1. Metaphor 2. Simile 3. Metaphor 4. Oxymoron 5. Hyperbole 6. Simile 7. Personification 8. Simile 9. Apostrophe 10. Hyperbole

1. Vocabulary
Techniques

2. PICTURE CLUES
Good readers use appropriate strategies of decoding to
recognize unknown words when reading. Using
pictures is a strategy that can help your child when
he/she comes to an unknown word.
• Before reading, share the title and illustrations on the
cover of the book.
• Before reading, take a picture walk through the book
identifying illustrations that coincide with key
vocabulary words in the text.
• Read the text together and remind your child to use
the picture clues to identify key words.

3. CONFIGURATION
Configuration is the arrangement of the parts of
something. It refers to the information given through the
size and shape of the letters as well as the length and the
number of letters there are in a word

5. CONTEXT CLUES
are hints that an author gives to help define a
difficult or unusual word. The clue may appear
within the same sentence as the word to which it
refers, or it may follow in a preceding sentence.
Because most of one’s vocabulary is gained
through reading, it is important that you be able
to recognize and take advantage of context
clues.

6. There are at least four kinds of context clues that are
quite common:
1) a synonym (or repeat context clue) which appears in
that sentence.
2) An antonym (or contrast context clue) that has the
opposite meaning, which can reveal the meaning of an
unknown term.
3) an explanation for an unknown word is given
(definition context clue) within the sentence or in the
sentence immediately preceding.
4) specific examples (an example context clue) used to
define the term.

7. STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
is the way that parts of a word are interpreted to form
the entire word. Structural analysis can help readers
determine the way a word is pronounced and the way
that it is being used in a sentence.
The Importance of Structural Analysis
Studying roots, prefixes, and suffixes helps students:
• Learn to break apart unfamiliar words in order to
understand their overall meanings
• Understand how prefixes and suffixes can change a
word's meaning and how much of our language is
constructed
• Increase vocabulary and reading comprehension

8. WORD ASSOCIATIONS
When you come across a word, a number of
ideas may come into your mind. You are able to
think of other words. The process of forming
links as you think of the word is called word
association. The more links there are between
words, the more you understand them. Word
associations also help you remember better
words you have learned before. As you recall
them they become a part of your active
vocabulary. You eventually, are able to use them
when you talk or write.

9. WORD ASSOCIATIONS ARE GENERALLY CLASSIFIED AS FOLLOWS:
1. SIMILARITY
EXAMPLE: ROAD – STREET, PATH, HIGHWAY
2. CONTRAST
EXAMPLE: HAPPY-SAD
3.ASSONANCE
EXAMPLE: SITE-CITE, SIGHT, SCYTHE
4. SUBORDINATION
EXAMPLE: ANIMAL – LION, TIGER
5. CO-ORDINATION
EXAMPLE: VIOLIN – GUITAR, CELLO, BANDURIA
6. SUPERORDINATION
EXAMPLE: CABBAGE - VEGETABLES

10. 7. DERIVATION
EXAMPLE: FRIEND – FRIENDSHIP
8. PREDICATION
EXAMPLE: BIRD – FLY, EAT, DRINK
9.COMPLETION
EXAMPLE: BLACK – BLACKBOARD
10. CHARACTERISTIC OR PROPERTY
EXAMPLE: TEACHER – STRICK, INTELLIGENCE

11. WORD BUILDERS
WORD CLUSTERING is a technique for partitioning sets of
words into subsets of semantically similar words and is
increasingly becoming a major technique used in a
number of tasks ranging from word sense or structural
disambiguation to information retrieval and filtering.

12. WORD CLINE - A word cline is a graded sequence of words
whose meanings span across a continuum of meanings on a
sloping line. This activity expands students’ vocabulary and
to discover shades of meaning between words
unlikely
perhaps
sometimes
often
regularly
always

13. IDIOMS
WHEN YOU READ, YOU OFTEN MEET
EXPRESSION LIKE BETTER-HALF, CROCODILE
TEARS, BLACK SHEEP, AND OTHERS. THESE
EXPRESSIONS HAVE MEANINGS WHICH ARE NOT
READILY UNDERSTANDABLE FROM THEIR
GRAMMATICAL CONSTRUCTIONS AND FROM THE
MEANING OF THEIR SEPARATE ELEMENTS. THESE
EXPRESSION ARE CALLED IDIOMS. AN IDIOMS IS
AN EXPRESSION PECULIAR TO LANGUAGE.

14. ANY STUDENTS INTERESTED TO LEARN IDIOMS
SHOULD TAKE NOTE OF THE FOLLOWING:
1.NOTE THE PRECISE WORDS THAT MAKE UP ANY
IDIOM. NOTE THE EXACT ARRANGEMENT OF
THE WORDS, TOO.
2.READ MUCH AND NOTE IDIOMS USED.
3.READ GOOD MODERN AUTHORS.
4.COMMIT IDOMATIC EXPRESSIONS TO MEMORY

15. THE FOLLOWING ARE EXAMPLES OF IDIOMS AND
THEIR MEANINGS:
1.CROCODILE TEARS – pretended sorrow
2.CLOSW-FISTED MAN – a miser
3.COLD-RECEPTION – a reception wanting
cordially
4.BLACKMAIL – money extorted by threat or
intimidation
5.GREENHORN – an inexperienced person
6.ARGUS-EYED – jealously watchful
7.BROAD DAYLIGHT – open, full daylight

16. FIGURE OF SPEECH
The language we use may sometime be literal or
figurative. Literal language uses words in their exact meaning.
Figurative language uses words not only in their literal
meanings but with a certain emotional coloring. Uses of
figures of speech quickens the imagination and stimulates the
emotion. The expression add to the effectiveness of our
speech. Figure of speech are therefore important because they
give color, decoration and life to language.
Common figures of speech are the simile, metaphor,
personification, apostrophe, hyperbole, oxymoron

17. Simile
A simile is a comparison between two unlike objects made by using
like or as.
Examples:
1. His mind is like a sponge.
2. She is a meek as a lamb.
3. The clouds were like masses of whipped cream.
Metaphor
A metaphor as an indirect comparison. A metaphor may be more
difficult to recognize because there are no signalling words. The
comparison is complete.
Examples:
1. The child is father of the man
2. The lion was a friendly kitten
3. His mind is a computer.

18. PERSONIFICATION
Personification is the giving of human characteristics and
capabilities to nonhuman things such as inanimate objects, abstract ideas,
or animals.
Examples:
1. The leaves of the trees were whispering to one another.
2. The clouds cried a torrent of tears.
3. The sun looked upon the ship all day
APOSTROPHE
the apostrophe is a figure of speech in which the writer directly
addresses an absent person as if he were present, or an inanimate object or
an abstract ideas as if it had life
the apostrophe goes one step further than personification – it talks
to the newly created person.
Examples: 1. O wind, if winter comes, can spring be far behind?
2. Oh, mother, how I wish you were here to see the sight.
3. Time, you old gypsy man, will you not stay?

19. HYPERBOLE
hyperbole is the use of excessive exaggeration for effect.
Examples:
1. She cried forever!
2. He is tall as a giant
3. I’ve been waiting for an eternity
OXYMORON
oxymoron is the combing of contraries (opposites) to
portray a particular image or to produce a striking effect.
Examples:
1. Parting is such sweet sorrow.
2. less is more
3. It is kinder to be cruel to her this time.

20. Identify the figure of speech used.
1.The typical teenage boy’s room is a disaster area.
2.cute as a kitten
3.The detective listened to her tales with a wooden
face.
4.Pain for pleasure
5.You could have knocked me over with a feather
6.He is as funny as a barrel of monkeys
7.She did not realize that opportunity was knocking at
her door.
8.The thunder grumbled like an old man
9.Car, please get me to work today
10. This car goes faster than the speed of light.