The purpose of the following article is to analyze the implementation of Structural Funds in the Arts and Culture Sector of in Poland in the years 2007-2013. The subject of the study consists of 980 contracted projects implemented in 2007-2013 in 16 provinces. We have selected only those that have been co-financed from the Structural Funds, namely the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF), from which 4,93 billion zł funding had been acquired for the mentioned 980 projects. The largest number of investments was realized in the Silesian province – 135, and the least in the Lubusz – 10. The largest share in the disbursement of structural funds was in the Mazovian province – 797,2 million zł
EuroPACE is an innovative financial mechanism inspired by an American building improvement initiative called Property Assessed Clean Energy (PACE). The innovative character of the EuroPACE mechanism is that financing through EuroPACE is linked to the taxes paid on a property. In other words, the financing lent by a private investor is repaid through property taxes and other charges related to the buildings. EuroPACE is therefore in line with the EC’s objectives of (1) putting EE first, (2) contributing to the EU’s global leadership, and (3) empowering consumers to enable MS to reach their energy and climate targets for 2030. Last but not least, EuroPACE could contribute to the democratisation of the energy supply by offering cash-flow positive, decentralised EE solutions.
The EuroPACE mechanism engages several stakeholders in the process: local government, investors, equipment installers, and homeowners. To establish the EuroPACE programme, several conditions must be satisfied, each of which are relevant for different stakeholder at different stages of the implementation. For the purpose of this report, we divided these criteria into two categories: key criteria, which make the implementation possible, and complementary criteria, which make the implementation easier. For the time being, it is a pure hypothesis to be tested with potential EuroPACE implementation.
The CIS region is of vital importance for the EU countries considering that both are interconnected through cooperation or membership in supranational political and economic institutions (OSCE, WTO, OECD, NATO, etc.), through transport and energy corridors, through investment, trade and migration trends.
The interests of EU member states in the region are very diverse and are sometimes pursued in contradiction to one another. The overarching interest is of an economic nature, given the large reserves of natural resources (particularly gas and oil) and due to the size of the CIS market of 277 million consumers. Security and immigration issues also rank high on the list, whereas EU countries are less concerned with democratisation trends in the CIS. Russia is the most important CIS partner for a majority of EU countries. Energy plays a disproportionally high role in EU member states (MS) - Russia relations and is also a strong determinant of the overall heterogeneity of EU MS policies towards Russia. The type of bilateral relations which the EU MS maintain with one sub-region of the CIS (particularly the EENP, but increasingly also Central Asia) also affects their relations with Russia. Cultural closeness and a common history still play a large part in the development of bilateral relations. The accession to the EU of Central and Eastern European states has altered the existing relations between them and their eastern CIS neighbours, thereby also modifying their interests in the region. Regrettably, the EU's policies towards Russia and the EENP region have not yet been able to provide a playing field able to compensate for this alteration.
Thus, the present report studies the various interests (political, security, economic, cultural) which underpin relations between the EU member states and the CIS countries and also discusses the latest developments in EU policies towards a specific CIS sub-region (Russia, the Eastern ENP and Central Asia), thereby providing a broad picture of the type of interests, how they are pursued by the EU member states and where these intersect or clash.
Authored by: George Dura
Published in 2008
CONGEO 2015 – Natural Hazards and Social Consequences: First announcementGeoCommunity
First announcement of the conference CONGEO 2015 – Natural Hazards and Social Consequences, August 24 – 27, 2015, New Hall of VSB – Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 15, Ostrava – Poruba, Czech Republic
The paper discusses the salience of the Finno-Ugric links in substantiating intra-EU cooperation among Finland, Estonia and Hungary. The focus is on investigating evidence of such cooperation in the EU's human rights and minority rights related policies towards the Russian Federation and other eastern neighbourhood states. The paper gives an account of institutionalised forms of cultural and political co-operation among the three countries under study. It discusses whether small EU states can coalesce under constructive policy alliances or not. The paper presents the current foreign policy narratives in Finland, Hungary and Estonia and locates the Finno-Ugric narrative in this general framework.
Authored by: Umut Korkut
Published in 2008
The report reviews key issues in energy trade and cooperation between the EU and CIS countries. It describes historical trends of oil and gas demand in the EU, other European and CIS countries and offers demand forecasts until 2030. Recent developments in oil and gas production and exports from Russia and Caspian countries are covered in detail leading to the discussion of the likely export potential of these regions. The key factors determining the production outlook, trade-offs and competition related to energy resources transportation choices are also discussed. The report also covers the interests and role of transit countries in relations between producer and consumer regions. The analytical section leads to policy recommendations that focus mainly on the EU.
Authored by: Sabit Bagirov, Leonid Grigoriev, Wojciech Paczynski, Vladimer Papava, Marcel Salikhov, Michael Tokmazishvili
Published in 2009
EuroPACE is an innovative financial mechanism inspired by an American building improvement initiative called Property Assessed Clean Energy (PACE). The innovative character of the EuroPACE mechanism is that financing through EuroPACE is linked to the taxes paid on a property. In other words, the financing lent by a private investor is repaid through property taxes and other charges related to the buildings. EuroPACE is therefore in line with the EC’s objectives of (1) putting EE first, (2) contributing to the EU’s global leadership, and (3) empowering consumers to enable MS to reach their energy and climate targets for 2030. Last but not least, EuroPACE could contribute to the democratisation of the energy supply by offering cash-flow positive, decentralised EE solutions.
The EuroPACE mechanism engages several stakeholders in the process: local government, investors, equipment installers, and homeowners. To establish the EuroPACE programme, several conditions must be satisfied, each of which are relevant for different stakeholder at different stages of the implementation. For the purpose of this report, we divided these criteria into two categories: key criteria, which make the implementation possible, and complementary criteria, which make the implementation easier. For the time being, it is a pure hypothesis to be tested with potential EuroPACE implementation.
The CIS region is of vital importance for the EU countries considering that both are interconnected through cooperation or membership in supranational political and economic institutions (OSCE, WTO, OECD, NATO, etc.), through transport and energy corridors, through investment, trade and migration trends.
The interests of EU member states in the region are very diverse and are sometimes pursued in contradiction to one another. The overarching interest is of an economic nature, given the large reserves of natural resources (particularly gas and oil) and due to the size of the CIS market of 277 million consumers. Security and immigration issues also rank high on the list, whereas EU countries are less concerned with democratisation trends in the CIS. Russia is the most important CIS partner for a majority of EU countries. Energy plays a disproportionally high role in EU member states (MS) - Russia relations and is also a strong determinant of the overall heterogeneity of EU MS policies towards Russia. The type of bilateral relations which the EU MS maintain with one sub-region of the CIS (particularly the EENP, but increasingly also Central Asia) also affects their relations with Russia. Cultural closeness and a common history still play a large part in the development of bilateral relations. The accession to the EU of Central and Eastern European states has altered the existing relations between them and their eastern CIS neighbours, thereby also modifying their interests in the region. Regrettably, the EU's policies towards Russia and the EENP region have not yet been able to provide a playing field able to compensate for this alteration.
Thus, the present report studies the various interests (political, security, economic, cultural) which underpin relations between the EU member states and the CIS countries and also discusses the latest developments in EU policies towards a specific CIS sub-region (Russia, the Eastern ENP and Central Asia), thereby providing a broad picture of the type of interests, how they are pursued by the EU member states and where these intersect or clash.
Authored by: George Dura
Published in 2008
CONGEO 2015 – Natural Hazards and Social Consequences: First announcementGeoCommunity
First announcement of the conference CONGEO 2015 – Natural Hazards and Social Consequences, August 24 – 27, 2015, New Hall of VSB – Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 15, Ostrava – Poruba, Czech Republic
The paper discusses the salience of the Finno-Ugric links in substantiating intra-EU cooperation among Finland, Estonia and Hungary. The focus is on investigating evidence of such cooperation in the EU's human rights and minority rights related policies towards the Russian Federation and other eastern neighbourhood states. The paper gives an account of institutionalised forms of cultural and political co-operation among the three countries under study. It discusses whether small EU states can coalesce under constructive policy alliances or not. The paper presents the current foreign policy narratives in Finland, Hungary and Estonia and locates the Finno-Ugric narrative in this general framework.
Authored by: Umut Korkut
Published in 2008
The report reviews key issues in energy trade and cooperation between the EU and CIS countries. It describes historical trends of oil and gas demand in the EU, other European and CIS countries and offers demand forecasts until 2030. Recent developments in oil and gas production and exports from Russia and Caspian countries are covered in detail leading to the discussion of the likely export potential of these regions. The key factors determining the production outlook, trade-offs and competition related to energy resources transportation choices are also discussed. The report also covers the interests and role of transit countries in relations between producer and consumer regions. The analytical section leads to policy recommendations that focus mainly on the EU.
Authored by: Sabit Bagirov, Leonid Grigoriev, Wojciech Paczynski, Vladimer Papava, Marcel Salikhov, Michael Tokmazishvili
Published in 2009
Remittances in Moldova reach 36% of GDP, hence they constitute an essential part of the Moldovan economy. The most visible characteristic of remittances is their unequal distribution. The analysis applying the standard Lorenz Curve proves that 75% receiving households gets only 25% of total amount being sent to the country. The way remittances are distributed does not seem to be random. Higher amounts go in general to younger and more educated households. Remittances strongly influence the economic potential of households, especially if they are high enough. They often constitute the main source of households' income, but they not discourage the members of receiving households from economic activity. It indicates that migration and working abroad is the manifest of economic activity, on the other hand it suggest that lack of employment opportunities in the country is an important reason for migration. Those who obtain remittances tend to have higher share of investments in their total household spending. Significant share of remittances for all groups is spent on education - the basic investment increasing the future competitiveness. In rural areas remittances are much more often used to improve the quality of farms than to start running other businesses. It seems that lack of infrastructure and good governance is the main reason for which educated and young emigrants sending significant amounts of money do not decide to invest them in entrepreneurial activities. Eradicating these impediments for local development should be become a highest priority.
Authored by: Eugene Hristev, Georgeta Mincu, Maya Sandu, Mateusz Walewski
Published in 2009
The paper focuses on the social safety nets in Russian Federation and Ukraine in the view of changes on the labour market since the beginning of economic transition. The authors showed that many past phenomena (e.g. restructuring of the economy, wage and pension arrears, new groups at-risk-of-poverty, demographic transition) caused a need to change an old type social safety net (SSN) into the new one, better adapted to emerging more liberal economy problems.
Additionally, the authors analysed some gender specific issues related to social security that are caused mainly by inequalities in the labour market. Differences of earnings between men and women in Russia caused by sector segregation account for seem to be more important than the gap between gender earnings attributed to the position. In Ukraine the main contributors to gross gender differential of log earnings (that equals to 32%) explained by our model are sector segregation and occupation.
The authors also pointed out to future policy challenges in the area of social security systems in both countries. The retirement reforms introduced recently are a step in the right direction, although their impact will not be felt for a number of years. Other reforms, with more immediate results, are necessary. Social safety nets should be made more efficient and social benefits should be better targeted.
Authored by: Marek Gora, Grzegorz Kula, Oleksandr Rohozynsky, Magdalena Rokicka, Anna Ruzik-Sierdzinska
Published in 2009
Labor migration from Eastern Europe and the member countries of Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) to the Western countries became an important socio-economic issue. Since political systems and the nature of border management in these regions, migrations turned out to be a very complex and unpredictable issue. The purpose of this study is to analyze the region specific actors, practices and policies of migration in the Eastern countries, the possible scenarios and demographic consequences of the future migration flows. In order to address this issue properly, some of the complexities of labor migration phenomenon in the region are uncovered.
Authored by: Xavier Chojnicki, Ainura Uzagalieva
Published in 2008
Hungary, soon 10 years in the European Union!Arnold Stellio
During these three months in Budapest to demonstrate the interest that you wear to the country and the city where we live, we'll focus on the results that is Hungary ago its integration into the European Union.
In attention of all experts in social and political researchTrotiuc Alex
international research services in the following areas:
• Sociology of Transformations: East and West
• Social Policy
• Political Sociology
• Global, transnational and cosmopolitan sociology
• Economic Sociology
• Disaster, Conflict and Social Crisis
• Sociology of Culture and Religia
• Sociology of Consumption
• Sociology of demographic groups, social minorities and gender relations
• Sociology of law enforcement and good governance.
• Sociology of democracy development
This paper examines the motives behind foreign direct investment (FDI) in a group of four CIS countries (Ukraine, Moldova, Georgia and Kyrgyzstan) based on a survey of 120 enterprises. The results indicate that non-oil multi-national enterprises (MNEs) are predominantly oriented at serving local markets. Most MNEs in the CIS operate as 'isolated players', maintaining strong links to their parent companies, while minimally cooperating with local CIS firms. The surveyed firms secure the majority of supplies from international sources. For this reason, the possibility for spillovers arising from cooperation with foreign-owned firms in the CIS is rather low at this time. The lack of efficiency-seeking investment poses further concern regarding the nature of FDI in the region. The most significant problems identified in the daily operations of the surveyed foreign firms are: the volatility of the political and economic environment, the ambiguity of the legal system and the high levels of corruption.
Authored by: Malgorzata Jakubiak
Published in 2008
This paper presents forecasts for the Financial Stress Index (FSI) and the Economic Sensitivity Index (ESI) for the period 2015-2015 for six countries in the region, namely the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland. It is a continuation of the endeavor to construct synthetic indices measuring financial stress and economic sensitivity for twelve Central and East European countries using the Principal Component Analysis. In order to obtain forecasts of the FSI, we estimated Vector Autoregression (VAR) models on monthly data for the period 2001-2012 separately for all the countries. Using quarterly historical values of ESI and FSI, we estimated Dynamic Panel Data Model for the complete sample of countries. Parameters of the model were later used for forecasting the ESI. Obtained results suggest that the FSI will start to rise in 2014 in the Czech Republic, Lithuania, and Estonia. For Latvia and Hungary, we observed a conversion in the trend, i.e. at the beginning of 2015, when the index should start to fall. According to our forecasts, the ESI will be rising in the next two years, except for Hungary, where we predict a continuous decrease in economic sensitivity.
Authored by: Maciej Krzak and Grzegorz Poniatowski
Published in 2014
The paper presents the way the tourism statistics was conducted in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in the period from 1918 to 1941. This branch of statistics included data on the "hotel industry", and data on healing waters, climatic and tourist sites. The Ministry of Trade and Industry was responsible for collecting data on the "hotel industry" in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, whereas the data on the spas and climatic and tourist sites were collected by the Ministry of Social Policy and Public Health. Data collected were published in publications of these ministries and Statistical Yearbook of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. By analysing the content of these publications, it has been concluded that tourism statistics was very detailed. By comparison with statistical publications from other countries of that time, but also with modern statistical publications, a conclusion has been reached on the high level of development of tourism statistics in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. The development of tourism statistics reflects, on the one hand, the level of development of national statistics between two World Wars, and, on the other hand, the importance that tourism had at that time.
The empirical analysis of the determinants of institutional development in transition countries as well as the qualitative country studies summarized in this publication allow for some optimism concerning a potential impact of the EU on institution building and governance quality in CIS countries. Regression analysis reveals a positive impact of EU cooperation agreements below a membership perspective. Alternatively to the EU, entry into the NATO accession process also exerts incentives for better institutions which are often overlooked. In contrast, WTO membership is not found to have any impact on institution building in CIS countries. While there is room for some EU-related optimism given the results from the regression analysis it depends on the country-specific ENP action plans and programs whether or not ENP cooperation actually leads to Europeanization or institutional convergence towards EU standards in the CIS. The case studies on the effectiveness of Neighborhood Europeanization through ENP in Ukraine, Georgia, and Azerbaijan reveal that current EU policies towards these countries can be, at best, seen as a catalyst but not as a main driver of institutional convergence. A perspective for a stake in the internal market is on the long horizon for Ukraine only. ENP mechanisms for conflict resolution in Georgia and Azerbaijan have been rather weak before the recent clash in Abkhazia and South Ossetia. The top-down institutional convergence, i.e. an EU-first strategy, worked well for Enlargement Europeanization but implemented in the ENP it significantly reduces the leverage of the EU to create a ring of well-governed neighbour states.
Authored by: Thorsten Drautzburg, Andrea Gawrich, Inna Melnykovska, Rainer Schweickert
Published in 2008
Assessment of changes in the level of human capital in Poland in the context ...Małgorzata Sikora-Gaca
The article presents the analysis of 2,947 projects in the area of science and education co-financed by the Structural Funds in Poland in 2004–2006. It summarizes the investments co-financed by the European Regional Development Fund, the European Social Fund and the European Agricultural Guidance and Guarantee Fund. Data on 2,947 projects, with their regional division, have been verified. Thanks to this regional leaders have been distinguished in terms of the number of projects and raised funds in 2004–2006. Most importantly, the amount of the subsidy from the EU to projects in the area of science and education in Poland in the years 2004–2006 has been estimated per capita of individual region. These data were compared with the selected human capital development indicators in 2003, 2006, 2009 and 2012 to assess the impact of European funding in the field of science and education on human capital in Poland.
Arts and Immigration in the Public Environment in Bulgaria Victoria Durrer
Tatiana Stoitchkova, Academy of Arts, Sofia– Bulgaria, explores the development of the relationships between cultural diversity, immigration and the cultural situation in Bulgaria. Special attention is given to - how artists see migration flows. The analysis of media content and institutional arrangements reveal discrepancies between public opinion, everyday feelings and artistic solutions. Neither is the incorporation of the diversity into the traditional programming and cultural management unambiguous. Part of the Arts and Humanities Research Council funded research networking, Brokering Intercultural Exchange: Interrogating the role of arts and cultural management. More info at www.managingculture.net
Information about EU Culture programme and programme "Creative Europe" prepared by Tetiana Biletska, Ukraine, 2012. For project "European Cultural Foundation: opportunities for Ukrainian NGOs" funded by the International Renaissance Foundation // Информация о программах ЕС "Культура" и "Творческая Европа", подготовленная Татьяной Белецкой для проекта "Европейский культурный фонд: возможности для украинских культурных НГО", который финансировался Международным фондом "Возрождение", Украина, 2012 г., на английском языке
Remittances in Moldova reach 36% of GDP, hence they constitute an essential part of the Moldovan economy. The most visible characteristic of remittances is their unequal distribution. The analysis applying the standard Lorenz Curve proves that 75% receiving households gets only 25% of total amount being sent to the country. The way remittances are distributed does not seem to be random. Higher amounts go in general to younger and more educated households. Remittances strongly influence the economic potential of households, especially if they are high enough. They often constitute the main source of households' income, but they not discourage the members of receiving households from economic activity. It indicates that migration and working abroad is the manifest of economic activity, on the other hand it suggest that lack of employment opportunities in the country is an important reason for migration. Those who obtain remittances tend to have higher share of investments in their total household spending. Significant share of remittances for all groups is spent on education - the basic investment increasing the future competitiveness. In rural areas remittances are much more often used to improve the quality of farms than to start running other businesses. It seems that lack of infrastructure and good governance is the main reason for which educated and young emigrants sending significant amounts of money do not decide to invest them in entrepreneurial activities. Eradicating these impediments for local development should be become a highest priority.
Authored by: Eugene Hristev, Georgeta Mincu, Maya Sandu, Mateusz Walewski
Published in 2009
The paper focuses on the social safety nets in Russian Federation and Ukraine in the view of changes on the labour market since the beginning of economic transition. The authors showed that many past phenomena (e.g. restructuring of the economy, wage and pension arrears, new groups at-risk-of-poverty, demographic transition) caused a need to change an old type social safety net (SSN) into the new one, better adapted to emerging more liberal economy problems.
Additionally, the authors analysed some gender specific issues related to social security that are caused mainly by inequalities in the labour market. Differences of earnings between men and women in Russia caused by sector segregation account for seem to be more important than the gap between gender earnings attributed to the position. In Ukraine the main contributors to gross gender differential of log earnings (that equals to 32%) explained by our model are sector segregation and occupation.
The authors also pointed out to future policy challenges in the area of social security systems in both countries. The retirement reforms introduced recently are a step in the right direction, although their impact will not be felt for a number of years. Other reforms, with more immediate results, are necessary. Social safety nets should be made more efficient and social benefits should be better targeted.
Authored by: Marek Gora, Grzegorz Kula, Oleksandr Rohozynsky, Magdalena Rokicka, Anna Ruzik-Sierdzinska
Published in 2009
Labor migration from Eastern Europe and the member countries of Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) to the Western countries became an important socio-economic issue. Since political systems and the nature of border management in these regions, migrations turned out to be a very complex and unpredictable issue. The purpose of this study is to analyze the region specific actors, practices and policies of migration in the Eastern countries, the possible scenarios and demographic consequences of the future migration flows. In order to address this issue properly, some of the complexities of labor migration phenomenon in the region are uncovered.
Authored by: Xavier Chojnicki, Ainura Uzagalieva
Published in 2008
Hungary, soon 10 years in the European Union!Arnold Stellio
During these three months in Budapest to demonstrate the interest that you wear to the country and the city where we live, we'll focus on the results that is Hungary ago its integration into the European Union.
In attention of all experts in social and political researchTrotiuc Alex
international research services in the following areas:
• Sociology of Transformations: East and West
• Social Policy
• Political Sociology
• Global, transnational and cosmopolitan sociology
• Economic Sociology
• Disaster, Conflict and Social Crisis
• Sociology of Culture and Religia
• Sociology of Consumption
• Sociology of demographic groups, social minorities and gender relations
• Sociology of law enforcement and good governance.
• Sociology of democracy development
This paper examines the motives behind foreign direct investment (FDI) in a group of four CIS countries (Ukraine, Moldova, Georgia and Kyrgyzstan) based on a survey of 120 enterprises. The results indicate that non-oil multi-national enterprises (MNEs) are predominantly oriented at serving local markets. Most MNEs in the CIS operate as 'isolated players', maintaining strong links to their parent companies, while minimally cooperating with local CIS firms. The surveyed firms secure the majority of supplies from international sources. For this reason, the possibility for spillovers arising from cooperation with foreign-owned firms in the CIS is rather low at this time. The lack of efficiency-seeking investment poses further concern regarding the nature of FDI in the region. The most significant problems identified in the daily operations of the surveyed foreign firms are: the volatility of the political and economic environment, the ambiguity of the legal system and the high levels of corruption.
Authored by: Malgorzata Jakubiak
Published in 2008
This paper presents forecasts for the Financial Stress Index (FSI) and the Economic Sensitivity Index (ESI) for the period 2015-2015 for six countries in the region, namely the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland. It is a continuation of the endeavor to construct synthetic indices measuring financial stress and economic sensitivity for twelve Central and East European countries using the Principal Component Analysis. In order to obtain forecasts of the FSI, we estimated Vector Autoregression (VAR) models on monthly data for the period 2001-2012 separately for all the countries. Using quarterly historical values of ESI and FSI, we estimated Dynamic Panel Data Model for the complete sample of countries. Parameters of the model were later used for forecasting the ESI. Obtained results suggest that the FSI will start to rise in 2014 in the Czech Republic, Lithuania, and Estonia. For Latvia and Hungary, we observed a conversion in the trend, i.e. at the beginning of 2015, when the index should start to fall. According to our forecasts, the ESI will be rising in the next two years, except for Hungary, where we predict a continuous decrease in economic sensitivity.
Authored by: Maciej Krzak and Grzegorz Poniatowski
Published in 2014
The paper presents the way the tourism statistics was conducted in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in the period from 1918 to 1941. This branch of statistics included data on the "hotel industry", and data on healing waters, climatic and tourist sites. The Ministry of Trade and Industry was responsible for collecting data on the "hotel industry" in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, whereas the data on the spas and climatic and tourist sites were collected by the Ministry of Social Policy and Public Health. Data collected were published in publications of these ministries and Statistical Yearbook of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. By analysing the content of these publications, it has been concluded that tourism statistics was very detailed. By comparison with statistical publications from other countries of that time, but also with modern statistical publications, a conclusion has been reached on the high level of development of tourism statistics in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. The development of tourism statistics reflects, on the one hand, the level of development of national statistics between two World Wars, and, on the other hand, the importance that tourism had at that time.
The empirical analysis of the determinants of institutional development in transition countries as well as the qualitative country studies summarized in this publication allow for some optimism concerning a potential impact of the EU on institution building and governance quality in CIS countries. Regression analysis reveals a positive impact of EU cooperation agreements below a membership perspective. Alternatively to the EU, entry into the NATO accession process also exerts incentives for better institutions which are often overlooked. In contrast, WTO membership is not found to have any impact on institution building in CIS countries. While there is room for some EU-related optimism given the results from the regression analysis it depends on the country-specific ENP action plans and programs whether or not ENP cooperation actually leads to Europeanization or institutional convergence towards EU standards in the CIS. The case studies on the effectiveness of Neighborhood Europeanization through ENP in Ukraine, Georgia, and Azerbaijan reveal that current EU policies towards these countries can be, at best, seen as a catalyst but not as a main driver of institutional convergence. A perspective for a stake in the internal market is on the long horizon for Ukraine only. ENP mechanisms for conflict resolution in Georgia and Azerbaijan have been rather weak before the recent clash in Abkhazia and South Ossetia. The top-down institutional convergence, i.e. an EU-first strategy, worked well for Enlargement Europeanization but implemented in the ENP it significantly reduces the leverage of the EU to create a ring of well-governed neighbour states.
Authored by: Thorsten Drautzburg, Andrea Gawrich, Inna Melnykovska, Rainer Schweickert
Published in 2008
Assessment of changes in the level of human capital in Poland in the context ...Małgorzata Sikora-Gaca
The article presents the analysis of 2,947 projects in the area of science and education co-financed by the Structural Funds in Poland in 2004–2006. It summarizes the investments co-financed by the European Regional Development Fund, the European Social Fund and the European Agricultural Guidance and Guarantee Fund. Data on 2,947 projects, with their regional division, have been verified. Thanks to this regional leaders have been distinguished in terms of the number of projects and raised funds in 2004–2006. Most importantly, the amount of the subsidy from the EU to projects in the area of science and education in Poland in the years 2004–2006 has been estimated per capita of individual region. These data were compared with the selected human capital development indicators in 2003, 2006, 2009 and 2012 to assess the impact of European funding in the field of science and education on human capital in Poland.
Arts and Immigration in the Public Environment in Bulgaria Victoria Durrer
Tatiana Stoitchkova, Academy of Arts, Sofia– Bulgaria, explores the development of the relationships between cultural diversity, immigration and the cultural situation in Bulgaria. Special attention is given to - how artists see migration flows. The analysis of media content and institutional arrangements reveal discrepancies between public opinion, everyday feelings and artistic solutions. Neither is the incorporation of the diversity into the traditional programming and cultural management unambiguous. Part of the Arts and Humanities Research Council funded research networking, Brokering Intercultural Exchange: Interrogating the role of arts and cultural management. More info at www.managingculture.net
Information about EU Culture programme and programme "Creative Europe" prepared by Tetiana Biletska, Ukraine, 2012. For project "European Cultural Foundation: opportunities for Ukrainian NGOs" funded by the International Renaissance Foundation // Информация о программах ЕС "Культура" и "Творческая Европа", подготовленная Татьяной Белецкой для проекта "Европейский культурный фонд: возможности для украинских культурных НГО", который финансировался Международным фондом "Возрождение", Украина, 2012 г., на английском языке
Presentation delivered by Elena Marchigiani, Deputy Mayor for Town Planning, Mobility and Traffic, Housing, Trieste, for URBACT Training for Elected Representatives on Integrated and Sustainable Urban Development.
Seminar 3 (2-4 December 2013, Brussels, Belgium): Sustainability and change. How can cities tackle the challenges of climate change and assess their progress? And how to intervene in complex energy transitions while improving a city's quality of life?
Read more: http://urbact.eu/en/news-and-events/urbact-events/training-for-elected-representatives/
Research on the Development of Cultural Industry in Shandong ProvinceAM Publications,India
with the development of economy, culture industry as an emerging industry in regional economic development plays a more and more important role, and gradually become a new bright spot of the development of the national economy. Shandong Province, as a major economic province, how to further develop the culture industry has become one of the key issues in the research. Based on the data of Shandong province in recent years, this paper analyzes the competitiveness of the cultural industry in Shandong Province, and draws the advantages of Shandong Province, which has a good foundation and the province's demand potential, but has the defects of low quality and regional imbalance in Shandong's cultural industry, and puts forward the corresponding countermeasures.
Investment and sustainable development of tourism in kosovo (4)nakije.kida
Investments in sustainable tourism development could be one of the ways to increase the
participation of Kosovo in the global economy by facilitating poverty, in particular through the
creation of employment in micro, small and medium enterprises. Defects in terms of necessary
physical infrastructure, marketing and availability of appropriately qualified human resources are
elements which hinder the sustainable development of tourism. Kosovo promotion at national
and international level would have major effects on the information of tourists. Micro-credits
from micro financial institutions of tourism sector, small enterprises and tourist agencies
together, stimulate tourism and strengthen the link with the other economic sectors. Attracting
investments in tourism, especially FDI, strengthens the link between tourism and organic and
crafts products in Kosovo as a small landlocked country. Attracting tourists in Kosovo will boost
the economy but at the same time, if not well managed, it will have negative impact on the
environment. Tourists are interested in the social, cultural, and environmental issues of the
country they want to visit. They should have knowledge about destination choice,
accommodation, travel, food, markets and the friendly behaviour of Kosovo residents.
Inseparability of production and consumption in space as well as in time make the development
of the green tourism even more necessary. To recover the quality of air, water, food, parks, hotel
environment, countryside beauty areas, investments are necessary, especially those from foreign
sources which are not considered as a debt because Kosovo has insufficient resources to invest.
Diaspora should also be targeted as a significant segment of the market growth, and household
income.
Key words: Touristic investments, tourism
Program Dostępność plus – podstawy prawne, obszary wsparcia, budżetMałgorzata Sikora-Gaca
European funds implemented in Poland contribute to breaking many
obstacles, both in architectural and social terms. However, there is still a long way to go in the subject of broadly understood accessibility, especially in the context of social groups with various types of barriers. The Programme has been created to impede the active participation of dependent people in private and public life. Thanks to the involvement of European funds, Norwegian instruments and funds
from the European Economic Area countries, the government has
set up the Accessibility Plus Programme, which includes both those
investments that have already been planned for implementation in
operational programmes, as well as subsequent initiatives. The share
of the Polish state budget in the planned investment programme for
2018-2025 will amount to 1%, of the local governments to 5%, and of
the the target fund to 6%.
Foreign language portfolio and EU funded foreign language courses in PolandMałgorzata Sikora-Gaca
Due to globalization processes, the importance of the knowledge of foreign languages in almost every field
of professional and private life is constantly growing. This has had an impact on the policy of many international
institutions, including those in the European Union. Supporting language pluralism has been an explicit
aim of the European strategy for multilingualism since 2008. The following paper presents the results of
an interdisciplinary research study initiated by representatives of two different fields of science: linguistics
and political science. Among the generation of young people aged between 18-24, who belong to the so-called
Generation Z (White 2017: 224) and were brought up as EU citizens, the study points to a conflict between
the perception of foreign language skills and opportunities to develop them using EU funds. The research
aims to analyze the awareness of the EU language policy in Poland, combining questions related to people’s
foreign language portfolio and knowledge about existing possibilities of learning foreign languages, as well
as the ability to obtain external financing. The survey was conducted among 100 students of linguistic and
non-linguistic studies and enabled the formulation of initial conclusions that are the basis for further research.
Regional and National Operational Programs as an Important Source of Funding ...Małgorzata Sikora-Gaca
The following article summarizes the investments made in the area of transport policy in Poland over the past 15 years. Within such a typology 3679 projects implemented in 2004-2006 and 2007-2013 have been analyzed. Time periods were adopted according to the duration terms of the last two financial perspectives. In 2004-2006, 738 projects were completed with a total value of approx. 28.5 billion PLN, of which the amount of funding from the EU amounted to approx. 18 billion PLN. In 2007-2013 2945 projects were contracted for the implementation, of which 2549 that were due to September 2015 have already been completed. 396 projects are still in the implementation phase. In September 2015 the activities contracted for the transport policy were estimated at approx. 241.48 billion PLN value of total investment, including 136.86 billion from grants from the European Union. The total value of all the 3679 projects is approx. 270 billion PLN, of which the value of subsidies from the EU represents approx. 155 billion PLN, the value of subsidies from the state budget is approx. 27 billion PLN, and beneficiaries own contribution is approx. 88 billion PLN.
Wdrażanie funduszy strukturalnych w sektor ochrony zdrowia w Polsce w latach ...Małgorzata Sikora-Gaca
Celem niniejszego artykułu była weryfikacja projektów z obszaru ochrony zdrowia, które zostały zakwalifikowane do dofinansowania z funduszy strukturalnych w latach 2004-2006. Przedmiotem badania objęto 303 przedsięwzięcia zakontraktowane do realizacji w latach 2004-2006 w 16 województwach. Przeprowadzona analiza wykazała, że w województwie mazowieckim i śląskim zrealizowano największą liczbę projektów w skali kraju, natomiast województwie podlaskim wartość dotacji na jednego mieszkańca regionu była najwyższa. Zweryfikowano, że w latach 2004-2006 w obszarze ochrony zdrowia w Polsce zakontraktowano do realizacji 303 inwestycje, których wartość ogółem oszacowano na 784,48 mln zł, z czego kwota dotacji przyznanych z Europejskiego Funduszu Rozwoju Regionalnego wyniosła 491,72 mln zł. The aim of this article is to verify the projects in the area of health, which were eligible for financing from the structural funds in 2004-2006. The subject of the study consisted of 303 contracted projects to be implemented in 2004-2006 in 16 provinces. The analysis showed that in the Mazovian and Silesian provinces the largest number of projects in the country were executed, while in Podlasie the grant value per capita was the highest in the region. It has been verified that in the years 2004-2006 in the area of health care in Poland 303 investments were contracted for the implementation with a total value estimated at 784.48 million PLN, where the amount of subsidies granted by the European Regional Development Fund totaled at 491.72 million PLN.
Realizacja projektów współfinansowanych z funduszy europejskich jako istotny ...Małgorzata Sikora-Gaca
The following chapter takes into account the subject of projects co-financed by the European funds implemented in Poland in the area of health care after 2004. The activities in this area have been analyzed in all three financial perspectives: 2004-2006, 2007-2013 and 2014-2020. Due to the fact that the first two programming periods had already been formally completed, detailed analyses for the years 2004-2013 have been carried out in terms of quantity, value and amount of co-financing for implemented projects. Attention has also been paid to the contextual indicators in the area of health protection in Poland for 2004, 2008 and 2015, which allowed to show particular changes within the examined sector. Due to the ongoing financial perspectives of 2014-2020, the current possibilities for obtaining grants have been shown shown, and the allocation value for national and regional operational programmes has been estimated.
Polska w Europie 1989-2014. 25 lat po przemianach – różne oblicza zmian regio...Małgorzata Sikora-Gaca
Publikację rozpoczyna materiał poświęcony 25-leciu polskiej samorządności widziany poprzez pryzmat zmian zawartych w ordynacjach wyborczych. W dalszej kolejności wskazano na europejską i polską politykę regionalną. Z elementem tym związane są następne artykuły odnoszące się do euroregionów oraz województwa zachodniopomorskiego, które stało się kolejnym europejskim regionem. Od średniowiecza na terenie Pomorza Zachodniego budowano nie tylko społeczności lokalne i regionalne, ale na skutek procesów politycznych doszło do powstania tam ośrodków władzy państwowej Księstwa Zachodniopomorskiego. Stolicą tego podmiotu był Szczecin, ale władza księcia rozciągała się po obu stronach Odry. Po kilkusetletniej jego działalności uległo ono rozczłonkowaniu w latach wojny 30-letniej w 1. połowie XVII w., jednakże pozostałości po tamtym podmiocie polityczno-ustrojowym występują do współczesności. Stąd potrzeba odnowienia więzi nie tylko społecznych między poszczególnymi społecznościami, ale i zadbania o jego zabytki, wspólne dziedzictwo Odry i Bałtyku oraz inne. Część niniejszą kończą dwa materiały odnoszące się do pilskiej społeczności lokalnej i regionalnej, która w pierwszym okresie transformacji posiadała rangę województwa, po czym została włączona do Wielkopolski. Główną myślą przewodnią niniejszej części stało się przedstawienie polskich zmian lokalnych i regionalnych w ostatnim ćwierćwieczu z zaznaczającym się wpływem województwa zachodniopomorskiego.
More Info: Polska w Europie 1989-2014. 25 lat po przemianach – różne oblicza zmian regionalnych i lokalnych, J. Knopek, M. Sikora-Gaca, D. Magierek (red.), Koszalin 2014, ISBN: 978-83-7365-353-5; ISSN: 0239-7129, s. 1-187.
Wpływ transformacji gospodarczej na proces formowania elit biznesu w państwac...Małgorzata Sikora-Gaca
Internally polarized counter-elites, that are often involved in corporate interests, do not have enough power to oppose the negative manifestations of economic transformation. In the countries of the South Caucasus, there are two types of business elites, the internal and the external ones, which "grew up" from the economic transformation. The external elites result from the privatization process, in which primarily Russians and Kazakhs are engaged. Concerning their interests in the region, they are lobbying the decision-making processes, while the local elites create the aforementioned mentioned "representative system." The wealth factor is therefore the way to exercise power. The research on business elites remains a discursive issue, which seems to be an endless subject to develop . its analysis opens a broad discussion on the methodology of the study of elites, both in terms of their mechanisms and characteristics, as well as the theory itself.
W kręgu teorii dyplomacji. Wybrane aspekty bezpieczeństwa państwa [In the Cir...Małgorzata Sikora-Gaca
Diplomacy is an extremely wide concept, therefore to specify its special relationship with the category of security, individual appointments were taken into account. Methodology was based on the analysis of literature. The following concept were characterized: preven-tive diplomacy, diplomatic asylum, extraterritoriality, security letter, conciliation, mediation, notification, diplomatic negotiations, peaceful coexistence, ultimatum, sanctions. Their theoretical aspect and practical application in international politics were shown, both as "status quo" and "status quo ante".
More Info: M. Sikora-Gaca, W kręgu teorii dyplomacji. Wybrane aspekty bezpieczeństwa państwa, [w:] M. Gorka (red.), Rola i zadania służb w systemie bezpieczeństwa publicznego, Koszalin 2013, s. 265-275.
Unia Europejska - Rosja. Dylematy mołdawskiej polityki [European Union - Russ...Małgorzata Sikora-Gaca
After 1989, a total collapse of the Soviet ideological monopoly has taken place, not only in Moldova, but also in other socialist countries, therefore shaping a new set of rules governing the political life and leadership. Changes of the system that have taken place in the Republic of Moldova should be treated as a result of the following factors: the formation of the independence movement and the National Front, and the global and logistics support of the international institutions to strengthen the statehood and the social affirmation in the country.
More Info: M. Sikora, Unia Europejska – Rosja. Dylematy mołdawskiej polityki [w:] J. Knopek (red.) Unia Europejska jako aktor stosunków międzynarodowych, Toruń 2009, s. 273-285.
Szanghajska Organizacja Współpracy i jej wpływ na kształtowanie globalnego za...Małgorzata Sikora-Gaca
Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) was established as a strategic partnership in June 2001. The beginning of this cooperation dates back to 1996 and the so called "Shanghai Five" (Russia, China, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan), which task was to regulate any territorial and border disputes in the region of Central Asia. Shanghai Cooperation Organization is the first institutional solution since the Cold War, established without participation of any Western country. This is an example of hermetic solution supporting the Central Asian regionalism. It is also a combination of the Chinese "international ambitions, the Russian imperialist complex and the central - Asian wealth", which highlights its geopolitical importance in world politics.
More Info: Małgorzata Sikora-Gaca, Szanghajska Organizacja Współpracy i jej wpływ na kształtowanie globalnego zarządzania, [w:] Instytucje międzynarodowe w dobie globalnego zarządzania, M. Rewizorski (red.), Warszawa 2015, s. 196-215.
System partyjny Mołdawii w latach 1989-2009 [The Party System of Moldova in t...Małgorzata Sikora-Gaca
Analiza systemu partyjnego i partii politycznych Republiki Mołdawii w latach 1989–2009 pozwala zrozumieć istotę funkcjonowania systemu politycznego tego państwa. Z uwagi na specyfikę badanego obszaru zagadnienie zostało potraktowane wielowymiarowo. Aktualna kondycja mołdawskiej demokracji jest pochodną wydarzeń z lat 1989–2009. Należy zwrócić również uwagę na zakres omawianej transformacji politycznej, tak charakterystycznej dla państw byłego bloku wschodniego. Republika Mołdawii w tym zakresie nie stanowi wyjątku, co przekłada się na jakość i stabilność systemu władzy.
More Info: M. Sikora-Gaca, System partyjny Mołdawii w latach 1989-2009, Toruń 2013, s. 1-303.
Proces instytucjonalizacji partii politycznych w Republice Mołdawii [The Proc...Małgorzata Sikora-Gaca
System partyjny danego państwa jest zagadnieniem złożonym. Funkcjonowanie partii politycznych, a szczególnie proces ich instytucjonalizacji to zjawiska, które znacząco wpływają na kształt systemu politycznego jako całości. Celem niniejszej monografii jest ukazanie istotnej pozycji jaką partie polityczne zajmują w szeroko pojętym systemie politycznym Republiki Mołdawii. Analiza procesu ich instytucjonalizacji ma przeprowadzić czytelnika przez ewolucję tych podmiotów tak charakterystyczną dla państw Europy Wschodniej. Jest to jednocześnie głos w dyskusji nad transformacją regionu.
Proces demokratyzacji i budowy społeczeństwa obywatelskiego w państwach Azji ...Małgorzata Sikora-Gaca
Aktualnie region Azji Centralnej to obszar o znaczeniu strategicznym zarówno w kontekście geopolitycznym jak i surowcowym, znajdujący się w kręgu zainteresowań Chin, Rosji, Unii Europejskiej i USA. Kazachstan, Turkmenistan, Tadżykistan, Uzbekistan i Kirgizję charakteryzują słabo wykształcone systemy polityczne, bardzo podatne na różnego rodzaju kryzysy, szczególnie te wynikające z odmiennych koncepcji rozwoju regionu prezentowanych przez Pekin i Moskwę oraz przez Brukselę i Waszyngton. Sytuacja ta powoduje zamęt polityczny, a w przypadku np. Turkmenistanu wprowadzenie polityki izolacjonizmu w stosunku do większości podmiotów zagranicznych. Kraj ten niechętnie wpuszcza na swój teren obcokrajowców, często odmawia wydania wizy, a ci, którzy już ją otrzymają mogą przebywać tylko i wyłącznie na terenie danego miasta (zazwyczaj Aszkabadu). Polityka Rosji i Chin cieszy się w tym regionie zdecydowanie większym poparciem, jest ona mniej skomplikowana, a jej przesłanki czytelne – gaz ziemny i ropa naftowa. To sprawia, że relacja Azja Central-na – Rosja są przejrzyste. W przypadku relacji z Brukselą i Waszyngtonem sprawa nie jest już taka prosta. Pojawiają się trudne pojęcia i większe oczekiwania w stosunku do państw regio-nu35: rządy prawa, pluralizm, społeczna gospodarka rynkowa, prawa człowieka, niezależne sądownictwo, poziom korupcji, itd.
M. Sikora-Gaca, Proces demokratyzacji i budowy społeczeństwa obywatelskiego w Azji Cen-tralnej, [w:] L. Kacprzak, B. Koszel, A. Marcinkowski, Społeczeństwo obywatelskie jako dobro wspólne, Piła 2012, s. 89-105.
Polska w Europie 1989-2014. 25 lat po przemianach – wybrane aspekty transform...Małgorzata Sikora-Gaca
Ostatniego ćwierćwiecza polskich przemian politycznych dotyka i niniejsza publikacja, która jest zbiorem artykułów przygotowanych przez pracowników naukowych i doktorantów z różnych ośrodków w kraju. Prace dotykają zarówno polityki wewnętrznej, jak i zagranicznej państwa, co oznacza, że odnoszą się do stosunkowo dużego obszaru poznawczego. Zdecydowaną przewagę uzyskały w tej tematyce problemy zewnątrzpaństwowe odnoszące się do Unii Europejskiej, polityki zagranicznej, kilku aspektów bezpieczeństwa europejskiego i międzynarodowego, migracji wewnątrzeuropejskich czy Kościoła katolickiego. Wszystkie te kwestie mieszczą się w ogólnych zarysach „wybranych problemów politycznych” państwa polskiego w latach 1989-2014. Zadaniem niniejszej publikacji stało się przybliżenie Czytelnikom takich problemów politycznych Polski z ostatniego ćwierćwiecza, które wymagają dodatkowego komentarza, pogłębionych analiz podmiotowych i przedmiotowych oraz ciągle aktualnego spojrzenia metodologicznego i merytorycznego.
More Info: Polska w Europie 1989-2014. 25 lat po przemianach – wybrane aspekty transformacji politycznych, J. Knopek, M. Sikora-Gaca, D. Magierek (red.), Koszalin 2014, ISBN: 978-83-7365-350-5; ISSN: 0239-7129, s. 1-176.
Polska w Europie 1989-2014. 25 lat po przemianach – przykładowe obszary przek...Małgorzata Sikora-Gaca
Opracowanie otwierają dwa teksty o charakterze ogólnym, których cechami są ogólnoświatowy kryzys gospodarczy zainicjowany załamaniem rynku nieruchomości w USA oraz przekształcenia gospodarcze w Polsce ukazane za pośrednictwem dialogu społecznego. Dalej wskazano na możliwości rozwoju polskiej gospodarki, jakie przyniósł fakt pozyskiwania funduszy unijnych na zrównoważenie dysproporcji między poszczególnymi państwami i regionami europejskimi oraz ich praktyczne wykorzystanie w gospodarce komunalnej. W następnym materiale ukazano zmiany konsumpcyjne, jakie dokonały się w ostatnim ćwierćwieczu wśród polskich gospodarstw domowych, co wywarło wpływ na zmianę popytu wewnętrznego i tym samym znaczące powiększenie budżetu narodowego. Kolejne trzy teksty odnoszą się do Górnego i Dolnego Śląska, a ich podstawowym założeniem są zmiany w polskim górnictwie węgla kamiennego oraz procesów restrukturyzacyjnych podjętych na rzecz zmiany oblicza ekonomicznego tego regionu. Część niniejszą kończy tekst w języku ukraińskim, który widzi polską transformację oczyma wschodniego sąsiada, który analizując ją chciałby wyciągnąć jak najlepsze wnioski dla własnego podmiotu, który stoi przed zasadniczą transformacją systemową, jeżeli będzie chciał podtrzymać kurs proeuropejski w swej polityce zagranicznej. Zadaniem niniejszej części było przedstawienie przykładowych przekształceń gospodarczych, jakie dokonały się w Polsce w ostatnim ćwierćwieczu, gdyż to one – jak zaznaczono w pierwszym akapicie – wpływają na lepsze zrozumienie przez społeczeństwo dokonywanych przemian systemowych.
More Info: Polska w Europie 1989-2014. 25 lat po przemianach – przykładowe obszary przekształceń gospodarczych, J. Knopek, M. Sikora-Gaca, R. Gabryszak (red.), Koszalin 2014, ISBN: 978-83-7365-351-1; ISSN: 0239-7129, s. 1-172.
Polska w Europie 1989-2014. 25 lat po przemianach – niektóre płaszczyzny prze...Małgorzata Sikora-Gaca
Podjęte kwestie odnoszą się do newralgicznych problemów związanych z polskimi aspektami transformacji społeczno-kulturalnej ostatniego ćwierćwiecza. Wśród nich obecność swą zaznaczyła ewolucja terminu patriotyzm, gdyż tę kategorię w warunkach III RP należało kształtować wręcz jako wyzwanie dla zainicjowanych przemian. Materiał ten rozpoczyna niniejszą część studiów. Innym istotnym elementem stało się bezpieczeństwo, rozpatrywane w kategoriach społecznych, co znalazło uwypuklenie w artykule drugim. Na tło współczesnych procesów migracyjnych, które towarzyszyły Polakom szczególnie od XVIII w., uwagę zwrócono w kolejnym studium. Następne materiały odnoszą się do problematyki nowych mediów, organizacji pozarządowych oraz zmiany nastawienia instytucji państwowych do podstawowych praw i obowiązków człowieka i obywatela. Instytucje te i instrumenty należało tworzyć w nowych warunkach bądź budować je na nowo. Dalsze artykuły zwracają uwagę na rolę rodziny, reformę emerytalną oraz projekty edukacyjne realizowane w placówkach szkolnych i pozaszkolnych. Kwestie te szczególnie silnie oddziaływały na społeczeństwo w procesie przemian. Tom kończą dwa teksty poświęcone problemom kultury polskiej i polonijnej poza granicami kraju.
Polska w Europie 1989-2014. 25 lat po przemianach – niektóre płaszczyzny przeobrażeń społeczno-kulturalnych, J. Knopek, M. Sikora-Gaca, D. Magierek (red.), Koszalin 2014, ISBN: 978-83-7365-352-8; ISSN: 0239-7129, s. 1-216.
Polityka NATO w rejonie Kaukazu Południowego. Bezpieczeństwo w perspektywie l...Małgorzata Sikora-Gaca
M. Sikora-Gaca, Polityka NATO w rejonie Kaukazu Południowego. Bezpieczeństwo w perspektywie lokalnej i globalnej, [w:] Współczesne oblicza bezpieczeństwa międzynarodowego, Ł. Jureńczyk, K. Sierzputowska, S. Sadowski (red.), Bydgoszcz 2014, s. 147-156.
Kaukaz cechuje ogromne znaczenie geopolityczne. Część Północna i Południowa to rejony strategiczne dla polityki energetycznej i gospodarki światowej. Każde z państw sterowane jest przez liczne, wewnętrzne antagonizmy, nacjonalizmy i politykę Rosji. Na mapie europejsko-azjatyckiej posiadają one status istotnego partnera, co sprawia, że region sam w sobie zyskuje znaczenie globalne. Kwestią priorytetową jest zabezpieczenie szlaków komunikacyjnych, które przechodzą przez terytorium Gruzji, Armenii i Azerbej-dżanu, a także rozbudowa nowej infrastruktury. Upadek Związku Radzieckiego stał się początkiem wyścigu mocarstw wschodnich i zachodnich o przewodnictwo w polityce kaukaskiej. To po części również rywalizacja o formę tranzycji poszczególnych podmio-tów państwowych i stworzenie siatki powiązań ekonomicznych
Perspektywa finansowa 2014-2020. Charakterystyka Programu Operacyjnego Inteli...Małgorzata Sikora-Gaca
Małgorzata Sikora-Gaca, Perspektywa finansowa 2014-2020. Charakterystyka Programu Operacyjnego Inteligentny Rozwój, [w:] Polska w Europie 1989-2009. 25 lat po przemianach – przykładowe obszary przekształceń gospodarczych, J. Knopek, M. Sikora-Gaca, R. Gabryszak (red.), Koszalin 2014, s. 27-42.
The Polish beneficiaries have been able to use The Union's support since 2004. The theoretical framework of the cooperation is just another financial perspective, which is the tool of cohesion policy. In the years 2014-2020 there will be still more financial resources ‒ 82,5 billion EURO, which is another chance for the Polish beneficiaries to increase the range of investments or modernization, which means reducing the development gap in relation to foreign partners. The Intelligent Development Operational Programme is a very important instrument in the implementation of the 2014-2020 financial perspective,especially in the field of "smart specialization strategies".
Kultura polityczna jako wyznacznik społeczeństwa obywatelskiego w państwach w...Małgorzata Sikora-Gaca
Kultura polityczna łączy w sobie dwa dość istotne zagadnienia będące często podstawowym wyznacznikiem społeczeństwa obywatelskiego – kulturę i politykę. Zakres terminu nie jest jeszcze do końca usystematyzowany, co powoduje, iż problematyka zjawiska prezentowana jest w rożnych ujęciach. Można stwierdzić, iż łączy ono w sobie trzy zasadnicze kwestie: instynkt społeczny, rozum i naturę.
M. Sikora-Gaca, R. Herba, Kultura polityczna jako wyznacznik społeczeństwa obywatelskiego w państwach wschodnioeuropejskich, [w:] L. Kacprzak, B. Koszel, A. Marcinkowski, Społeczeństwo obywatelskie jako dobro wspólne, Piła 2012, s. 137-151.
04062024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdfFIRST INDIA
Find Latest India News and Breaking News these days from India on Politics, Business, Entertainment, Technology, Sports, Lifestyle and Coronavirus News in India and the world over that you can't miss. For real time update Visit our social media handle. Read First India NewsPaper in your morning replace. Visit First India.
CLICK:- https://firstindia.co.in/
#First_India_NewsPaper
Acolyte Episodes review (TV series) The Acolyte. Learn about the influence of the program on the Star Wars world, as well as new characters and story twists.
03062024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdfFIRST INDIA
Find Latest India News and Breaking News these days from India on Politics, Business, Entertainment, Technology, Sports, Lifestyle and Coronavirus News in India and the world over that you can't miss. For real time update Visit our social media handle. Read First India NewsPaper in your morning replace. Visit First India.
CLICK:- https://firstindia.co.in/
#First_India_NewsPaper
Here is Gabe Whitley's response to my defamation lawsuit for him calling me a rapist and perjurer in court documents.
You have to read it to believe it, but after you read it, you won't believe it. And I included eight examples of defamatory statements/
An astonishing, first-of-its-kind, report by the NYT assessing damage in Ukraine. Even if the war ends tomorrow, in many places there will be nothing to go back to.
‘वोटर्स विल मस्ट प्रीवेल’ (मतदाताओं को जीतना होगा) अभियान द्वारा जारी हेल्पलाइन नंबर, 4 जून को सुबह 7 बजे से दोपहर 12 बजे तक मतगणना प्रक्रिया में कहीं भी किसी भी तरह के उल्लंघन की रिपोर्ट करने के लिए खुला रहेगा।
El Puerto de Algeciras continúa un año más como el más eficiente del continente europeo y vuelve a situarse en el “top ten” mundial, según el informe The Container Port Performance Index 2023 (CPPI), elaborado por el Banco Mundial y la consultora S&P Global.
El informe CPPI utiliza dos enfoques metodológicos diferentes para calcular la clasificación del índice: uno administrativo o técnico y otro estadístico, basado en análisis factorial (FA). Según los autores, esta dualidad pretende asegurar una clasificación que refleje con precisión el rendimiento real del puerto, a la vez que sea estadísticamente sólida. En esta edición del informe CPPI 2023, se han empleado los mismos enfoques metodológicos y se ha aplicado un método de agregación de clasificaciones para combinar los resultados de ambos enfoques y obtener una clasificación agregada.
Implementation of the Structural Funds in the Sector of Arts and Culture in Poland in 2007 2013
1. Studia Gdańskie. Wizje i rzeczywistość, 2016, t. XIII (ISSN 1731-8440, e-ISSN 2544-1426)
Małgorzata Sikora-Gaca∗
Implementation of the structural funds
in the sector of arts and culture
in Poland in 2007 – 2013
Since 2004 Poland is the beneficiary of the consecutive financial perspec-
tives, functioning in the framework of the European Union budget. The first
was carried out in 2004 – 2006, the second from 2007 to 2013. The third, the
current one, began on 1st
January 2014 and will continue until 31st
December
20201
.
Due to the fact that in 2017 Poland begins the 14th year of its membership
in the Community, any kind of summary of the number of completed invest-
ment projects becomes interesting, as well as the implementation of specific
support measures aimed at restructuring Member States in many areas of their
operation. The purpose of this article is to verify these issues in relation to the
structural funds which were contracted to be realised2
in Poland in the years
2007 – 2013 in the field of arts and culture. It seems interesting to answer the
following research questions:
∗
Dr Małgorzata Sikora Gaca, Politechnika Koszalińska, Koszalin
e-mail: gosia.sikora@poczta.fm
1
M. Sikora-Gaca, R. Gabryszak, Wdrażanie funduszy strukturalnych w sektor ochrony zdro-
wia w Polsce w latach 2007 – 2013, [in:] Społeczne, ekonomiczne i medyczne aspekty ochrony
zdrowia i profilaktyki zdrowotnej, ed. R. Gabryszak, A. Jakubowska, Koszalin 2016, p. 89–107.
Also: M. Klein, M. Piechowicz, M. Sikora-Gaca, Fundusze i programy Unii Europejskiej wspiera-
jące przedsiębiorstwa w perspektywie finansowej 2014 – 2020, Warsaw 2016, p. 17–42.
2
The article deliberately uses the phrase “contracted to be realised” because not all projects
eligible for funding in the financial perspective have been finished till the end of December 2013.
In many cases their implementation could last up to 31st
Dec 2015. However, these were funds
allocated for 2007 – 2013.
2. Małgorzata Sikora-Gaca
126
1. What is the number of projects co-financed from structural funds in
2007 – 2013 in the field of arts and culture implemented in individual re-
gions by entities conducting cultural activities?
2. Which of the provinces has the largest share in the disbursement of
structural funds allocated to Poland in the second financial perspective in
arts and culture?
A preliminary research hypothesis assumes that the structural funds have
contributed significantly to the development of the offer of the entities involved
in cultural activities in Poland, and without them the development of the arts
and culture sector would not take place in the given range, or in the given time.
The subject presented in this article is based on the study which included
980 projects contracted for implementation in 2007 – 2013 in 16 provinces.
I have selected only those that have been co-financed by the structural funds,
namely the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF). I have deliberately
omitted investments co-financed by the European Agricultural Fund for Rural
Development (EAFRD), because their large number (25,332) causes it to be
a material for a separate study. I have also excluded agreements signed with the
beneficiaries of grants acquired under the Cohesion Fund (CF) and the Norwe-
gian Financial Mechanism (NFM), or the Financial Mechanism of the Europe-
an Economic Area (FMEEA; 250 projects), and because of the specificity of
these forms of funding they need a separate case study. The study used quanti-
tative research methods and techniques of data analysis. The figures were ob-
tained from a database operated by the Ministry of Development3
, and the Cen-
tral Statistical Office4
. Research field has been narrowed to the years 2007 –
20135
, so for the second financial perspective.
It should also be noted that in this article, the term “projects in the area of
arts and culture” refers to investments made by the beneficiaries (local govern-
ments – LG, cultural institutions, non-governmental organizations, and legal
and natural persons), which obtained funding from the ERDF regional and
national operational programs.
3
Full link to the figures:
http://www.mapadotacji.gov.pl/projekty?wojewodztwo=&powiat=&fundusz=&program=&dziala
nie=&beneficjent=&tytul=&lata=2007&sektor=38 (4.03.2017). Due to the aesthetics of writing
the rest of this article will be used only as a link to the home page: www.mapadotacji.gov.pl.
4
Finanse kultury w latach 2007 – 2015, Central Statistical Office, Cracow 2016.
5
Możliwości finansowania kultury z funduszy europejskich w latach 2007 – 2013, Ministry of
Culture and National Heritage, Warsaw 2008.
3. Implementation of the structural funds in the sector of arts and culture in Poland…
127
The sector of arts and culture in Poland in 2015
One of the main sources of funding of culture in Poland are public funds
from the state budget and local government units. The state budget expendi-
tures on culture and protection of cultural heritage in 2010 amounted to 0.49%
of GDP (1,448.1 million PLN), and in 2015 – 0.62% of GDP (1,964.8 million
PLN). In case of LGs the percentage of expenditure in the budget varies de-
pending on the province – from 2.2% in Opole (152.6 million PLN) to 15.5% in
the Mazovian (1070.4 million PLN). In addition, own funds of the entities in-
volved in cultural activities include revenues from consumers of culture, as well
as from sponsorship from businesses6
and institutions.
Chart 1. Operators of cultural activities, and the average number of recipients of the
cultural offer in individual regions
Source: own calculations based on Finanse kultury w latach 2007 – 2015, Central Statis-
tical Office, Cracow 2016, p. 27; Kultura w 2015 roku, Central Statistical Office, Warsaw
2016, pp. 98, 128.
The sector of arts and culture in Poland consists of the following types of
entities: museums (their number in 2015 amounted to 926), theaters and musi-
6
Finanse kultury…, op. cit., p. 30, 32, 45. Also: Kultura w 2015 roku, Central Statistical Office,
Warsaw 2016, p. 31, 73, 128.
4. Małgorzata Sikora-Gaca
128
cal institutions (177) cultural centers, clubs and communities (4,070), art galler-
ies and salons (331), cinemas (444) and public libraries (8,050). A total of
13,998 institutions7
. The distribution of entities involved in cultural activities in
the country is uneven (Chart 1). The greatest number was recorded in the
Mazovian province – 1,522, the lowest in the Lubusz – 3688
(an average of 874
per region). In 2015 in Poland, one cultural institution fell on an average of
2.6 thousand people with the highest number of recipients of the cultural offer
recorded in Mazovia – 3.5 thousand, and the smallest in Opole – 1.7 thousand.
In the structure of household spending on culture, the dominant were the fi-
nances for cinema or theater admissions (8%), books (6.7%), and newspapers
and magazines (8.9%)9
.
The greatest amount of money is transferred by the state budget to muse-
ums – 28.8% (giving approx. 565.86 million PLN) and the protection of mon-
uments – 14.4% (approx. 282.93 million PLN). Sixty facilities located on the
territory of our country have been recognized by the presidents of Poland as
historical monuments, and 30 as cultural parks. In Lubusz, Lesser Poland,
Podlaskie, Masovian, Lublin, Kuyavian-Pomeranian, Lower Silesia and
Podkarpackie, there are also objects classified as the UNESCO World Heritage
Sites10
.
In recent years, an important source of funding for the area of arts and
culture in Poland were foreign resources, including the structural funds. It is
not a disputable fact that the increased investment in the cultural infrastructure
has been carried out in connection to the Polish accession to the European
Union and the operating possibilities of financing projects from EU funds and
financial mechanisms. The Ministry of Culture and National Heritage has even
launched a special programme for financing own contributions to projects for
entities involved in cultural activities – the Promise of the Minister of Culture
and National Heritage11
, which was supposed to make it easier to apply for var-
ious types of external financing. Support in this area is also granted by local
governments.
7
Finanse kultury…, op. cit., p. 22.
8
Ibidem, p. 27.
9
Kultura w 2015…, op. cit., p. 98, 128.
10
Ibidem, p. 113–123, 127.
11
Finanse…, op. cit., p. 30, 32, 45. Also: Kultura…, op. cit., p. 6, 31, 73, 128. More infor-
mation on the Minister’s promise can be found here:
www.mkidn.gov.pl/pages/strona-glowna/finanse/programy-ministra/programy-mkidn-
2017/promesa-ministra-kultury-i-dziedzictwa-narodowego.php (6.03.2017).
5. Implementation of the structural funds in the sector of arts and culture in Poland…
129
The structural funds in the field of arts and culture in Poland
in 2007 – 2013.
Infrastructure and Environment Operational Programme
After 2004 entities conducting cultural activities were given the opportunity
to obtain additional funding for various investments and projects. In total, in
2007 – 2013 they implemented 26,562 projects, where 25,332 of them were co-
financed from the EAFRD, 980 from ERDF12
, 51 from CF and 199 NFM and
FMEEA. In the second financial perspective, entities engaged in cultural activi-
ty contracted to implement the worth of approx. 7.24 billion PLN. The detailed
data are shown in Table 1.
Entities engaged in cultural activities gained the largest range of support
from the ERDF – 4.93 billion PLN, although it was the EAFRD that made an
incomparably greater number of requests (by over 2,000% more than the
ERDF).
Table 1. Co-financing of investments in the sector of arts and culture acquired by the
entities conducting cultural activities in Poland in the years 2007 – 2013 (in billion
PLN)
EAFRD ERDF CF NFM + FM EEA
1.95 4.93 0.01 0.35
Total 7.24
Source: own.
Financing from the ERDF was handed to the beneficiaries under the Opera-
tional Programme Infrastructure and Environment (OPIE; priority XI “Culture
and Cultural Heritage”) and 16 regional operational programmes. The areas of
arts and culture were awarded with the following categories of structural funds
intervention: 58 “Protection and preservation of cultural heritage”, 59 “Devel-
12
The EAFRD funding to the area of culture should be given a special analysis, because there
is no exact information on how many of the 25,332 qualified by CSO projects here actually cov-
ered the discussed sector. This is due to the classification of the statistics of priority axis actions
3 and 4, so the action 311 “Diversification into non-agricultural activities”, 312 “Creation and
development of micro-enterprises”, 321 “Basic services for the economy and rural population”,
313, 322 and 323 “Village renewal and development” and 421 “Implementation of cooperation
projects.” There is at this moment no data to verify the classification of these projects in the field
of culture and art, and the only verification can be made on the basis of case studies of individual
projects.
6. Małgorzata Sikora-Gaca
130
opment of cultural infrastructure”, 60 “Other help in improving cultural ser-
vices”. It was planned that the effects of the use of structural funds will be
measured using the following indicators of product and result: “The number of
objects/collections of cultural heritage covered by the support”, “Number of
new buildings of cultural institutions”, “Number of reconstructed objects of
cultural institutions”, “Number of cultural institutions, providing access for the
disabled”, “The number of visitors to cultural heritage covered by the sup-
port”13
.
Within the Operational Programme Infrastructure and Environment in
2007 – 2013, entities engaged in cultural activity signed 79 grant agreements,
which guaranteed them grants in the amount of 2.19 billion PLN. Detailed data
are presented in Chart 2. and Map 1.
The largest number of contracts (16) for co-financing were signed in the
Mazovian province, which resulted in 473.64 million PLN of support. The larg-
est portion of these funds was spent on the project “Construction of the Coper-
nicus Science Centre”, which was made under measure 11.2 “Development and
improvement of cultural infrastructure of supra-regional importance”. The
total value of this investment is estimated at 348.77 million PLN, of which the
ERDF funding amounted to 206.77 million PLN (over 43% compared to the
general pool of funding acquired from the OPIE). It was the largest project
implemented in Mazovia, also the largest investment in the country in the field
of arts and culture co-financed by the structural funds contracted for imple-
mentation in 2007 – 2013.
In the region, in the framework of OPIE, a number of other projects were al-
so completed. The co-financed, among others, was The Frederic Chopin Insti-
tute (the amount of 28.14 million PLN); the expanded and modernized Main
Library of the Mazovian Province (19.99 million PLN in grants); the modern-
ized building of the National Audiovisual Institute (45.59 million PLN of sup-
port); the conservation and renovation of the Palace on the Island and its sur-
roundings in The Royal Łazienki Museum (the total value of the project
amounted to 48.42 million PLN, of which the grant was 32.27 million PLN); the
improvement of functionality of the Grand Theatre – National Opera in War-
saw (total value of the project amounted to 40.98 million PLN, of which subsi-
dies were – 28.24 million PLN). The city of Warsaw has become a beneficiary of
the project of The Praga Museum of Warsaw, which acquired 12.12 million
PLN. The revitalization and digitization of the palace-garden complex in
Wilanów was contracted for 2007 – 2013 with 18.30 million PLN of support
13
Finanse…, op. cit., p. 15.
7. Implementation of the structural funds in the sector of arts and culture in Poland…
131
from the ERDF, and the royal residence in Wilanów with – 12.67 million PLN.
The National Film Archive acquired 14.39 million PLN for the conservation
and digitalisation of pre-war feature films. The renovation and restoration of
the Grand Theatre (grant – 12.24 million PLN) and the Royal Castle in Warsaw
(support in the amount of 4 million PLN).
Chart 2. The funding acquired by the entities conducting cultural activities
in 2007 – 2013 under the Operational Programme Infrastructure and Environment
(in million PLN)
Source: own calculations based on Finanse kultury w latach 2007 – 2015, Central Statis-
tical Office, Cracow 2016; Ministry of Development, www.mapadotacji.gov.pl
(1.03.2017).
In the Lesser Poland province 12 contracts were signed under OPIE with
a total value of financing of 193.83 million PLN. The European Penderecki
Centre for Music in Lutosławice, among others, was built with the support
from the ERDF (the total value of the project is estimated at 65.07 million PLN,
of which 54.58 million PLN was a grant); another was the revitalized Stanislaw
Ignacy Witkiewicz Theatre in Zakopane (support in the amount of 18.27 mil-
lion PLN). In addition, the Manggha Museum of Japanese Art and Technology
in Cracow constructed and launched the Europe Gallery (18.40 million PLN of
funding); the National Museum in Cracow acquired 19.66 million PLN for the
launch of the European Centre for Polish Numismatics; the Auschwitz-
Birkenau State Museum has implemented several conservation projects, succes-
8. Małgorzata Sikora-Gaca
132
sively acquiring 14.06 and 4.43 million PLN in grants; renovations were also
taken at the Wawel Castle – with the support in the amount of 10.98 million
PLN, which allowed, among others, the renewal of the outer court; the
Jagiellonian University received 4.27 million PLN in subsidies to launch the
Jagiellonian Digital Library.
In the provinces of Silesia and Lower Silesia nine grant agreements were
signed (each) under which they were respectively granted 274.05 and
446.33 million PLN in grants. One of the most significant investments in the
country was the construction of the headquarters of the National Polish Radio
Symphony Orchestra in Katowice. The city of Katowice was the beneficiary of
this project, which total value was estimated at 305.36 million PLN, with the
support from the ERDF totaled at 145.56 million PLN. In addition, the Silesian
Philharmonic in Katowice (21.28 million PLN in grants) and The Philharmonic
of Czestochowa (16.59 million PLN) were extended. In Lower Silesia the big-
gest beneficiary of the project was the Municipality of Wrocław, which acquired
143.74 million PLN of support (the total value of the project is estimated at
328.69 million PLN) for the construction of the National Forum of Music in
Wrocław. Among other investments realised from the OPIE in the Lower Sile-
sia were, among others, the reconstruction of the Capitol Musical Theater in
Wrocław (82.97 million PLN in subsidies), the extension of the Wrocław Opera
(50 million PLN) and the revaluation of the Cistercian Abbey Complex
(20.54 million PLN in subsidies).
Figure 1. Number of grant agreements signed by the entities conducting cultural activi-
ties in 2007 – 2013 within the Operational Programme Infrastructure and Environment
Source: own calculations based on Finanse kultury w latach 2007 – 2015, Central Statis-
tical Office, Cracow 2016; Ministry of Development, www.mapadotacji.gov.pl
(1.03.2017).
9. Implementation of the structural funds in the sector of arts and culture in Poland…
133
In the province of Lublin six agreements were signed for funding under the
OPIE, while five in Pomerania and Greater Poland. Lublin acquired
111.85 million PLN for investments, while other regions acquired subsequently
198.8 and 120.59 million PLN. In the Lublin province the greatest value was
achieved by the project “Kazimierz Dolny and selected monuments of the Lu-
blin Powiśle”, which beneficiary was the Archdiocese of Lublin. The total value
of the project is estimated at 31.19 million PLN, of which the value of the subsi-
dy is accounted for 24.91 million PLN. In addition, the buildings of the Musical
Theatre and the Philharmonic in Lublin (19.97 million PLN of support) or The
Old Theatre in Lublin (15.24 million PLN) were modernized. The biggest in-
vestment in Pomerania was the construction of the European Solidarity Centre
in Gdańsk, which total value was estimated at 225.80 million PLN, of which the
subsidy was accounted for 107.53 million PLN. For its construction, the
Gdańsk Shakespeare Theatre acquired 51.18 million PLN of funding, and for
the renovation and reconstruction of The Forest Opera – 24.97 million PLN. In
the Greater Poland province one of the largest investments was the expansion
of the Raczyński Library in Poznań (31.88 million PLN of grants). The Zamek
Culture Centre acquired 27.33 million PLN for the reconstruction and modern-
ization, and the National Museum in Poznań 26.08 million PLN for the restora-
tion of the Palace and Park Complex in Rogalin.
In Kuyavian-Pomeranian, the municipality of Toruń acquired 17.42 million
PLN for the modernization of the city's old town. In Opole the Millennium
Amphitheatre was rebuilt, while at the same time the National Centre of Polish
Song was created (11.88 million PLN of subsidies). In Podkarpackie the monas-
tery of the Bernardine Order of Friars Minor in Leżajsk, as a beneficiary of the
project, received 26.15 million PLN in grants for the restoration and improve-
ment of the accessibility of the basilica and monastery. Moreover, in the
Podlaskie province the next stage of the construction of the Podlasie Opera and
Philharmonic was completed. The total value of the project is estimated at
180.19 million PLN, of which the value of subsidies amounted to 100.62 million
PLN. In Świętokrzyskie the International Center of Cultures was built in Kielce
(31.97 million PLN in subsidies) and the Warmian-Masurian revitalized the
Stefan Jaracz Theatre in Olsztyn (support in the amount of 23.30 million PLN).
In 2007 – 2013, only two provinces did not implement any investments in
the framework of measures 11.1 („Protection and preservation of cultural herit-
age of supra-regional importance”) and 11.2 („The development and improve-
ment of cultural infrastructure of supra-national importance”) of the Opera-
tional Programme Infrastructure and Environment – the Lubusz and West
Pomerania. In case of five investments, the amount of funding awarded exceed-
10. Małgorzata Sikora-Gaca
134
ed 100 million PLN. It should also be noted that the OPIE is a national opera-
tional programme, in which the call for proposals took place in the competition
procedure, therefore, each of the applicants was subject to the same rules of
applying.
Regional operational programmes for 2007 – 2013
Another important source of funding for projects implemented by entities
conducting cultural activities in Poland were regional operational programmes
(ROP) performed separately for each of the provinces. Within the ROP, 901
projects were submitted with a total value of 2.73 billion PLN. Like in the OPIE,
the distribution of investments was uneven, both for the number of signed con-
tracts, as well as for the collected funds. Detailed data is presented in Chart 3
and Map 2.
The largest number of contracts for funding under the ROP were signed in
the Silesia province – 126, which resulted in 204.22 million PLN of grant. They
resulted in the renovation of the castle complex in Pszczyna (9.29 million PLN
support) or the reconstruction of a former Cistercian Monastery and Palace
Complex in Rudy (6.38 million PLN in subsidies). The Pauline Monastery at
Jasna Góra achieved for the maintenance and renovation of the Basilica dedi-
cated to the Nativity of the Holy Cross and Our Lady the sum of 26.40 m PLN;
it was the largest of the four projects implemented by the Order within the
ROP. The other three renovation and restoration projects were granted respec-
tively: 5.79; 4.09 and 3.96 million PLN of funding. All investments co-financed
by the ERDF under the Regional Operational Programme for Silesia for the
years 2007 – 2013 were carried out under priority IV ROP - “Culture”. Three
measures were identified in this framework: 4.1 “Cultural Infrastructure”,
4.2 “System of Cultural Information” and 4.3 “Promotion of Culture”14
.
In Mazovia, entities conducting cultural activities in 2007 – 2013 signed 100
contracts for funding from the ROP, and 108 in Lesser Poland. In Mazovia, the
greatest support was given for the project “Matecznik Mazowsze Center of
Folklore,” which was the beneficiary of the Tadeusz Sygietyński State Folk
Group of Song and Dance “Mazowsze”. The total value of the project is esti-
mated at 58.77 million PLN, of which the subsidy amounted to 24.03 million
PLN. The financial support could be obtained under priority 6. “The use of
natural and cultural resources for development of tourism and recreation –
14
Szczegółowy opis priorytetów Regionalnego Programu Operacyjnego Województwa Śląskiego
na lata 2007 – 2013, Silesian Province Government, Katowice 2016, p. 132–148.
11. Implementation of the structural funds in the sector of arts and culture in Poland…
135
measure 6.1 “Culture”15
. In the Lesser Poland province a co-financing agree-
ment was signed within the framework of the ROP which translated into
416.44 million PLN in grants obtained. One of the biggest investments was the
modernization of the Krzysztofory Palace – the headquarters of the Historical
Museum of Cracow. The total value of the project was estimated at 19.38 mil-
lion PLN, of which the value of financial support amounted to 13.39 million
PLN. Grant applications could be submitted under priority 3 “Tourism and
Culture Industry” – measures 3.2 “Cultural heritage product development” and
3.3 “Cultural institutions”16
.
Chart 3. The value of co-financing gained from the framework of the regional opera-
tional programmes by entities conducting cultural activities
in the years 2007 – 2013 (in million PLN)
Source: own calculations based on Finanse kultury w latach 2007 – 2013, Central Statis-
tical Office, Cracow 2016; Ministry of Development, www.mapadotacji.gov.pl
(1.03.2017).
In the province of Lower Silesia in the field of arts and culture for 2007 –
2013, 92 agreements were contracted for the implementation for funding un-
der the ROP, which resulted in 220.42 million PLN of the funds raised. One of
15
Szczegółowy opis priorytetów Regionalnego Programu Operacyjnego Województwa Mazo-
wieckiego na lata 2007 – 2013, Mazovian Province Government, Warsaw 2010, p. 169–174.
16
Małopolski Regionalny Program Operacyjny na lata 2007 – 2013, Lesser Poland Province
Government, Cracow 2012, p. 84–89.
12. Małgorzata Sikora-Gaca
136
the biggest investments was executed by the Polish Theatre in Wrocław, which
modernized the scene and bought the necessary equipment. The total value of
the investment is estimated at 23.96 million PLN, of which the sum of financial
support amounted to 13.41 million PLN. In the Regional Operational Pro-
gramme for Lower Silesia the applicants applied for funding under priority 6.
“The Use and Promotion of Tourism and Cultural Potential of Lower Silesia”
measures 6.4 “Cultural tourism” and 6.5 “Measures to support tourist and cul-
tural infrastructure”.
In the Podkarpackie province and in Greater Poland the same number of
grant agreements were signed – each of 66, which resulted in 139.13 and
113.1 million PLN of funding and in the implementation of numerous con-
struction, maintenance, modernization and restoration works. The grant was
received by, among others, the Dioceses of Kalisz, Gniezno and Poznań, as well
as the Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, individual municipalities and
regional governments. In Podkarpackie, ROP applicants applied under priority
6. “Tourism and Culture” (no measures or sub-measures were adopted)17
. In
case of Greater Poland it was also priority 6, in which measure 6.2 “Develop-
ment of culture and preservation of cultural heritage” was distinguished18
.
More than 50 investments were completed in three regions: West Pomera-
nia, Świętokrzyskie and Lublin, which were acquired as part of the ROP, re-
spectively: 214.09; 73.57 and 240.8 million PLN. In West Pomerania the in-
vestments were realized under priority 5 “Tourism, Culture and Revitalization”
– measure 5.2 “Development of culture – the protection and preservation of
cultural heritage”, sub measure 5.2.1 “Development and reconstruction of cul-
tural infrastructure with a system of cultural information” and 5.2.2 “Preserv-
ing cultural heritage”19
. As part of the regional operational programme, among
others, the Regional Cultural Centre in Kołobrzeg was created (support in the
amount of 9.11 million PLN), part of the Pomeranian Dukes Castle in
Szczecinek (2.88 million PLN of subsidies) was restored, or the National Muse-
um in Szczecin was awarded a grant in the amount of 5.51 million PLN. In
Świętokrzyskie also a number of investments were realised, including the con-
struction of the University Centre for Artistic Education at the University of
Jan Kochanowski (5.60 million PLN grant), the reconstruction of the Royal
17
Szczegółowy opis priorytetów Regionalnego Programu Operacyjnego Województwa Podkar-
packiego na lata 2007 – 2013, Podkarpackie Province Government, Rzeszów 2014, p. 270–286.
18
Szczegółowy opis priorytetów Regionalnego Programu Operacyjnego Województwa Wielko-
polskiego na lata 2007 – 2013, Greater Poland Province Government, Poznań 2008, p. 213–231.
19
www.rpo2007-2013.wzp.pl/rpo/regionalny_program_operacyjny/
os_5_dzialania_i_poddzialania.htm (2.03.2017).
13. Implementation of the structural funds in the sector of arts and culture in Poland…
137
Castle in Stopnica (4.68 million PLN of support) or the revitalization of the
historic sanctuary in Sulisławice (3.84 million PLN of funding). As part of the
Regional Operational Programme for the Świętokrzyskie, the beneficiaries filed
applications within the priority 5. “The Increase in the Quality of Social Infra-
structure and Investment in Cultural Heritage, Tourism and Sport” - measure
5.2 “Improving the quality of public services by supporting educational and
cultural institutions” and 5.3 “Investments in the sphere of cultural heritage,
tourism and sport”20
. As part of the Regional Operational Programme for the
Lublin province, the funding for entities involved in cultural activities in terms
of priority 7 “Culture, Tourism and Interregional Cooperation” – measures 7.1
“Infrastructure of culture and tourism” and 7.2 “Promotion of culture and
tourism” were implemented21
.
The smallest number of grant agreements in the framework of the ROP were
signed by entities conducting cultural activities in Lubusz, which resulted in the
lowest level of the ERDF funding in the country – 59.42 m PLN. It should be
added that this province is one of the few which realized 10 projects co-
financed by the Cohesion Fund with the total value of the grant of 5.52 million
PLN. In contrast, during the 2007 – 2013 no financial support was contracted
from international funds (NFM and EEA). In the region, the ROP funds were
implemented through the priority 5 “Development and Modernization of
Tourist and Cultural Infrastructure” – measures 5.1 (regional character) and
5.2 (local character)22
.
In Kuyavian-Pomeranian 17 agreements of co-financing were signed, while
47 in Pomeranian. Regions acquired respectively 137.56 and 149.92 million
PLN of grants. In Kuyavian-Pomeranian the funds were contracted for, among
others, the cultural and congress center investments, where the beneficiary was
the Municipality of Toruń (46.87 million PLN of grants), the revitalization of
sacred objects – the Włocławek Diocese (9.48 million PLN), the protection of
cultural heritage of municipalities – municipality of the Chełmno city
(9.04 million PLN) or modernization of the Opera Nova in Bydgoszcz
(2.47 million PLN of support).
20
Szczegółowy opis osi priorytetowych Regionalnego Programu Operacyjnego Województwa
Świętokrzyskiego na lata 2007 – 2013, Świętokrzyskie Province Government, Kielce 2016, p. 83,
88.
21
www.archiwum.rpo.lubelskie.pl/front/page/get/206/ (2.03.2017).
22
Uszczegółowienie Regionalnego Programu Operacyjnego Województwa Świętokrzyskiego na
lata 2007 – 2013. Szczegółowy opis osi priorytetowych, Lubusz Province Government, Zielona
Góra 2008, p. 126–142.
14. Małgorzata Sikora-Gaca
138
Figure 2. Number of grant agreements signed by entities
conducting cultural activities in 2007 – 2013 within ROP
Source: own study based on Finanse kultury w latach 2007 – 2015, Central Statistical
Office, Cracow 2016; Ministry of Development, www.mapadotacji.gov.pl (3.01.2017).
In the framework of the Regional Operational Programme for the Pomera-
nian province, works conducted were, among others, the restoration of the
Teutonic Castle in CPLNuchów (7.78 million PLN in subsidies), the revaloriza-
tion of the medieval city walls in Lębork (5.92 million PLN), the Oliwa Cathe-
dral in Gdańsk was subjected to restoration and conservation (5.35 million
PLN), and the Center for Creative Activities in Ustka and the Interdisciplinary
Art Gallery of New Media in Słupsk (3.46 million PLN) were created.
In the provinces of Lodz, Opole, Podlasie and in the Warmian-Masurian
a comparable number of contracts for funding under the ROP 2007 – 2013
were signed, of course, in the field of arts and culture. There were respectively
28, 25, 26 and 25 contracts. As a result, the ERDF transferred to entities con-
ducting cultural activities in these regions respectively: 185.22; 51.45; 96.78 and
113.49 million PLN of support. Among the examples of investments made in
the Lodz province we can include, among others, the expansion of the Teatr
Powszechny in Łódź (3.42 million PLN of support), the manufacture and in-
stallation of pipe organs for the Łódź Arthur Rubinstein Philharmonic
(2.45 million PLN) and the construction of the People's House and a Common
House in Kraśnica in the municipality of Opoczno (1.02 million PLN).
In the framework of the Regional Operational Programme for the Opole
Province for the years 2007-2013, 25 investments were contracted to imple-
ment, which acquired a total of 51.45 million PLN from ERDF. The manage-
ment of the province awarded the largest grant for the reconstruction of the
Renaissance residence of Hermann Frankel in Prudnik – 7.20 million PLN (to-
15. Implementation of the structural funds in the sector of arts and culture in Poland…
139
tal investment amounted to 9.3 million PLN). The City of Opole received
6.30 million PLN of support for the construction of the Public Library, and the
University of Opole for the creation of the Student Cultural Center – 6.28 mil-
lion PLN. Among other investments we may also include: the renovation of the
Piast Tower in Opole (2.76 million PLN of support) or the conservation works
in the parish church of St. James the Apostle in Małujowice (1.68 million
PLN)23
. The applicants in the Opole province applied under priority 5 – meas-
ure 5.3 “Development of culture and cultural heritage”24
. In case of the province
of Podlasie it was priority 3. “Development of Tourism and Culture” - measure
3.1 “Development of the tourist attractiveness of the region” and priority 6.
“Development of Social Infrastructure” – measure 6.3 “Infrastructure develop-
ment in the field of culture and protection of historical and cultural heritage”25
.
For 26 investment projects implemented under the Regional Operational Pro-
gramme for the Podlaskie province for 2007 – 2013 entities conducting cultur-
al activities received 96.78 million PLN of grants.
25 investments in the field of culture were financed from the Regional Op-
erational Programme for Warmia and Masuria for 2007 – 2013. Entities en-
gaged in cultural activities in the region raised for this purpose 113.49 million
PLN in grants under priority 2 “Tourism”26
. The investments made are, among
others, the construction of the new seat of the Warmia and Masuria Philhar-
monic in Olsztyn (42.86 million PLN of grants), the comprehensive develop-
ment of the fields of Grunwald (17.60 million PLN), or the creation of the Mul-
timedia Museum of POW Camp Stalag 1B and the Museum of the History of
Olsztynek (2.47 million PLN).
Specificities of each ROP should be emphasized, which often differ from
each other. Among other things required are different patterns and designs of
documentation, or different amounts of allocation funds earmarked for specific
23
The issue of investment in sacral infrastructure implemented with the participation of EU
funds is a very interesting case study, but so far in the literature the subject has not been dis-
cussed comprehensively. See. A. Butrym, Fundusze europejskie w kulturze. Znaczenie Regionalne-
go Programu Operacyjnego Województwa Zachodniopomorskiego dla infrastruktury sakralnej,
[in:] Fundusze europejskie w teorii i praktyce. Edukacja, Gospodarka, Kultura, Społeczeństwo,
ed. M. Sikora-Gaca, U. Kosowska, Warsaw 2014, p. 148–174.
24
Szczegółowy Opis Osi Priorytetowych Regionalnego Programu Operacyjnego Województwa
Opolskiego na lata 2007–2013, Opole Province Government, Opole 2016, p. 134–138.
25
Szczegółowy Opis Priorytetów Regionalnego Programu Operacyjnego Województwa Opol-
skiego na lata 2007–2013, Podlasie Province Government, Białystok 2008, p. 57–66, 90–93.
26
This causes numerous problems with the classification of individual projects, because alt-
hough they are investments in the area of culture and art, they are often classified as tourist. See:
Regionalny Program Operacyjny Warmia i Mazury na lata 2007 – 2013, Warmian-Masurian
Province Government, Olsztyn 2007, p. 83–87.
16. Małgorzata Sikora-Gaca
140
investments. Generally, the competitive mode, under which the grants are
awarded, remains consistent.
The 2007 – 2013 structural funds and the development of the sector of
arts and culture in Poland. A Summary
The above analysis shows the scope of the implementation of measures from
the European Regional Development Fund in the field of arts and culture, and
specifically of projects contracted for implementation in 2007 – 2013 – with
a total of 4.93 billion PLN from the OPIE and 16 regional operational pro-
grammes. It is important to say that the structural funds have contributed sig-
nificantly to the development of the offer of the entities involved in cultural
activities in Poland, and without them the development of the arts and culture
sector would not be possible in such a range, or such a given time. The funds
contracted for the arts and culture sector in 2007 – 2013 financial perspective
exceeded 251% of the expenditures for this purpose from the state budget in
2015. Also other quantitative data are interesting:
− in 2015 an average of 2686 customers of the cultural offer fell on one en-
tity conducting cultural activities in Poland;
− in 2015 an average of 874 entities engaged in cultural activity fell on one
province;
− approx. 0.7 billion PLN from the European Regional Development Fund
was implemented in this sector and contracted through grants to projects
in the field of arts and culture in 2007 – 2013 annually;
− 980 projects co-financed from structural funds were contracted for the
implementation in total in 2007-2013, with the largest number in the Si-
lesia province – 135 (9 from OPIE, 126 from ROP) and the lowest in
Lubusz (only ROP);
− 4.93 billion PLN in total were raised in 2007 – 2013 by entities conduct-
ing cultural activities from ERDF (2.19 billion PLN from OPIE, 2.73 bil-
lion PLN from ROP), with the largest share in the disbursement of struc-
tural funds for the Mazovia – 797.2 million PLN, and the least for
Lubusz – 59.42 million PLN;
− we obtained an average of 332.07 thousand PLN subsidies from the
structural funds in the 2007 – 2013 financial perspective for one entity
conducting cultural activities in Poland;
− an average funding from the structural funds for one culture recipient in
Poland amounted to 123.27 PLN (as of 31st
Dec 2015).
17. Implementation of the structural funds in the sector of arts and culture in Poland…
141
In addition, based on the evaluation carried out by the Ministry of Culture
and National Heritage, we can indicate measurable benefits from the OPIE:
2.19 billion PLN implemented in Polish culture through this instrument result-
ed in the achievement of specific output and result indicators, including:
− 77 restored and renovated historical buildings;
− 47 newly built, expanded and reconstructed cultural institutions (muse-
ums, galleries, theaters and musical institutions);
− 37 new and upgraded facilities for artistic education;
− 41 infrastructure university facilities (schools providing access for people
with disabilities);
− an increase in the number of students of art schools in Poland (from
74.8 thousand to 87.3 thousand);
− an increase in the number of students in public art schools (from
14.2 thousand to 15.9 thousand);
− 679 new jobs created;
− 9172 objects (collections) subject to maintenance;
− 111 488 protected objects (collections);
− 41 installed security systems of objects (collections);
− 12 institutions which collections have been digitized;
− 64 cultural heritage sites provide access to people with disabilities, etc.
The investments referred to were also reflected in the increase in the num-
ber of users of the cultural offer – both domestic and foreign tourists, and reve-
nues generated in this respect, and this is largely one of the most tangible
achievements of completed projects.
It should also be noted that the resources from the structural funds are still
gradually implemented in Poland. This means that grants contracted for im-
plementation within the financial perspective of 2014 – 2020 will be spent to
31st
December 2022. Thus, the research process verifying the status of imple-
mentation of structural funds to the sector of arts and culture in Poland in the
coming years should still be continued.
Bibliography
Butrym A., Fundusze europejskie w kulturze. Znaczenie Regionalnego Programu Opera-
cyjnego Województwa Zachodniopomorskiego dla infrastruktury sakralnej, [in:]
Fundusze europejskie w teorii i praktyce. Edukacja, Gospodarka, Kultura, Społeczeń-
stwo, ed. M. Sikora-Gaca, U. Kosowska, Warsaw 2014.
18. Małgorzata Sikora-Gaca
142
Finanse kultury w latach 2007 – 2015, General Statistical Office, Cracow 2016.
Kleinowski M., Piechowicz M., Sikora-Gaca M., Fundusze i programy Unii Europejskiej
wspierające przedsiębiorstwa w perspektywie finansowej 2014 – 2020, Warsaw 2016.
Kultura w 2015 roku, General Statistical Office, Warsaw 2016.
Możliwości finansowania kultury z funduszy europejskich w latach 2007 – 2013, Mini-
stry of Culture and National Heritage, Warsaw 2008.
Podsumowanie efektów wdrażania projektów w ramach XI priorytetu POIiŚ 2007 – 2013
i ich wpływ na atrakcyjność kraju, Ministry of Culture and National Heritage, War-
saw 2015.
Sikora-Gaca M., Gabryszak R., Wdrażanie funduszy strukturalnych w sektor ochrony
zdrowia w Polsce w latach 2007 – 2013, [in:] Społeczne, ekonomiczne i medyczne
aspekty ochrony zdrowia i profilaktyki zdrowotnej, ed. R. Gabryszak, A. Jakubowska,
Koszalin 2016.
Małopolski Regionalny Program Operacyjny na lata 2007 – 2013, Lesser Poland Provin-
ce Government, Cracow 2012.
Regionalny Program Operacyjny Warmia i Mazury na lata 2007 – 2013, Warmian-
Masurian Province Government, Olsztyn 2007.
Szczegółowy opis priorytetów Regionalnego Programu Operacyjnego Województwa Ma-
zowieckiego na lata 2007 – 2013, Mazovian Province Government, Warsaw 2010.
Szczegółowy Opis Osi Priorytetowych Regionalnego Programu Operacyjnego Wojewódz-
twa Opolskiego na lata 2007 – 2013, Opole Province Government, Opole 2016.
Szczegółowy opis osi priorytetowych Regionalnego Programu Operacyjnego Wojewódz-
twa Świętokrzyskiego na lata 2007 – 2013, Świętokrzyskie Province Government,
Kielce 2016.
Szczegółowy opis priorytetów Regionalnego Programu Operacyjnego Województwa Pod-
karpackiego na lata 2007 – 2013, Podkarpackie Province Government, Rzeszów
2014.
Szczegółowy Opis Priorytetów Regionalnego Programu Operacyjnego Województwa
Podlaskiego na lata 2007 – 2013, Podlaskie Province Government, Białystok 2008.
Szczegółowy opis priorytetów Regionalnego Programu Operacyjnego Województwa Ślą-
skiego na lata 2007 – 2013, Silesian Province Government, Katowice 2016.
Szczegółowy opis priorytetów Regionalnego Programu Operacyjnego Województwa Wiel-
kopolskiego na lata 2007 – 2013, Greater Poland Province Government, Poznań
2008.
Uszczegółowienie Regionalnego Programu Operacyjnego Województwa Świętokrzyskiego
na lata 2007 – 2013. Szczegółowy opis osi priorytetowych, Lubusz Province Govern-
ment, Zielona Góra 2008.
Netography
www.archiwum.rpo.lubelskie.pl (2.03.2017)
www.mapadotacji.gov.pl (4.03.2017)
www.mkidn.gov.pl (6.03.2017)
www.rpo2007-2013.wzp.pl (2.03.2017)
19. Implementation of the structural funds in the sector of arts and culture in Poland…
143
Summary
Implementation of the structural funds
in the arts and culture sector in Poland in 2007 – 2013
The purpose of the following article is to analyze the implementation of structural
funds in the arts and culture sector of in Poland in the years 2007 – 2013. The subject of
the study consists of 980 contracted projects implemented in 2007 – 2013 in 16 prov-
inces. We have selected only those that have been co-financed from the structural
funds, namely the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF), from which
4.93 billion PLN funding had been acquired for the mentioned 980 projects. The largest
number of investments was realized in the Silesian province – 135, and the least in the
Lubusz – 10. The largest share in the disbursement of structural funds was in the
Mazovian province – 797.2 million PLN.
keywords: arts and culture sector, European Regional Development Fund, Operational
Programme Infrastructure and Environment, Poland, regional operational pro-
grammes, structural funds
słowa kluczowe: Europejski Fundusz Rozwoju Regionalnego, fundusze strukturalne,
Polska, Program Operacyjny Infrastruktura i Środowisko, regionalne programy opera-
cyjne, sektor kultury i sztuki