is produced by the Foreign Policy Association of Moldova in partnership with Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung (FES). The programme is part of the FES/APE “Foreign Policy Dialogues” Project. The content can be reproduced by mentioning the source. The materials are realized by Lina Grau, foreign policy expert and programme coordinator with APE.
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1. Signe Burgstaller: The systemic high level corruption is a major obstacle for the political and economic development
2. Nicu Popescu: Brexit - any internal weakening of the EU has a negative effect on the Eastern European geopolitics
3. Iulian Groza: The current political climate is not favouring an advancement in the relations with the EU
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Hungary, soon 10 years in the European Union!
1. B u d a p e s t U n i v e r s i t y o f
T e c h n o l o g y a n d
E c o n o m i c s
F e b r u a r y - J u n e 2 0 1 3
Arnold Stéllio BOUNGOUNGOU
Cultural Project
Hungary, soon 10 years in the
European Union!
2. Sommaire
Sommaire...............................................................................................................................................2
I-The objectives of the study..................................................................................................................3
II-Methodology.......................................................................................................................................3
III-Overview of Hungary..........................................................................................................................4
1-Identity card of Hungary..................................................................................................................4
IV-Why Hungary wants to join the European Union?.............................................................................5
1-The situation before accession........................................................................................................5
2-The process of accession to the European Union............................................................................5
V-After its accession...............................................................................................................................6
1-Place of Hungary in the European Union, his vision........................................................................6
2-The major changes..........................................................................................................................7
2.1-The EU provides five advantages Hungarian agriculture..........................................................7
2.2-Significant investments in infrastructure..................................................................................7
2-3Modernization of health care services in Budapest...................................................................8
3-Hungary violates the values of the European Union ......................................................................8
VI-The Results.......................................................................................................................................10
1-Positive impacts.............................................................................................................................10
2- Negative impacts..........................................................................................................................11
VII-My point of view.............................................................................................................................12
VIII-Conclusion......................................................................................................................................13
IX-References and Bibliography............................................................................................................14
2 |
3. I-The objectives of the study
During these three months in Budapest to demonstrate the interest that you wear to the
country and the city where we live, we'll focus on the results that is Hungary ago its
integration into the European Union.
Nearly ten years in the European Union, what is the result for Hungary?
In answering this question, we could understand the Hungarian operation mode, the vision
of the Hungarian government, expectations of the population to the European Union.
The strengths and weaknesses of the entry of Hungary into the European Union.
II-Methodology
Our work will be based on research documentation, news facts, interrogation of several local
people but also on political, economic and social analysis, events taking place during our stay
in Hungary. This is a real investigative work.
The work will be done as follows:
The first phase consist to give overview of Hungary, Why Hungary wants to join the
European Union we will talk about state of country before accession, the process of
accession to the European Union.
The second phase it ‘is the after accession, Hungary in the European Union we will talk about
the main changes, place of Hungary in the European Union, his vision, positive effects and
negative effects.
For resume I will give my point of view about Hungary.
3 |
4. III-Overview of Hungary
1-Identity card of Hungary
Hungary is a country in central
Europe. Hungary is bordered by
Slovakia to the north; Ukraine
and Romania to the east; Serbia,
Croatia and Slovenia to the south
and Austria to the east.
It has the capital Budapest,
Hungarian is the official
language. Although in the
European Union, Hungary has its
own currency. This is the forint.
Population of about 10 million,
Hungary is an average power at
the European level. It has a capitalist economy with a large public sector yet. Like many
former communist countries, the production model has long been dominated by industry.
Now the Hungary is turned to the development of tertiary industry which are services and
tourism.
Hungary
Capital Budapest
Total surface 93 029 km2
Language Hungarian
Currency Forint (HUF)
Population 9 937 628
Administration
Form of State Parliamentary Republic
President János Áder
Assembly President László Kövér
Minister President Viktor Orbán
4 |
5. IV-Why Hungary wants to join the European Union?
1-The situation before accession
Before its accession to the European Union, Hungary is a medium country, its economy is not
strong, and the standard of living is among the lowest in Europe. Hungary still has problems
with human rights and freedom in social reflection is not the brighter. The level of road
transport market access, rules and social security and access rights in the rail sector is also
very low. Although the education system is present, there is a relatively low level; the level
of university does not compete with those of France or Germany, to mention only these two.
However, Hungary knows its location could be an asset for the European Union; it will make
an application for membership, because she knows that the support of the European Union
would be beneficial to its development.
2-The process of accession to the European Union
March 31, 1994, Peter Boross addressed the candidature of Hungary to the European Union.
We can summarize the background processes entry of Hungary into the European Union in
five reports; it reports were reporting the progress of work in Hungary.
Report 1, the commission gave an opinion on the application for Hungarian membership in
July 1997. In this opinion the Commission presented its views on various points. Hungary's
participation in the euro area from its entry into the Union was premature. It nevertheless
calls on this point, Hungary to bring the legislation of the National Bank conform.
For resume the others reports we can say: the Commission published reports in which she
spoke of the progress made by Hungary. Reports specified achieving some progress,
particularly in terms of developing the competitiveness of the Hungarian industry through
investment, free movement of goods, education and training, media, research and
technological development and society information
Negotiations finally closed definitively in December 2002, Hungary has raised all its
challenge, it is in order to access the European Union
The last step was the referendum. A referendum is organized in Hungary April 12, 2003. The
referendum asked the following question: “That Hungary became a member of the
European Union do you accept?” Membership is approved by 83.76% of "yes" with a
participation rate of 45.6%.
Hungary is now in the European Union in the next section, we'll see how Hungary plays its
role in the European Union and what its vision is.
5 |
6. V-After its accession
1-Place of Hungary in the European Union, his vision
Despite the difficulties, the discourse of the Hungarian leaders remains positive. Political and
financial supports from the EU are not negligible. Hungary is the sixth recipient of the funds
of EU regional policy 2007-2013, amounting to 30 billion Euros.
Through these credits it is able to build national production capacity and infrastructures
continued structural reforms to increase employment and to reduce poverty. Attached to
the common agricultural policy and cohesion policy, Hungary supports the definition of
future policies on issues related to energy, environment, migration and research and
development. Budapest has also received the award in 2008, the headquarters of the
European Institute of Technology.
With its twelve votes in the Council and its twenty two Members of the European, Hungary
took the presidency in January 2011 for six months. It essentially wishes to develop a "post-
Lisbon" program with special emphasis on institutional issues and operation. Budapest is
also working to promote the project "Danube Strategy" on the model of the Baltic and Black
Sea synergy.
It involves more in questions of security and defense, operations in Bosnia and Kosovo.
Finally, Hungary has invested heavily in the perspective of future enlargements. It
particularly supports for identity and security reasons, the future integration of the Balkan
countries, foremost of which Croatia and Ukraine.
In conclusion, Hungary continues with determining the strategic priorities of foreign policy
adopted by the government in February 2008: competitiveness in the EU, regional power
and global responsibility. This last point is confirmed by the Hungarian bid for 2012-2013 to a
non-permanent member of the Security Council of the United Nations, but unfortunately
failed.
After this Analyze and different information collected during our research we can say that
Hungary plays a role, they are the means to become a power and make his voice heard in
Europe and beyond
In the following, we discussed the main change, see what has changed since Hungary's
accession to the European Union, how the economy has changed, and the standard of living
too.
6 |
7. 2-The major changes
Since the change of regime, Hungary has benefited from more complete modernization
efforts of various governments programs.
2.1-The EU provides five advantages Hungarian agriculture
Strengthening the rural development policy will give the Hungarian agricultural sector a
perfectly targeted pulse. For the period 2004-2006, the EU will total € 850 million available
for Hungary. From the first day of accession rural areas have access to a wide range of
investment aid for environmental measures or aid up to Community standards programs.
The second argument is particularly important for a country with a long tradition of
exporting. With accession to the EU, the Hungarian farmers and agro-industry will have
access to the largest single market in the world with nearly half a billion creditworthy
consumers.
The introduction of the common agricultural policy stabilize the incomes of Hungarian
farmers because by acting on the markets, including public interventions in crisis, the EU
stabilize producer prices. Hungary will have for this type of measurement of about € 150
million per year.
The gradual increase of direct payments will also help in times of restructuring and
modernization to ensure that Hungarian farmers a stable income.
All scientific studies show that Hungarian agriculture would be better off being inside the EU
if it remained outside. The latest scientific analysis of the European Commission show that in
all candidate countries, farmers benefit from significant revenue increases. Compared to
2002, we expect an increase in farm income by over 40% in the new Member States.
The new measures for rural development have been useful for the introduction of food
safety standards and quality standards.
2.2-Significant investments in infrastructure
Hungary has spoken about the use of the funds available by the EU, mainly in the "New
Széchenyi Plan" to boost the Hungarian economy.
This money was allocated in priority development areas of health, environment, housing,
transport and tourism as well as the general improvement of business and investment
conditions.
7 |
8. During the presentation of the "New Széchenyi Plan," the first concrete projects were
discussed and have seen the day, including:
• The construction of a bridge over the Danube in Komárom, on the border with
Slovakia.
• Work on public transport with the creation of bus stops, redevelopment node
communication "Moszkva Ter" Budapest, GSM-R (Global System for Mobile
Communications / Railway) to the national rail network).
• Various tourism projects at Lake Balaton and the Tisza; protection program for the
alluvial habitat of the Drava.
• Modernization stage Debrecen and Puskas Ferenc Stadium in Budapest.
2-3Modernization of health care services in Budapest
Action Plan of the City of Budapest in favor of health care, which has covered the major reform of the
hospital system of the city in a regional context, the structural reorganization of the system of health
care and the creation of a structure optimal institutional enabling delivery of more efficient and
economical services. It is part of the development of a broader director of the hospital sector level,
the EIB has engaged with the World Bank in the central region of Hungary.
Restructuring of the three hospitals Szent Imre, Bajcsy-Zsilinszky and Uzsoki, which are expected to
become an important component of the network of professional health care centers in the region of
Budapest which provides services to a population of nearly 1.8 million people.
The funding has been awarded part of the loan for infrastructure sectors and services in Budapest, in
the amount of 370 million Euros
3-Hungary violates the values of the European Union
In terms of democracy, Hungary seems to drift, although a member of the European Union
(it since 2004). On the one hand, it has recently supplied to ethnic Hungarians outside
border passports, with voting rights in Hungary. On the other hand, which is unimaginable
and unacceptable, mayors gave street names to historical fascist leaders, allies of Nazi
Germany.
Finally, on Monday, March 11, parliament passed a constitutional amendment that departs
completely the rule of law, one of the necessary political conditions (among others) to join
the European Union ("Copenhagen criteria" 1993). The separation of powers is no longer
8 |
9. guaranteed, the judiciary becoming a tool in the hands of the executive. The Constitutional
Court is muzzled. In addition, provisions amend an impermissibly the retirement age of
judges, the status of the church, the law of marriage.
Two-thirds in parliament, the conservative Fidesz party, led by Prime Minister Viktor Orban,
have enacted laws placing the public media, justice officials and the National Bank under
government control. Defendants and debates have proliferated in the European Parliament
as the Commission launched infringement procedures against Budapest. With an
amendment enacted in March to deny the essential powers of the Constitutional Court.
Together, the European Commission and the Council of Europe protested late and softly.
9 |
10. VI-The Results
1-Positive impacts
The previous section show that Hungary has made efforts and its entry into the European
Union has accelerated the process of development. The voice of Hungary is important; it
feels like when making decisions in the world.
Previous table shows the share of funds that each member of the European Union receives.
In this classification it should be noted that Hungary is well placed and receives a large share.
The standard of living in both social as economic approximates gradually from one of the founders of
the European Union. In this regard Hungary has done a great job. This is also reflected in its
education system, the university has nothing to envy to those of France, for example. Today, there
10 |
11. are many investors who come from all countries, strengthen this sector and made Hungary a hub of
Union.
One goods made of all this work it is tourism, tourism has an important part in the economy. After
agriculture, the tourism that comes second. This creates jobs and contribution to better living
conditions for people. With its membership in the Schengen area it is millions of people who
converge to Budapest and its surroundings
2- Negative impacts
Rare are those who take into account the benefits of belonging to the European Union.
Despite the progress Hungary has already achieved in terms of economic convergence, the
financial assistance of the European Union still remains daunting.
The current budget, in which are recorded the expenses of the Union for the period 2007 to
2013, for example, provides € 24.7 billion subsidy. Nevertheless, access to funds has
unfortunately not led to the disappearance of large regional inequalities, quite the contrary.
Looking at the differences in the level of development of the regions, it is clear that some
have made real progress while others continue to face the same problems as before. For
example: the standard of living in the region center-Hungary (including the capital) now
exceeds the European average, but the development of the most disadvantaged (northeast)
region is only 42% of this same medium.
According to the Eurobarometer survey, conducted in January, Hungarians are now one of
the most Eurosceptic nations. Whereas in 2010 the majority of the population was in favor
of the country's accession to the European Union in early 2013 only 32% judge positively.
Hungarian pessimism is probably influenced by the current economic environment.
Nothing better illustrates this recent survey indicating that they have placed economic
growth and the fight against unemployment and inflation at the top of areas where the EU
should make more efforts. Other issues such as energy security and the fight against climate
change much less interest.
Only a small circle of SMEs benefited from the funds subsidies, the poorest farmers or small
family businesses that have yet to be helped, have very little chance to benefit from these
subsidies.
Since 1 May 2004, the Hungarian results are mixed with regard to the EU. The economic and
financial crisis has highlighted the structural fragility of Hungary whose public finances have
continued to deteriorate in recent years.
11 |
12. Foreign investors that affect the Hungarian economy are now rare; exports are falling,
livelihoods collapse. The Hungarian government has a policy of austerity since September
2006 to reduce the deficit to 3% of GDP and debt to 60% by the Maastricht criteria.
The program is based on the reduction of government spending, social spending, mainly
family allowances, social security and pension system, as well as the VAT increase. But in the
short term, such a policy has a negative impact on GDP and employment. On the verge of
bankruptcy in 2008, the country seems to be the head in 2012 after a combined intervention
of the IMF, the EU and the European Central Bank to the tune of 20 billion Euros. The
currency is relatively stable and the confidence of foreign investors back. Unemployment
remains a concern (over 10% in 2012) and the abysmal public debt (97% of GDP).
VII-My point of view
For my part, and my experience as an Erasmus student for five months in Budapest, I can say
that: the impact of the European Union is very visible. Already on school or university level,
for example at the university where I was, there were several students from the European
Union, about exchange it is fine. Partnerships between several universities in the European
Union are woven. This was not the case before.
Today, Hungary is open to the world. They take pride with the idea that their countries
interested many people. Efforts have been made in this direction by the government, so that
Hungary is a country of tourism.
What surprised me the most in Hungary is the standard of living and infrastructure that is
similar to that of France or Germany, with modern way of transportation we can say that
Hungary is on the right way.
Although part of the European Union, Hungary has kept its specificity; this is one of its main
strengths.
As perfection is not of this world, there are some Hungarians who do not agree with the fact
that Hungary is in European Union.
I was also touched by all these inequalities, but also the level of wages is among the lowest
in Europe. In this regard, there is still some way to go, this is what the state.
To summarize this part, and for that I have demonstrated, I think the fact of having enter the
European Union is very beneficial for the development of Hungary.
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13. VIII-Conclusion
We are at the end of our work; there was question of treating a subject during the Erasmus
stay in Hungary. We are back on the nine years of Hungary in the European Union. The
process of joining the Union was not easy, but the work is feel today, it is true that the
growth path is still long but Hungary is on the right way.
Due to close and background of the European Union, Hungary launched major development
projects in the field of agriculture, transport; she also reformed its health system. Hungary
now attracts more people thanks to its tourism potential.
The young people we met are proud of belonging to the European Union and believe in it.
It is with great pleasure that I take this project; I met interesting people who answered my
questions. Analyze this allowed me to better understand the operating mode of Hungary.
After this work I spring with more knowledge, but also experience in the investigation and
analysis of records. It is true that it was not easy to find the right information, but the
patience and tenacity ended up to pay.
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