Programme planning- Definition, meaning, process

1. Lecture 4.
Programme planning – definition,
meaning, process, principles and
steps in programme planning

2. Programme
• It is an overall, long ranged schedule or broad
outline of things that need to be done and
methods of doing them.

3. Extension Programme - Kelsey and Hearne
• It is a statement of situation, objectives,
problems and solutions. It is relatively
permanent but requires constant revision. It
forms the basis for extension plans.

4. Extension Programme - Leagans
• It is a set of clearly defined, consciously
conceived educational objectives derived
from an adequate analysis of the situation,
which are to be achieved through extension
teaching.

5. Situation
• It is a statement of affairs that includes the
cultural, social, economic and physical
conditions in which a particular group of
people find themselves at a given period of
time.

6. Plan of work
• It is an outline of activities so arranged as to
enable efficient execution of the entire
programme.
• Plan is usually an annual schedule of work.
• It answers the questions of what, why, when,
where and by whom and how the work is to
be done?

7. Project
• It is an outline of procedure pertains only to
some phase of extension work.
• Project is a single item of the annual plan
containing the method and solution of single
selected problem.

8. Calendar of work
• It is a plan of work arranged chronologically.
Programme
is what to do
Plan of work
is how and
when to do

9. Nature/Characteristics of Programme
Planning
• It is an educational process
• It is an unifying and integrating process
• It is a coordinating process
• It is an evaluating process

10. Scope of Programme planning
• Helps in discovering and planning the ways for
action.
• Gives meaning and system to actions.
• Prepares the basis for a course of future action.
• Facilitates decision making for the future.
• Signals out most significant needs.
• Identifies the gap between the present situation
and the desired situation.
• Assists in formulation of objectives.
• Promotes active involvement of local leaders.

11. Principles of Programme Planning
• should be based on an analysis of the past
experiences, present situation and future
needs.
• should have clear and significant objectives
which could satisfy important needs of the
people.
• should fix up priority on the basis of available
resources and time.
• should clearly indicate the availability and
utilization of resources.

12. • should have a general agreement at various
levels.
• should involve people at the local level.
• should involve relevant institutions and
organizations.
• should have definite plan of work.
• should provide for evaluation of results and
reconsideration of the programme.
• should provide for equitable distribution of
the benefits amongst the members of the
community.

13. Objectives of Programme Planning
• to influence people to make changes in their
way of life and in making a living.

14. Steps in Programme Planning
4. Determination
of Objectives
and Goals
5. Developing
Plan of Work
and Calendar
of Operations
6. Follow
through Plan
of Work and
Calendar of
Operations
7. Evaluation
of Progress
8. Reconsideration
and
9. Revision of the
Programme
1. Collection
of Facts
2. Analysis of
Situation
3. Identification
of Problems
Programme
Determination
Programme
Implementation

15. 1. Collection of facts
• Pertinent data may be collected from the available
records and by survey
• Information relating to the enterprises, technology,
facilities and constraints, values etc.,
• Information may also be collected from Panchayats,
Cooperatives and other organizations
• Collection of lengthy and time consuming data may be
avoided unless essential

16. 2. Analysis of situation
• The data and information collected are then
analyzed in an unbiased way, keeping in view
the feelings expressed by the client system.
• This shall help in understanding the situation
in its proper perspective.

17. 3. Identification of problems
• Correct analysis and interpretation of data shall help us in
identifying the problems.
• There may be many problems, but only the urgent and
significant ones may be solved with the available resources
and within the limits of time, should only be selected.
• Selection of a large number of problems cannot be properly
managed and may lead to a failure of the programme and
generate frustration among the people.

18. 4. Determination of objectives and goals
• Objectives are determined on the basis of the
significant needs identified.
• Objectives should be direct and stated in
clear terms.

19. 5. Developing plan of work and calendar of
operations
The plan of work
• should be in written form and shall indicate who shall
do what job
• i.e. what the change agent system and the client system
shall do; which institutions, organizations, service
departments shall be involved;
• what will be the financial requirements and how they
shall be met;
• what arrangements shall be made for marketing of the
produce, training of the farmers and so on.
• The plan should have all the essential details and no
important point should be left out.

20. The calendar of operations
• shall be prepared on the basis of the plan of work and shall
specify when a particular work shall be done, preferably
mentioning date and time;
• how much quantify of different inputs, including credit shall
be required and when they must be made available;
• when, where and for how many days the farmers shall be
trained, who are the specialists to be involved in training
and preparing the handouts, when the publications shall be
ready for distribution, etc.
• shall specifically state how and when all the significant
activities shall be performed.
• This should be atleast for one season or for a period of one
year. In that case, they may be termed as ‘seasonal plan’ or
‘annual plan’.

21. 6. Follow through plan of work and calendar of
operations
• Training of farmers, communication of information,
conducting method demonstrations, making regular visits
and monitoring are some of the important functions the
extension worker shall perform at this stage.
• The work shall include solving unforeseen problems and
taking corrective steps where needed.
• The performance of the extension worker and the
organizational support he receives at this stage may make
the difference between success or failure of a programme.
• Obtaining feedback information as to what is happening
to the farmers after introduction of new technology is
extremely important at this stage.

22. 7. Evaluation of progress
• Evaluation is the process of determining the extent to
which we have been able to attain our objectives.
• All programmes must have an in-built system of
evaluation to know how well the work is done.
• It should be a continuous process not only to measure
the end result but also ensure that all the steps are
correctly followed.
• Evaluation may be formal or informal, depending on
the importance of the programme and also on the
availability of trained man-power, funds, facilities and
time.

23. Steps in Programme Evaluation
• Setting up of some standards or criteria in relation
to the objectives
• Collection of information
• Making the judgment, and drawing some unbiased
and valid conclusions

24. 8. Reconsideration
• On the basis of the results of evaluation, the programmes
should be reconsidered, and revised if needed.
• This reconsideration should be done not only with the
participants; but also with the scientists, administrators in
extension organization and local bodies like panchayats, etc.
• Reconsideration shall help in making necessary corrections
and modifications in the programme.
• In reconsideration, emphasis should be on the removal of
technical defects if any, and how to obtain more cooperation
and involvement of the participants and various
organizations.
• The purpose of such an exercise is to make the extension
programme more effective, so that it can attain the
objectives and bring satisfaction to the people within the
limits of time.

25. 9. Revision of the programme
• The crucial point in the success of
programme planning is proper blending of
local experience with relevant results of
research.
• The direct and indirect consequences of the
technological innovations must be recognized
in planning and implementation of
technological change.

26. Importance of Programme Planning
• To increase production to maximum possible
extent so as to achieve higher level of
national income and per capita income
• to create more and more employment
opportunities
• to reduce inequalities of income and wealth
and establish an even economic power and
to provide social-justice, etc.