Pampers diapers were invented in 1956 by Victor Mills at Procter & Gamble. Over the following decades, Pampers introduced many innovations like adhesive tapes instead of pins in 1971. By the 1980s, Pampers featured moisture-guarding technologies and became a billion dollar brand. Today, Pampers dominates the diaper market with various product lines. However, it faces threats from competitors and substitute products. To maintain its leadership, Pampers focuses on new innovations, marketing, and expanding its global reach.
A complete analysis of P&G - one of the top FMCG companies in the world, how it is doing against competition, the reasons behind its success, SWOT Analysis, etc.
A deep Insight into the development of the Diaper industry in the North American Market (Case Study on P&G Vs Kimberly Clark) - A paper presented by Kenoma Agbamu
Casper: Founded in 2014, New York-based Casper is perhaps the most well-known among new entrants likely due to its unusual and effective marketing techniques. It has raised $240 million in VC investment, including those from celebrity investors Ashton Kutcher and Leonardo DiCaprio. Since inception, its product line has expanded to include pillows, sheets, a dog bed, and beyond. Casper has more than 300 employees and in 2016 it generated over $200 million.
A complete analysis of P&G - one of the top FMCG companies in the world, how it is doing against competition, the reasons behind its success, SWOT Analysis, etc.
A deep Insight into the development of the Diaper industry in the North American Market (Case Study on P&G Vs Kimberly Clark) - A paper presented by Kenoma Agbamu
Casper: Founded in 2014, New York-based Casper is perhaps the most well-known among new entrants likely due to its unusual and effective marketing techniques. It has raised $240 million in VC investment, including those from celebrity investors Ashton Kutcher and Leonardo DiCaprio. Since inception, its product line has expanded to include pillows, sheets, a dog bed, and beyond. Casper has more than 300 employees and in 2016 it generated over $200 million.
Analysis of a Harvard Business School case study on Procter & Gamble: Marketing Capabilities.
The analysis and the corresponding evidences from statistics will help one to understand how P&G continued to evolve and innovate as the world's largest marketer.
Harvard Business School Case Study on Mountain Man Brewing Company by Shashank Srivastava, IET Lucknow under the guidance of Prof. Sameer Mathur, IIM Lucknow.
Analysis of a Harvard Business School case study on Procter & Gamble: Marketing Capabilities.
The analysis and the corresponding evidences from statistics will help one to understand how P&G continued to evolve and innovate as the world's largest marketer.
Harvard Business School Case Study on Mountain Man Brewing Company by Shashank Srivastava, IET Lucknow under the guidance of Prof. Sameer Mathur, IIM Lucknow.
This presentation is prepared by Shivang Thakkar, under guidance of Sameer Mathur, IIM-Lucknow. SOURCE:- The Colgate-Palmolive Company : The Precision Toothbrush (Harvard Case)
Colgate-Palmolive Company:The Precision ToothbrushSaurabh D.
Colgate-Palmolive Company:The Precision Toothbrush case study of Harvard Business Review made during Marketing Internship under guidance of Prof. Sameer Mathur, IIM Lucknow
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
CDSCO and Phamacovigilance {Regulatory body in India}NEHA GUPTA
The Central Drugs Standard Control Organization (CDSCO) is India's national regulatory body for pharmaceuticals and medical devices. Operating under the Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India, the CDSCO is responsible for approving new drugs, conducting clinical trials, setting standards for drugs, controlling the quality of imported drugs, and coordinating the activities of State Drug Control Organizations by providing expert advice.
Pharmacovigilance, on the other hand, is the science and activities related to the detection, assessment, understanding, and prevention of adverse effects or any other drug-related problems. The primary aim of pharmacovigilance is to ensure the safety and efficacy of medicines, thereby protecting public health.
In India, pharmacovigilance activities are monitored by the Pharmacovigilance Programme of India (PvPI), which works closely with CDSCO to collect, analyze, and act upon data regarding adverse drug reactions (ADRs). Together, they play a critical role in ensuring that the benefits of drugs outweigh their risks, maintaining high standards of patient safety, and promoting the rational use of medicines.
Adv. biopharm. APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMSAkankshaAshtankar
MIP 201T & MPH 202T
ADVANCED BIOPHARMACEUTICS & PHARMACOKINETICS : UNIT 5
APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS By - AKANKSHA ASHTANKAR
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
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micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
3. HERITAGE (1 of 2)
Pampers Diapers were invented by Victor Mills who was an American chemical engineer at
Procter & Gamble Co. In 1956 Vic Mills, disliked changing the cloth diapers of his new-born
grandchild.
• 1956 P&G started greatest mass marketing for disposable diapers in US.
• 1960 first product upgrade incorporated a one-piece plastic back sheet and hydrophobic top
sheet
• 1962 P&G engineers designed machinery to produce diapers efficiently and at high speed
• 1965 Pampers is a diaper industry leader
• 1969 Pampers finished national expansion in US
• 1971 adhesive tapes replace diaper pins
• 1971 Pampers began globalization with entry into Canada and Japan
• 1979 Pampers became a billion dollar brand
• 1982 leg gathers for better fit & less leak
• 1986 introduces Ultra Pampers which guards babies from moisture
• 1986 Pampers Ultra – the first diaper to feature as super thin shaper core with AGM. A
granule material that swells in contact with fluid and becomes a gel
4. HERITAGE (2 of 2)
• 1995 Pampers began globalization in Europe and CEEMEA
• 1996 launches Baby Wipes to clean baby’s skin
• 1996 creates a Parenting Institute to provide outreach on health, wellness, and nutrition for
mothers and babies, they’ve been listening.
• 1999 introduces super stretch diapers which crow and move with baby and Baby Care
becomes one of the seven P&G global business
• In 90s, P&G heavily invested in market research and focus group efforts around the world to
understand what moms wanted for their babies
• In the 90's we witnessed the introduction of specific gender diapers in Pampers and also the
return to unisex diapers at the end of the decade
• 2000 holistic innovation brought to life with the “koala” Baby dry initiative –“it hugs, it fits, it
works
• 2002 Vietnam manufacturing project was tested creating a low-cost solutions to bring
affordable diapers to developing markets
• 2003 Kandoo Wipes empower kids to master the bathroom on their own
• 2004 Project obelisk resulted in a better and cheaper manufacturing solution in Latin America
and Pampers reach to all consumer segments
• 2006 launches Splashers so babies can swim freely
• 2007 Pampers became P&G first 7 billion dollar brand
• 2008 Pampers partners with UNICEF creating the “one package=one vaccine” campaign
• 2011 Pampers celebrates its 50th birthday
5. PRODUCTS
1. Swaddlers
2. Cruiser Diapers
3. Easy ups Trainers for Boys and Girls
4. Underwear days. Under jam nights for Girls and Boys
5. Helps eliminate nighttime leaks
6. Free to make a splash!
7. Your little one's first toilet wipe
8. Good clean fun, just for kids!
9. Pampers Sensitive wipes
6. LATEST INNOVATION
Pampers Limited Edition Prints add a touch of fashion and fun to babies’
biggest wardrobe staple – their diaper! These new Pampers diapers are
designed to appeal to moms who look for style in everyday things, without
compromising performance
7. SWOT ANALYSIS
STRENGTH WEAKNESS
1. Highest market share among its 1. High cost
competitors 2. Aggressive competitors
2. Higher brand interest of consumers in
Pampers than others
3. Aggressive advertising
4. Strong distribution network
OPPORTUNITY THREAT
1. Regular innovations in the product to 1. Price wars with competitors
maintain customers’ high involvement 2. Sensitive product, any small mishap can
2.Good CSR activities to promote the hurt the image of the product and will lose
product the support of mothers
3.Innovative ways to connect with mothers 3. Easy substitute
12. MARKET
MARKET
International Market
Pampers products also fit the reseller market because after the export is done by different distribution channels
MARKET SEGMANTATION
Newborn
Extra Protect
Night
Fresh Comfort
Wipes
UNIQUE PRODUCT
MAIN COMPERITORS
Huggies - #1 in US Market
CONSUMER BEHAVIOR
Consistency
Objectivity
Provision
Utilitarianism
Purchase Process
13. MARKETING
Inbound logistics
• P&G obtained a portion of their diapers’ fluff pulp needs from a wholly owned subsidiary, cutting their costs
Operating activities
• Most efficient manufacturer of disposable diapers
• Highest sales per manufacturing machine
• Early capital investment in design of diapers (switch to adhesive tabs and fluff pulp) to maximize
manufacturing efficiency in the long run
• Pleated diapers conformed to babies’ bodies better
• No adhesive tabs to throw away
Marketing and sales
• Sampling Programs
• Relationship with Gift Pax to get their products to new mothers, including a coupon for the first
purchase
• Consumer Advertising – P&G and K-C were outspending everyone here by almost 500%, and P&G spent 35%
more than K-C
• Network television and Spot TV ads
• Local Newspaper Ads
• Couponing
• Used to improve sales in problem markets
• Promotional Allowances to the trade
• E.g. One free case for every three the retailer buys
• Test Marketing
• C2C Marketing
14. PORTER’s FIVE FORCE (1 of 2)
Bargaining Power of Suppliers
• Medium bargaining power
• Option to produce their own raw materials
• Few large manufacturing suppliers : complex machines
• Volume is very important to supplier
• Switching costs are high - machines are finely tuned ( takes years and lots of $ to change)
Threat from Substitutes
• High threat from substitutes
• Other products perform just as well
• Ease and convenience of disposal diapers keeps the use of cloth diapers down
• High price-performance trade-off (lower priced substitutes (cloth or diaper services) don’t have the same
performance)
Threat of New Entrants
• Low threat
• Brand identity is extremely important
• Millions of dollars spent on advertising
• Shelf space on stores is hard to get (would need to offer coupons and promotional allowances to stores)
• Huge setup costs = machines and crews can cost millions of dollars
• Economies of scale (takes a few years to get things up to speed)
• Access to distribution is extremely important (volume)
• Must roll out region by region - timely and costly
15. PORTER’s FIVE FORCE (2 of 2)
Bargaining Power of Consumers
• High bargaining power - they vote with their pockets
• Brand is extremely important
• Customers are very sensitive to price
• Substitutes are readily available
• High buyers’ incentive = coupons, hospital kits
• Buyers are very informed of products (starting at the hospital and continuing through heavy advertising)
Competitive Rivalry
• No exit barriers
• Industry is highly concentrated
• Large fixed costs
• Very little diversity of rivals
• Few product differences - all are beginning to offer similar products (adhesive tabs)
• Had to differentiate with things like coupons, samples, etc.
16. INCUMBANCY ADVANTAGES
Scale and Learning advantages
• Manufacturing – P&G was the largest manufacturer with over 80 machines spread across 4 manufacturing
plants
• 350 – 400 diapers per minute
• $5.5 - $6.0 million annual sales rate per machine
• Distribution
• regional plants and full truck-load (and train-load) shipments helped minimize transport, and transport
costs
Innovation advantage –
The leading manufacturers (P&G included) invested large amounts in R&D to improve the diapers and their
manufacturing process
Cost to match P&G: at least $10 million annually
Promotional advantage –
The Pampers brand was recognizable nation-wide, and required huge outlays in marketing
Cost to match P&G: at least $8.9 million annually
Consumer loyalty advantage
• The Pampers brand was not only the most recognized brand in the nation, but was also the highest-rated
diaper in consumer reports for 7 years running
• New entrants would need to outspend P&G in promotional efforts to gain shelf space by engaging in
promotional allowances to retailers – e.g. 1 free case for every 3 bought
17. RECOMENDATION
Promotion more vigorously
Promote Pampers as premium product
Concentrate on Niche Market
Look for spreading in more international market
Increase the distribution channel
Regular innovations in the product