Project 1
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This document provides a case study of a 73-year-old man who presents to the emergency room with eight symptoms: afebrile, mild tachypnea, mild shortness of breath, acrocyanosis, mild tachycardia, history of smoking, history of diabetes, and moderately overweight. These symptoms suggest potential damage to the lungs and cardiovascular system due to conditions such as smoking, diabetes, and being overweight. Specialists in respiratory, cardiology, endocrinology, and other relevant fields are recommended for consultation.
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Simple Presentation on medical condition "asthma".
The presentation includes cause, prevention, and treatment of Asthma.
Used various references which are already mentioned in the presentation and various sources.
Hope the presentation will be of any help.
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The document summarizes how the characters in Tennessee Williams' play "A Streetcar Named Desire" relate to and interact with the idea of truth. Stanley sees truth as indispensable and demands to know Blanche's real past, while Blanche lives in illusion and manipulation. Stella recognizes truths but does not want to face their cruelty. Williams creates dramatic conflict through how the characters confront, avoid, or are driven by their differing views of an immutable truth. Their perspectives on truth and the past drive the plot's development and reveal how truth can be a source of human conflict.
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1. COPD is a chronic inflammatory lung disease characterized by airflow limitation that is usually caused by long-term exposure to irritating gases or particulate matter, most commonly from cigarette smoking.
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3. Current guidelines classify COPD severity into four stages based on lung function measurements and symptoms, and recommend treatments that include bronchodilators, corticosteroids, and supplemental oxygen for advanced disease.
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Acute severe asthma is a life-threatening condition characterized by airway inflammation and bronchospasm. Clinical assessment is important for determining severity and response to treatment. Initial emergency department management involves high-flow oxygen, nebulized bronchodilators, corticosteroids, and magnesium sulfate for refractory cases. Non-invasive ventilation is becoming more widely used and can prevent intubation in some patients. For those requiring intubation and mechanical ventilation, permissive hypercapnia and low tidal volumes are recommended to minimize risks of barotrauma and hemodynamic collapse. Experience and rapid response are critical given the potential for acute deterioration in these patients.
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- Asthma is a chronic lung condition that affects over 3 million Canadians and cannot be cured but can be managed. It causes reversible airway obstruction and symptoms include coughing, shortness of breath, wheezing, and chest tightness.
- Asthma symptoms are triggered by factors like allergens, infections, exercise, air pollution, emotions, and medications. Exercise is a trigger for 90% of people with asthma.
- Asthma is treated through medications like rescue inhalers to quickly reverse symptoms and preventive controller medications to reduce inflammation and prevent symptoms. Proper medication use and trigger avoidance can help asthma be managed.
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Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterized by partially reversible airflow limitation and minimal airway hyperresponsiveness. It is strongly linked to chronic tobacco smoke exposure and causes progressive shortness of breath. Patients admitted for COPD exacerbations receive antibiotics, steroids, inhaled bronchodilators and oxygen. If intubated, ventilator settings must carefully avoid hyperinflation. At discharge, patients are prescribed a prednisone taper, inhaled bronchodilators and follow-up to support smoking cessation which is the primary treatment.
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Asthma is a chronic lung disease characterized by inflamed airways that constrict in response to triggers. It can be extrinsic, caused by allergies to things like pollen, or intrinsic, brought on by non-allergic factors like infections or stress. Symptoms include wheezing, coughing, and shortness of breath. Diagnosis involves pulmonary function tests and ruling out other conditions. Treatment focuses on avoiding triggers, using medications to open airways like bronchodilators and preventers like corticosteroids, and humidified oxygen during severe attacks to prevent complications like respiratory failure.
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This document provides an overview of asthma, including:
- Asthma is characterized by variable and reversible airflow obstruction caused by airway inflammation and hyperresponsiveness.
- It affects 300 million people worldwide and prevalence is increasing. Genetic and environmental factors contribute to risk.
- Symptoms include wheezing, coughing, chest tightness and dyspnea triggered by factors like allergens, infections and exercise.
- Pathophysiology involves chronic inflammation, remodeling of the airways, and increased airway hyperresponsiveness.
- Diagnosis is based on symptoms and lung function tests, with treatment focusing on bronchodilators and inhaled corticosteroids.
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The document summarizes symptoms of exercise-induced asthma and examination findings. It notes that symptoms include chest tightness, coughing, wheezing, fatigue and gastrointestinal issues. Physical examination may be normal at rest but abnormal after exercise, and should include inspection of the skin, head, ears, eyes, nose, throat, lungs and heart. It also recommends swimming and yoga as good exercise options for asthma patients and lists some team sports that can be played with breaks, while noting some higher risk sports.
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Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways causing obstruction. It is caused by factors like allergens, infections, pollution and emotions. Symptoms include coughing, wheezing and shortness of breath. Diagnosis involves patient history, exams, lung function tests and imaging. Treatment focuses on reducing inflammation with corticosteroids and dilating airways with bronchodilators. Patients are advised to avoid triggers and take medications as prescribed.
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This document discusses the differences between asthma and COPD. While both conditions involve chronic airway inflammation, the pattern and location of inflammation differs. In asthma, inflammation is predominantly located in the larger airways and involves eosinophils and mast cells. Airway obstruction is variable and often reversible with treatment. In COPD, inflammation involves neutrophils and macrophages and occurs throughout the lungs. Obstruction is largely fixed and progressive. The document also examines differences in clinical presentation, pathology, and response to corticosteroids and bronchodilators between the two conditions.
Acute Severe Asthma
Status asthmaticus is an acute exacerbation of asthma that does not respond to initial bronchodilator treatment. It can range from mild to severe, causing difficulty breathing, carbon dioxide retention, hypoxemia and respiratory failure. The airway obstruction is due to spasm, edema, increased secretions, inflammation and injury of the airway walls. Treatment involves bronchodilators, corticosteroids, oxygen and monitoring for ICU admission if the patient does not improve or their condition worsens. Prevention focuses on medication compliance and avoiding triggers.
Asthma ppt
Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways characterized by variable and recurring symptoms of wheezing, coughing, chest tightness, and shortness of breath. It affects over 26 million people worldwide each year and causes over 4000-6000 deaths annually in India alone. The disease is managed through medications like bronchodilators and anti-inflammatory drugs administered via inhalers or nebulizers. Nursing care involves monitoring vitals, managing symptoms, preventing exposure to triggers, teaching patients about treatment and providing breathing exercises.
Asthma
Simple Presentation on medical condition "asthma".
The presentation includes cause, prevention, and treatment of Asthma.
Used various references which are already mentioned in the presentation and various sources.
Hope the presentation will be of any help.
Asthma and COPD exacerbation - Emergency
An acute exacerbation of asthma or COPD is characterized by worsening respiratory symptoms such as shortness of breath, cough, and wheezing. Initial treatment involves oxygen, inhaled bronchodilators, and systemic glucocorticoids. Severe exacerbations may require hospitalization for monitoring, additional bronchodilators, and noninvasive ventilation. The goal is to relieve symptoms and improve lung function through aggressive medical therapy to prevent respiratory failure or the need for intubation.
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This document provides an overview of the management of acute asthma exacerbations. It begins with definitions of asthma and exacerbations. It then covers the epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, assessment, and treatment of acute exacerbations. Treatment involves bronchodilator therapy, anti-inflammatory therapy with corticosteroids, supplemental oxygen, and mechanical ventilation if needed. Goals of mechanical ventilation include maintaining oxygen saturation and minimizing dynamic hyperinflation.
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1. JS, a 74-year-old man with COPD, heart failure, and pneumonia, presents with shortness of breath and fever. His medical history and physical exam reveal severe COPD and risk factors for exacerbation.
2. Chest X-ray confirms right lower lobe pneumonia. ABG results show respiratory acidosis. The patient is treated with antibiotics and oral steroids in the hospital with improvement.
3. Proper management of COPD includes educating patients about self-care, monitoring for exacerbations, promoting smoking cessation, and referring to pulmonary rehabilitation.
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This document provides information about asthma including its definition, incidence, triggers, pathophysiology, classification, clinical manifestations, complications, diagnostic evaluation, medical management including pharmacologic therapy, and nursing assessment and interventions. It defines asthma as a chronic inflammatory airway disease characterized by recurrent exacerbations of coughing, wheezing and shortness of breath. It notes that asthma affects over 25 million Indians and discusses common asthma triggers. The medical management section covers different classes of medications used to treat asthma including bronchodilators, anti-inflammatories, leukotriene modifiers and combinations. Nursing care involves assessing symptoms and lung sounds, monitoring for signs of anxiety or distress, educating patients about asthma self-management, and teaching techniques
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The document discusses scales used to measure dyspnea in patients with chronic respiratory diseases. It describes the Borg scale and modified Borg dyspnea scale, which allow patients to subjectively rate their level of exertion. It also describes the mMRC dyspnea scale, which measures perceived respiratory disability by having patients indicate how breathlessness affects their mobility. These scales are useful for clinicians to quantify dyspnea, describe disability levels, and assess changes after treatment. Pulmonary rehabilitation can help reduce dyspnea through various mechanisms like improving muscle function, reducing ventilatory impedance, and decreasing central drive.
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The document summarizes how the characters in Tennessee Williams' play "A Streetcar Named Desire" relate to and interact with the idea of truth. Stanley sees truth as indispensable and demands to know Blanche's real past, while Blanche lives in illusion and manipulation. Stella recognizes truths but does not want to face their cruelty. Williams creates dramatic conflict through how the characters confront, avoid, or are driven by their differing views of an immutable truth. Their perspectives on truth and the past drive the plot's development and reveal how truth can be a source of human conflict.
truthin streetcar
The document summarizes how the characters in Tennessee Williams' play "A Streetcar Named Desire" relate to and interact with the idea of truth. Stanley sees truth as indispensable and demands to know Blanche's real past, while Blanche lives in illusion and manipulation. Stella recognizes truths but does not want to face their cruelty. Williams creates dramatic conflict through how the characters confront, avoid, or are driven by their differing views of an immutable truth. Their perspectives on truth and the past drive the plot's development and reveal how truth can be a source of human conflict.
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The document discusses the respiratory and circulatory systems, including key parts like the lungs, heart, blood vessels, and blood. It then describes several respiratory diseases like COPD, asthma, lung cancer, pneumonia, and tuberculosis. Circulatory system diseases discussed include atherosclerosis, heart attack, heart failure, high blood pressure, stroke, and coronary artery disease. Prevention methods mentioned are quitting smoking, healthy eating, exercise, maintaining a healthy weight, sufficient rest, and taking supplements.
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This document discusses oxygenation and its relationship to respiratory and cardiovascular function. It covers topics like the physiology of oxygenation, factors that affect oxygenation like age, environment, lifestyle, and health status. Common manifestations of altered respiratory and cardiovascular function are described, like dyspnea, tachypnea, and hypoxia. Life span changes and problems related to respiration and circulation at different ages are outlined. The document also discusses respiratory and cardiac emergencies, and the nursing process for assessment and care planning for patients with respiratory or cardiovascular issues.
oxygenation.pptx
This document discusses oxygenation and its relationship to respiratory and cardiovascular function. It covers topics like the physiology of oxygenation, factors that affect oxygenation like age, environment, lifestyle, and health status. Common manifestations of altered respiratory and cardiovascular function are described, like dyspnea, tachypnea, and hypoxia. Life span changes and problems related to respiration and circulation at different ages are outlined. The document also discusses respiratory and cardiac emergencies, and the nursing process for assessment and care planning for patients with respiratory or cardiovascular issues.
ARDS
This document provides an overview of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). It begins by defining ARDS as a sudden respiratory failure characterized by hypoxemia and diffuse lung infiltrates. Risk factors include age over 65, smoking history, sepsis, trauma and pneumonia. The pathophysiology involves three phases: exudative, proliferative and fibrotic. Management requires supportive care in an ICU including mechanical ventilation, positioning, fluids and antibiotics. The nursing priorities are to improve breathing and tissue perfusion while preventing complications like infection and skin breakdown.
Emphysema
Emphysema is a condition that damages the air sacs in the lungs called alveoli, causing them to lose their elasticity and become enlarged. This makes breathing difficult. The main causes are smoking cigarettes and exposure to air pollution or dust. Symptoms include shortness of breath, coughing, and fatigue. Diagnosis involves medical history, physical exam, chest X-rays, and lung function tests. Treatment focuses on quitting smoking, using inhalers, oxygen therapy, exercise, and lifestyle changes. Managing the condition can help prevent further lung damage and associated complications.
Copdeditedppt4555
This document provides information on emphysema, including its causes, risk factors, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment options. Emphysema is a chronic lung disease that causes damage to the air sacs in the lungs. The main risk factor is smoking, which destroys the elastic fibers in the lungs over many years. Symptoms include shortness of breath and coughing. Diagnosis involves pulmonary function tests and imaging. Treatment focuses on quitting smoking and managing symptoms through medications, oxygen therapy, pulmonary rehabilitation, and sometimes surgery.
COPD
This document provides an overview of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). It defines COPD and its subtypes, and discusses its epidemiology, risk factors, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment. COPD is characterized by airflow limitation and includes emphysema and chronic bronchitis. It is caused by cigarette smoking and occupational exposures. Symptoms include cough, sputum production and shortness of breath. Diagnosis is made through spirometry showing reduced airflow. Treatment focuses on smoking cessation, bronchodilators, antibiotics and corticosteroids for exacerbations.
INTERSTITIAL LUNG DISEASE PHARMACY PRESENTATION
The document provides information about interstitial lung disease (ILD), including:
- ILD affects the interstitium, a lace-like network of tissue in the lungs. Common symptoms include shortness of breath.
- There are many types of ILD, which can be caused by infections, autoimmune diseases, environmental exposures like asbestos, or idiopathic factors.
- Diagnosis involves imaging tests and may require a lung biopsy. Treatment depends on the underlying cause but can include antibiotics, corticosteroids, oxygen therapy, immunosuppressants, or lung transplant in severe cases. Managing risk factors and lifestyle changes can also help.
Copd
COPD is a serious lung disease that makes breathing difficult over time. The most common cause is cigarette smoke, but other environmental factors and genetics can also play a role. Symptoms include cough, fatigue, respiratory infections, and shortness of breath. A spirometry test is used to diagnose COPD by measuring lung capacity. While there is no cure, treatments can help alleviate symptoms and prevent further worsening through medications, oxygen therapy, pulmonary rehabilitation, and smoking cessation.
Cor pulmonare
This document provides information about cor pulmonare, including its definition, etiology, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. Cor pulmonare is a set of right ventricular alterations secondary to precapillary pulmonary hypertension that can be caused by lung, chest cage, or ventilation issues. It is usually chronic and caused by conditions like COPD that lead to low blood oxygen over long periods of time. Symptoms include difficulty breathing, dizziness, swelling, and cyanosis. Diagnosis involves physical exams, blood tests, imaging, and right heart catheterization. Treatment goals are symptom control and addressing the underlying cause through medications, oxygen therapy, or transplant if needed.
Cardiac Physiology
A 70-year-old female with a long history of uncontrolled hypertension was admitted for acute heart failure. On examination, she was in severe respiratory distress and orthopnea. Imaging showed severe calcified coarctation of the aorta, bicuspid aortic valve with severe stenosis, and significant coronary artery disease. An interventional cardiology team decided to perform a two-stage endovascular procedure to repair the cardiac and vascular issues due to her multiple comorbidities.
Copd and ards
A 33-year-old woman developed back pain that progressed to breathlessness and was hospitalized. She was diagnosed with Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) after her breathing deteriorated and she required ventilation. After several weeks on a ventilator and treatment for pneumonia and kidney failure, her condition improved and she was discharged after 9 weeks in the hospital.
Endocarditis
Endocarditis is an inflammation of the inner layer of the heart. It is usually caused by bacteria, fungi, or viruses entering the bloodstream through invasive procedures like dental work or surgery. The microbes accumulate on the heart valves, forming vegetations that can damage the valves over time. Symptoms may include fever, fatigue, loss of appetite, and heart murmurs. Diagnosis involves blood cultures, echocardiography, and other tests. Treatment requires antibiotics and sometimes valve replacement surgery. Complications can include heart failure, embolism, and stroke if left untreated.
Emphysema
Emphysema is defined pathologically as an abnormal, permanent enlargement of the air spaces distal to the terminal bronchioles, accompanied by destruction of their walls and without obvious fibrosis. Together, emphysema and chronic bronchitis are known as Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), and involves the enlargement of the air sacs in the lung.
The damage is permanent - not reversible - and it causes reduced respiratory function. When the hazards of smoking are bought up, the most common disease discussed is
cancer and no one brings up emphysema. Although, most cases of COPD, and therefore emphysema, are caused by cigarette smoking.
Emphysema is rarely caused by a congenital condition known as α1-antitrypsin
deficiency, for which there is a lab test.
The most common symptoms are breathlessness, or a 'need for air', excessive sputum
production, and a chronic cough. However, COPD is not just simply a "smoker's
cough", but an under-diagnosed, life threatening lung disease that may progressively
lead to death.
Doctors diagnose COPD and emphysema with lung function tests to measure lung capacity. Spirometry is used in diagnosis - to measure the volume of air a patient can
blow out in one second after a deep breath.
Treatment does not halt or reverse lung damage but eases symptoms and prevents exacerbations. Drugs and supportive therapies are the mainstay of emphysema treatment.
Drugs may include inhaled bronchodilators, corticosteroids and, when there is an infection, antibiotics.
Support therapy includes oxygen supplementation, nutrition, help with smoking cessation, and other educational interventions.
Surgical intervention, including lung transplantation, is reserved for severe cases of emphysema.
People with emphysema and COPD should have an annual flu jab and may be recommended for a pneumonia shot once every 5 years.
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Project 1
- 1. Nguyen 1 Khang Nguyen Mr. Carabello Anatomy & Physiology 26 October 2009 Research paper: Case Study A 73-year-old man comes to an emergency with eight symptoms from the initial assessment. First, he is diagnosed afebrile, which indicates that the patient doesn’t get a fever. His temperature is normal at 37 degree Celcius, or 98.6 degree Farenhait. This symptom just shows that the patient does not have flu, not showing much more about his condition. The second symptom, mild tachypnea, means that the patient has a faster breath than usual. It is a symptom for damages in the respiratory system. There may be something stuck in the larynx of the patient, or the lungs of the patient may have been damaged. There are some physicians who are specialists in otolaryngology like Doctor Allan Edward in Cambridge, Doctor Roland Eavey in Boston. Besides rapid breathing, he also has mild shortness of breath, which means difficulty in breathling. The medical term for this symptom is dyspnea. Shortness of breath can be caused by many conditions, varied from respiratory system to cardiovascular system. Lung disease may exhibit this symptom because of low oxygen levels, and the use of accessory muscles of ventilation to assist normal breathing. (Colbert, p.328) Therefore, you should contact to some doctors who specializes in respiratory and cardiology, such as Doctor Barbara Schultz and Doctor Stephen Pauker in Boston.
- 2. Nguyen 2 The fourth symptom of this man is acrocyanosis. This is a condition which the skin turns blue, resulted by the low level of oxygen in the blood. Acro- is a prefix for indicating the extremities, the farther parts from the center of the body like fingers and toes. This is a symptom of a respiratory disease, too, because it occurs when the system does not supply enough blood for the organs. A doctor recommended for this kind is Doctor Jean Bruch in Boston, or Doctor William Mason in Needham. In addition, he also has mild tachycardia. The patient is suffering from a faster rate of heartbeat, which is caused by the need of oxygen delivery from other organs. For example, when you are running, your whole body’s muscle is working really hard, and the heart must beat faster to supply oxygen for the muscle in order to maintain running. So, this is a problem of cardiovascular system. Therefore, some specialists in Cardiology is suitable for this like Doctor Charles Boucher in Boston. Another symptom of the patient is history of smoking. Smoking is a habit of many people, although it is really bad. It contains many poisonous and addictive substances such as nicotine. This is the cause of many diseases in the respiratory and cardiovascular system, such as stenosis, lung cancer, heart attack... The seventh symptom is history of diabetes. It is a condition in which the body does not produce enough, or does not respond well to insulin, a type of hormone enabling cells to absorb glucose and turn it into energy. It is a failure in function of the endocrine system, mainly the pancreas. A doctor who have speciality in diabetes is John Smither in New York. The last symptom of this patient is moderately overweight. In medical term, this is determined by the BMI (Body Mass Index). For men, overweight means his BMI is 27.8 or more.
- 3. Nguyen 3 In conclusion, this patient might have his lungs damaged because he has so much respiratory problems like tachypnea, acrocyanosis, and shortness of breath. In addition, tachycardia may be result from the lack of oxygen in the lungs. The cause of the damage may be smoking and diabetes. Overweight may be the result of his over-consuming of sugar.
- 4. Nguyen 4 Works Cited List Colbert, Ankney, and Karen Lee. Anatomy & Physiology for Health Professions – An Interactive Journey. New Jersey: Prentice Hall Health, 2007. Find A Doctor – Ask a Doctor, Find a Physician, Best Doctor, Rated Doctor In Types Of Doctor List. 2008. FindaDoc, Inc. 25 October 2009. <http://www.findadoc.com/> Healthline - Health Search Engine and Medical Information. 2005-2008. Healthline Networks, Inc. 25 October 2009. <http://www.healthline.com/doctors> Medical Dictionary definitions of popular medical terms easily defined on MedTerms. 1996- 2009. MedicineNet, Inc. 25 October 2009. <http://www.medterms.com/script/main/hp.asp> Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. 2009. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. 25 October 2009. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/> Wrong diagnosis. 2009. Health Grades Inc. 25 October 2009. <http://www.wrongdiagnosis.com/>