The document describes John McCarthy's concept of an "Advice Taker", a proposed artificial intelligence program that can solve problems by manipulating sentences in a formal language. The Advice Taker operates by applying an immediate deduction routine to a list of premises to deduce conclusions, some of which are imperative sentences that can be obeyed. It aims to represent all behaviors, allow for interesting changes in behavior simply, and make all aspects of behavior improvable including the improving mechanism itself.
We consider knowledge as a refined kind of information, more general than that found in convention databases. But it may be incomplete or fuzzy as well. We may think of knowledge as a collection of related facts, procedures, models and heuristics that can be used in problem solving or inference systems.[
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Principles of Health Informatics: Models, information, and information systemsMartin Chapman
Principles of Health Informatics: Models, information, and information systems. Last delivered in 2023. All educational material listed or linked to on these pages in relation to King's College London may be provided for reference only, and therefore does not necessarily reflect the current course content.
Making Observability Actionable At Scale - DBS DevConnect 2019Squadcast Inc
Many organisations already possess a vast amount of existing data about production systems. As customer expectations evolve, organisations are often challenged to find more proactive ways of dealing with traditionally reactive incident response activity. In this talk, we discuss approaches to unlock value from this data by making it truly actionable. Understanding production failure modes better, enriching technical and business context effectively, decomposing response activity into shared primitives, actions and workflows, and overall, sharing and augmenting this active knowledge repository on a continuous basis are key takeaways. Through case studies, we'll discuss how we can accomplish this by engineering your observability processes and tooling to work for human-in-the-loop interpretation and response rather than a purely human-reliant strategy.
Why Johnny Can't Store Passwords Securely? A Usability Evaluation of Bouncyca...Chamila Wijayarathna
Slides I used to present our paper "Why Johnny Can't Store Passwords Securely? " at Evaluation and Assessment in Software Engineering (EASE) 2018 Conference. The full paper can be accessed at https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1805/1805.09487.pdf
Using Cognitive Dimensions Questionnaire to Evaluate the Usability of Securit...Chamila Wijayarathna
This was presented by me at the 28th annual gathering of Psychology of Programmers Interest Group (PPIG).
Usability issues that exist in security APIs cause programmers to embed those security APIs incorrectly to the applications they develop. This results in introduction of security vulnerabilities to those applications. One of the main reasons for security APIs to be not usable is currently there is no proper method by which the usability issues of security APIs can be identified. We conducted a study to assess the effectiveness of the cognitive dimensions questionnaire based usability evaluation methodology in evaluating the usability of security APIs. We used a cognitive dimensions based generic questionnaire to collect feedback from programmers who participated in the study. Results revealed interesting facts about the prevailing usability issues in four commonly used security APIs and the capability of the methodology to identify those issues.
We consider knowledge as a refined kind of information, more general than that found in convention databases. But it may be incomplete or fuzzy as well. We may think of knowledge as a collection of related facts, procedures, models and heuristics that can be used in problem solving or inference systems.[
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
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Principles of Health Informatics: Models, information, and information systems. Last delivered in 2023. All educational material listed or linked to on these pages in relation to King's College London may be provided for reference only, and therefore does not necessarily reflect the current course content.
Making Observability Actionable At Scale - DBS DevConnect 2019Squadcast Inc
Many organisations already possess a vast amount of existing data about production systems. As customer expectations evolve, organisations are often challenged to find more proactive ways of dealing with traditionally reactive incident response activity. In this talk, we discuss approaches to unlock value from this data by making it truly actionable. Understanding production failure modes better, enriching technical and business context effectively, decomposing response activity into shared primitives, actions and workflows, and overall, sharing and augmenting this active knowledge repository on a continuous basis are key takeaways. Through case studies, we'll discuss how we can accomplish this by engineering your observability processes and tooling to work for human-in-the-loop interpretation and response rather than a purely human-reliant strategy.
Why Johnny Can't Store Passwords Securely? A Usability Evaluation of Bouncyca...Chamila Wijayarathna
Slides I used to present our paper "Why Johnny Can't Store Passwords Securely? " at Evaluation and Assessment in Software Engineering (EASE) 2018 Conference. The full paper can be accessed at https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1805/1805.09487.pdf
Using Cognitive Dimensions Questionnaire to Evaluate the Usability of Securit...Chamila Wijayarathna
This was presented by me at the 28th annual gathering of Psychology of Programmers Interest Group (PPIG).
Usability issues that exist in security APIs cause programmers to embed those security APIs incorrectly to the applications they develop. This results in introduction of security vulnerabilities to those applications. One of the main reasons for security APIs to be not usable is currently there is no proper method by which the usability issues of security APIs can be identified. We conducted a study to assess the effectiveness of the cognitive dimensions questionnaire based usability evaluation methodology in evaluating the usability of security APIs. We used a cognitive dimensions based generic questionnaire to collect feedback from programmers who participated in the study. Results revealed interesting facts about the prevailing usability issues in four commonly used security APIs and the capability of the methodology to identify those issues.
Today, the corpus based approach can be identified as the state of the art methodology in
language learning studying for both prominent and less known languages in the world. The
corpus based approach mines new knowledge on a language by answering two main
questions:
What particular patterns are associated with lexical or grammatical features of the
language?
How do these patterns differ within varieties and registers?
A language corpus can be identified as a collection of authentic texts that are stored
electronically. It contains different language patterns in different genres, time periods and
social variants. Most of the major languages in the world have their own corpora. But corpora
which have been implemented for Sinhala language have so many limitations.
SinMin is a corpus for Sinhala language which is
Continuously updating
Dynamic (Scalable)
Covers wide range of language (Structured and unstructured)
Providing a better interface for users to interact with the corpus
This report contains the comprehensive literature review done and the research, and design
and implementation details of the SinMin corpus. The implementation details are organized
according to the various components of the platform. Testing, and future works have been
discussed towards the end of this report.
This project is about building a corpus for Sinhala language. This is the presentation about its literature review. This includes previous literature we referred in this project.
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This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
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Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
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Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
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http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
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Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
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The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
1. PROGRAMS WITH COMMON
SENSE
1
John McCarthy
Computer Science Department
Stanford University
Presented by
Siriwardena M. P.
Wijayarathna D. G. C. D
Udara Y. B. N.
2. WHAT IS PROGRAM WITH COMMON
SENSE?
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
Certain elementary verbal reasoning
processes so simple that they can be carried
out by any non-feeble minded human have
yet to be simulated by machine programs
2
3. WHAT IS ADVICE TAKER
The advice taker is a proposed program for
solving problems by manipulating sentences
in formal languages
3
4. BASIC FEATURES
1. All behaviors must be representable in the
system. Therefore, the system should either
be able to construct arbitrary automata or to
program in some general purpose
programming language.
2. Interesting changes in behavior must be
expressible in a simple way.
3. All aspects of behavior, in particular, the
improving mechanism should be improvable.
4
5. BASIC FEATURES
4. The machine must have or evolve concepts of
partial success because on difficult problems
decisive successes or failures come too
infrequently.
5. The system must be able to create subroutines
which can be included in procedures as units. The
learning of subroutines is complicated by the fact
that the effect of a subroutine is not usually good or
bad in itself. Therefore, the mechanism that selects
subroutines should have concepts of interesting or
powerful subroutine whose application may be good
under suitable conditions.
5
6. MAIN DIFFERENCE
A machine is instructed mainly in the form
of a sequence of imperative sentences
while a human is instructed mainly in
declarative sentences
6
7. ADVANTAGES OF IMPERATIVE
SENTENCES
1. A procedure described in imperatives is
already laid out and is carried out faster.
2. One starts with a machine in a basic
state and does not assume previous
knowledge on the part of the machine.
7
8. ADVANTAGES OF DECLARATIVE
SENTENCES
1. Advantage can be taken of previous
knowledge.
2. Declarative sentences have logical
consequences and it can be arranged that the
machine will have available sufficiently simple
logical consequences of what it is told and
what it previously knew.
8
9. ADVANTAGES OF DECLARATIVE
SENTENCES
3. The meaning of declaratives is much less
dependent on their order than is the case
with imperatives. This makes it easier to
have after-thoughts.
4. The effect of a declarative is less
dependent on the previous state of the
system so that less knowledge of this
state is required on the part of the
instructor.
9
11. MAIN FEATURES
Certain of these expressions may be
regarded as declarative sentences in a
certain logical system which will be
analogous to a universal Post canonical
system.
11
12. MAIN FEATURES
There is an immediate deduction routine
which when given a set of premises will
deduce a set of immediate conclusions
12
13. MAIN FEATURES
Not all expressions are interpreted by the
system as declarative sentences.
13
14. MAIN FEATURES
Entities other than declarative sentences
which can be represented by formulas in
the system are individuals, functions, and
programs.
14
15. MAIN FEATURES
The program is intended to operate
cyclically as follows. The immediate
deduction routine is applied to a list of
premises and a list of individuals. Some
of the conclusions have the form of
imperative sentences. These are obeyed.
Included in the set of imperatives which
may be obeyed is the routine which
deduces and obeys.
15
16. This example will explain how
the advice taker is supposed to
act
16
17. EXAMPLE
• Assume that I am seated at my desk at home
and I wish to go to the airport.
• My car is at my home also.
17
19. “ADVICE TAKER” USE SET OF
PREMISES TO DRAW THIS
CONCLUSION.
What are the Premises it use??
19
20. PREDICATE “AT”.
“AT(X, Y)” MEANS “X IS AT Y”.
At (I, desk)
At (desk, home)
At (car, home)
At (home, country)
At (airport, country)
20
21. Relation “at" is transitive
at(x, y), at(y, z) at(x, z)
at (I, desk), at(desk, home) at(I, home)
We can add more abstraction
transitive(at)
transitive(u) (u(x, y), u(y, z) u(x,z))
21
22. There are two rules concerning the feasibility of
walking and driving.
walkable(x), at(y, x), at(z, x), at(I, y)
can(go(y, z, walking))
drivable(x), at(y, x), at(z, x), at(car, y), at(I, car)
can(go(y; z; driving))
Two specific facts
walkable(home)drivable(county)
22
23. Property of Going
did (go (x, y, z)) at(I, y)
Problem Premise
want (at (I, airport))
All these premises are specific to
this problem.
23
24. PREMISES COMMON TO ALL
PROBLEMS
(x can(y)), (did(y) z) canachult(x, y, z)
canachult(x, y, z), canachult(z, u, v)
canachult(x, prog(y, u), v)
What is prog(y, v) ??
24
25. ARGUMENT THE ADVICE TAKER MUST PRODUCE
IN ORDER TO SOLVE THE PROBLEM
1. at(I, desk) can(go(desk, car, walking))
2. at(I, car) can(go(home, airport, driving))
3. did(go(desk, car, walking)) at(I, car)
4. did(go(home, airport, driving)) at(I, airport)
5. canachult(at(I, desk), go(desk, car,walking), at(I, car))
6. canachult(at(I, car), go(home, airport, driving), at(I,
airport))
7. canachult(at(I, desk), prog(go(desk, car, walking),
go(home, airport, driving)), at(I, airport))
8. do(go(desk, car, walking)) 25
26. MAJOR QUESTIONS FROM ABOVE
REASONING
How the seven premises are collected
How the deduction is proceed once they
found
26
27. WHERE THE 17 PREMISES COME
FROM
14th premises want(at(I, airport)) set the
goal
1 st premise at(I, desk) should come from a
routine which answer the question “where
am I”
Others can expected to be present in the
memory
27
28. HOW THE PREMISES ASSEMBLE
THEMSELVES TO A LIST
Initially want(at(I,airport)) is on a certain list
called main list by itself
Program begin with a observation routine
which looks at the main list and put certain
statements about content in a list called
“observations of the main list”
28
29. DEDUCE AND OBEY ROUTINE
Applied to the combination of the
“observations of the main list” and a list
called “standing orders list”
Program first looks at “want(at(I, airport))”
and copy the statement in its property list
Find anything were filed under “want(at(I, x))”
29
30. WANT(AT(I, X))
-->DO(OBSERVE(WHEREAMI))
Property list of want(x) will gives 15,16,17
premises
Check there is a rule start with premises
“at(I, y)” and “want(I, x)” and has as
conclusion a search for the property list of
“go(y, x, z)".
heuristics that would initiate a search for a y
such that “at(I, y)" and “at(airport, y)
30
31. higher level of abstraction many of the
statements are of the stimulus-response form.
conscious and unconscious thought occurs at
the boundary between stimulus-response
heuristics
31
This research paper consider on a special aspect of the artificial intelligence.
The main different in this and other programs manipulating the formal languages is that the heuristic values were embodied in the program. Inthis program the procedures will be described as much as possible in the language itself and, in particular, the heuristics are also described. The main advantages we expect the advice taker to have is that its behavior will be improvable merely by making statements to it, telling it about its symbolic environment and what is wanted from it.Ultimate objective is to make programs that learn from their experience as effectively as humans do.
Of the 5 points mentioned above, our work concentrates mainly on the second. We base ourselves on the idea that: In order for a program to be capable of learning something it must first be capable of being told it
The main distinction between the way one programs a computer and modifies the program and the way one instructs a human or will instruct the advice taker is this
These are the main features of the advice takerThese expressions are defined recursively as follows: A class of entities called terms is defined and a term is an expression. A sequence of expressions is an expression. These expressions are represented in the machine by list structures
A Post canonical system, is a string-manipulation system that starts with finitely-many strings and repeatedly transforms them by applying a finite set of specified rules of a certain form, thus generating a formal languageThe particular system chosen will probably have a single rule of inference which will combine substitution for variables with modus ponens. The purpose of the combination is to avoid choking the machine with special cases of general propositions already deduced.
Initially, the immediate deduction routine will simply write down all one-step consequences of the premises. Later, the routine will produce some other conclusions which may be of interest. However, this routine will not use semantic heuristics; i.e., heuristics which depend on the subject matter under discussion.The intelligence, if any, of the advice taker will not be embodied in the immediate deduction routine. This intelligence will be embodied in the procedures which choose the lists of premises to which the immediate deduction routine is to be applied
Some are the names of entities of various kinds. Certain formulas represent objects. For our purposes, an entity is an object if we have something to say about it other than the things which may be deduced from the form of its name. For example, to most people, the number 3812 is not an object: they have nothing to say about it except what can be deduced from its structure. On the other hand, to most Americans the number 1776 is an object because they have filed somewhere the fact that it represents the year when the American Revolution started. In the advice taker each object has a property list in which are listed the special things we have to say about it. Some things which can be deduced from the name of the object may be included in the property list anyhow if the deduction was actually carried out and was difficult enough so that the system does not want to carry it out again.
1st set the goal , and second get from a routine which answer the question where am I, all the other premises can expected to be present in the memory of the machine if it has ability of human ordering in finding its way around. That’s non of them are so specific to the problem assuming there presence in memory. We must impose this requirement if we want to say advice taker shows common sense.
We shall not specify what all the possible outputs of this observation routine. But here it will observe that the only statement in L has the form ‘want(u(x))’
This list is smaller and never changed or only change in major changes of advice taker. The contents of the standing order list is not been worked out . But what needs to deduce is the extraction of the certain statements of the property list. Program first looks at “want(at(I,airport))“ and attempt to copy the statements in the property list. If it do not have the status of a object hence no property list.
Then premise (10) would be found which has as one of its premises at(I,car). A repetition of the above would find premise (9)