Prions .pdf
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Prions are abnormal proteins that can cause fatal neurodegenerative diseases in humans and animals. In the 1950s, an unknown disease called "Kuru" devastated the Fore tribe in New Guinea, causing tremors, loss of motor control, and ultimately death. It was later determined that prions were responsible for Kuru and other prion diseases, which are characterized by long incubation periods, spongy changes in the brain, and neuronal loss without inflammation. Prion diseases affect the nervous system and cause changes in brain function, behavior, and cognition that progressively worsen over time from months to years until death. Causes include genetic mutations, exposure to infected tissues or during medical procedures, and consumption of beef products containing pr
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neurodegenerative diseases
1. Neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, and multiple sclerosis are caused by the progressive loss of structure and function of neurons in the brain and spinal cord.
2. These disorders are characterized by the abnormal deposition of misfolded proteins that form plaques and tangles within neurons, leading to neuronal dysfunction and death.
3. Common symptoms across neurodegenerative disorders include cognitive decline, psychiatric symptoms like depression, and movement problems; the specific manifestations depend on the areas of the brain affected.
Prion disease
Prion diseases are rare neurodegenerative disorders caused by misfolded prion proteins. They affect both humans and animals. In cattle it is known as bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) or "mad cow disease", and in humans it is known as Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD). Prion diseases occur when normal prion proteins misfold and induce other prion proteins to also misfold, triggering a chain reaction that causes damage to neural cells. There is no cure for prion diseases and diagnosis is difficult since prion proteins are similar to normal forms.
200719058 case-study
This case study describes a 16-year-old female patient, Amy Latino, who was admitted to the hospital for status epilepticus and suicidal tendencies. Her medical history is unknown. On physical exam, she was conscious with normal vital signs. Neurological exam was normal. She has been prescribed carbamazepine 200mg twice daily to treat her seizures, with monitoring for side effects. Phenytoin may be given intravenously if needed. The case provides details on her admission, exams, medications, and nursing responsibilities.
Degenerativers
The document discusses several neurodegenerative disorders including Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, Alzheimer's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, muscular dystrophies, herniation of intervertebral disks, and degenerative disk disease. The causes, signs and symptoms, pathophysiology, assessments, and management strategies are described for each condition. Neurodegenerative disorders are characterized by the slow deterioration of cells in the nervous system leading to progressive loss of function.
NEURODEGENERATIVE DISORDERS.
General description of neurodegenerative disorders.
Types of disorders.
Alzheimer's disease.
Parkinson's disease.
Huntington's disease.
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
Tay Sachs disease.
Cause, symptoms, and treatment.
Conclusion.
Neuropsychiatric disorders
Neuropsychiatric disorders involve complex relationships between brain function and human behavior. They include anxiety, ADHD, borderline personality disorder, multiple sclerosis, Guillain-Barre syndrome, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, progeria, and ischemia. Causes range from genetic mutations to brain damage to environmental toxins. Symptoms and treatments vary depending on the specific disorder. Neuropsychiatry aims to understand abnormal behaviors through both neurological and psychosocial factors.
Prions ppt SBC 450.ppt
Prions are infectious protein particles that cause neurodegenerative diseases like Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in humans and bovine spongiform encephalopathy (mad cow disease) in cattle. Prions are composed solely of protein and contain no nucleic acids. They propagate by converting the normal cellular prion protein (PrPC) into an abnormal disease-causing form (PrPSc). The normal prion protein is involved in the replication of the mutated form. Prion diseases are difficult to treat as prions are highly resistant to heat and chemical inactivation.
Recommended
neurodegenerative diseases
1. Neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, and multiple sclerosis are caused by the progressive loss of structure and function of neurons in the brain and spinal cord.
2. These disorders are characterized by the abnormal deposition of misfolded proteins that form plaques and tangles within neurons, leading to neuronal dysfunction and death.
3. Common symptoms across neurodegenerative disorders include cognitive decline, psychiatric symptoms like depression, and movement problems; the specific manifestations depend on the areas of the brain affected.
Prion disease
Prion diseases are rare neurodegenerative disorders caused by misfolded prion proteins. They affect both humans and animals. In cattle it is known as bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) or "mad cow disease", and in humans it is known as Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD). Prion diseases occur when normal prion proteins misfold and induce other prion proteins to also misfold, triggering a chain reaction that causes damage to neural cells. There is no cure for prion diseases and diagnosis is difficult since prion proteins are similar to normal forms.
200719058 case-study
This case study describes a 16-year-old female patient, Amy Latino, who was admitted to the hospital for status epilepticus and suicidal tendencies. Her medical history is unknown. On physical exam, she was conscious with normal vital signs. Neurological exam was normal. She has been prescribed carbamazepine 200mg twice daily to treat her seizures, with monitoring for side effects. Phenytoin may be given intravenously if needed. The case provides details on her admission, exams, medications, and nursing responsibilities.
Degenerativers
The document discusses several neurodegenerative disorders including Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, Alzheimer's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, muscular dystrophies, herniation of intervertebral disks, and degenerative disk disease. The causes, signs and symptoms, pathophysiology, assessments, and management strategies are described for each condition. Neurodegenerative disorders are characterized by the slow deterioration of cells in the nervous system leading to progressive loss of function.
NEURODEGENERATIVE DISORDERS.
General description of neurodegenerative disorders.
Types of disorders.
Alzheimer's disease.
Parkinson's disease.
Huntington's disease.
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
Tay Sachs disease.
Cause, symptoms, and treatment.
Conclusion.
Neuropsychiatric disorders
Neuropsychiatric disorders involve complex relationships between brain function and human behavior. They include anxiety, ADHD, borderline personality disorder, multiple sclerosis, Guillain-Barre syndrome, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, progeria, and ischemia. Causes range from genetic mutations to brain damage to environmental toxins. Symptoms and treatments vary depending on the specific disorder. Neuropsychiatry aims to understand abnormal behaviors through both neurological and psychosocial factors.
Prions ppt SBC 450.ppt
Prions are infectious protein particles that cause neurodegenerative diseases like Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in humans and bovine spongiform encephalopathy (mad cow disease) in cattle. Prions are composed solely of protein and contain no nucleic acids. They propagate by converting the normal cellular prion protein (PrPC) into an abnormal disease-causing form (PrPSc). The normal prion protein is involved in the replication of the mutated form. Prion diseases are difficult to treat as prions are highly resistant to heat and chemical inactivation.
PRIONS THE CLINICAL CURIOSITY
Prions are abnormal protein particles that can cause neurodegenerative diseases. They have a normal function in the body but can transform into an infectious form. When this happens, they induce other normal prion proteins to adopt the abnormal shape. Common prion diseases include scrapie in sheep, mad cow disease, and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in humans. There are currently no effective treatments for prion diseases, so prevention and diagnosis are important.
Slow virus disease
The document discusses slow virus diseases and prion diseases. It describes how Björn Sigurðsson first introduced the slow virus concept and studied diseases like maedi, visna, and scrapie in sheep. These diseases have long incubation periods and involve the central nervous system. Prion diseases like Kuru, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, and mad cow disease are also described, noting they involve misfolded prion proteins and have characteristics like spongiform changes in the brain. Measles virus diseases like subacute sclerosing panencephalitis are also slow virus diseases that occur due to mutations in the measles virus.
Prions
- In the 1950s, a disease called kuru was observed among the Fore people of New Guinea that caused trembling, loss of motor control, and ultimately death.
- Kuru and other transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) are caused by prion proteins, which are unique infectious proteins that can reproduce on their own and convert normal prion proteins into the abnormal infectious form.
- Prions are extremely resistant to heat and chemicals and can survive in the environment for many years. They infect the central nervous system and cause neurodegeneration through a chain reaction that multiplies copies of the infectious prion protein.
Dementia
Dementia is a chronic syndrome that causes deterioration in cognitive abilities beyond normal aging. It is caused by brain diseases or injuries that damage or destroy nerve cells. The document discusses the anatomy and lobes of the brain, defines dementia, explores the pathophysiology and clinical manifestations such as confusion and behavioral changes. Diagnostic tests include cognitive assessments and brain imaging. Management involves both pharmacological treatments like Aricept as well as non-pharmacological approaches like a consistent routine and environment. Nurses help by addressing issues like disrupted sleep, communication problems, and infection risk. Health education focuses on diet, hygiene, medication adherence, and lifestyle factors.
BNS
Schizophrenia and intellectual disability (mental retardation) can have organic or biochemical etiologies. Schizophrenia is characterized by distortions in thinking, perception, and behavior, and is associated with abnormalities in brain structure and function as well as imbalances in neurotransmitters like dopamine. Genetic factors, complications during birth or pregnancy, and infections may contribute to changes in brain chemistry and structure. Intellectual disability is characterized by below average intelligence and lack of adaptive skills, and around 25% of cases are linked to genetic abnormalities like Down syndrome, infectious diseases during pregnancy, or environmental toxins that can damage the developing brain like mercury or lead.
PARKINSON'S DISEASE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY B.PHARM 2ND SEM.pptx
Parkinson's disease is a progressive disorder of the central nervous system that results from the loss of dopamine-producing neurons in the brain. The main symptoms are tremors, rigidity, and slowness of movement. While the exact causes are unknown, factors like genetics, environmental toxins, and aggregates of proteins in the brain have been linked to neuronal degeneration and Parkinson's disease.
Diseases caused by prions
Misfolded proteins which catalyses the refolding of the native protein into the misfolded pathogenic forms are called as Prions. They are responsible for fatal neurodegenerative diseases. Some of the neurodegenerative diseases such as Scrapie, BSE, CWD of animals and Kuru, CJD, Fatal familial insomnia of human beings are included in the presentation.
Protein misfolding diseases
An 80-year-old man presented with symptoms of Alzheimer's disease including memory loss, disorientation, difficulty completing tasks, and mood changes. Brain scans and examination of brain tissue confirmed Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimer's is caused by abnormal accumulation of tau and amyloid-beta proteins in the brain, which form plaques and tangles that damage neurons. It is diagnosed based on symptoms, cognitive tests, and brain imaging, and progresses from mild to severe impairment over time. There are medications to temporarily improve symptoms but no cure for the underlying disease process.
Prion diseases
The document discusses prion diseases, which are neurodegenerative disorders caused by abnormal prion proteins. It covers the discovery of prions, the different forms of human and animal prion diseases, and the molecular pathogenesis involving the conversion of normal prion protein (PrPc) to abnormal disease-causing prion protein (PrPsc). Clinical features of various human prion diseases like CJD are described. Diagnosis involves neuroimaging, EEG, CSF analysis and detection of PrPsc in brain tissue. Histopathology shows vacuolation, gliosis and prion plaques. Variant CJD results from eating meat from cows with BSE.
Parkinsonism
Parkinson's disease is a brain disorder that occurs when certain nerve cells in the substantia nigra die or become impaired, reducing dopamine levels. The key signs are tremors, slow movement, rigidity, and difficulty with balance. It is caused by the loss of dopamine-producing cells and presence of Lewy bodies. While there is no cure, treatment aims to manage symptoms through dopamine replacement and other drugs, as well as physical and speech therapy.
AlzheimersDisease-deepansha ppt.ppt
Alzheimer's disease is a progressive brain disorder that destroys memory and thinking skills. It is the most common cause of dementia among older adults. The main risk factor is age, with most cases occurring in people over 65 years of age. Pathologically, it is characterized by amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in the brain that lead to the loss of connections between neurons and ultimately the death of neurons. Currently, there is no cure for Alzheimer's, and available treatments can only temporarily slow the worsening of dementia symptoms. Researchers are studying new therapies targeting the underlying causes and progression of the disease.
The Aging Brain
- The aging population has spurred research into how the brain ages, as life expectancy has increased from 47 years in 1900 to over 75 years currently.
- While some mental decline does occur with age, it is generally mild for most people. Severe decline is often due to diseases like Alzheimer's rather than normal aging.
- Environmental factors like education, physical and mental activity, sleep, and diet appear to influence brain aging, with stimulating environments and healthy behaviors linked to better cognitive functioning in old age.
Parkinson's disease
During my 1st &2nd year of residency period , i used to teach Anatomy and Orthopaedics for foreign undergraduate medical students. At last year i taught Neurology for one batch. so i posted some of my collections for competely educational purpose coz i believe in knowledge ...inseted of deleting these ppts , they may me useful for others so i shared it ....
Prion diseases
Prion diseases, also known as transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs), are progressive neurodegenerative conditions caused by misfolded prion proteins. Prions can arise spontaneously or be inherited through mutations. Once in the brain, normal prion proteins are converted to the abnormal shape. This causes them to accumulate and destroy neurons, resulting in sponge-like holes in the brain tissue. Some examples of prion diseases include Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in humans, mad cow disease in cattle, and scrapie in sheep and goats.
Multiple sclerosis
This presentation provides an overview of multiple sclerosis (MS). It defines MS as an immune-mediated demyelinating disease of the central nervous system where myelin is destroyed. Symptoms can include sensory and mobility issues as well as cognitive and psychological problems. Diagnosis involves MRI, lumbar puncture, and evoked potential studies. Management focuses on symptomatic treatment and disease-modifying drugs. Nursing care aims to improve mobility and elimination while preventing injury through safety measures and assistive devices. Recent studies examine cognitive dysfunction in MS and its effects on daily living.
Neurodegenerative disease
There are extensive number of neurodegenerative diseases but i have briefly discuss about the eight disease conditions. Hopefully it will be helpful to prospect learner. Good Luck
Understanding the Brain.pptx
Kuru is a rare, fatal prion disease endemic to Papua New Guinea that was spread through ritualistic cannibalism. It results in tremors, lack of coordination, emotional instability, and ultimately death within two years. Kuru causes neuronal vacuoles, damages the cerebellum and myelin sheaths, and forms amyloid plaques. While incurable, cases have declined due to a ban on cannibalism, with the last known death between 2005-2009. Understanding prion diseases like Kuru provides insight into neurodegeneration.
Sleep deprivation effects
Today more and more people face sleep deprivation, caused mostly by stress, lots of work and other factors. Here you find more about this subject and few strategies to overcome sleep deprivation.
快速办理(UAM毕业证书)马德里自治大学毕业证学位证一模一样
学校原件一模一样【微信：741003700 】《(UAM毕业证书)马德里自治大学毕业证学位证》【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
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PRIONS THE CLINICAL CURIOSITY
Prions are abnormal protein particles that can cause neurodegenerative diseases. They have a normal function in the body but can transform into an infectious form. When this happens, they induce other normal prion proteins to adopt the abnormal shape. Common prion diseases include scrapie in sheep, mad cow disease, and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in humans. There are currently no effective treatments for prion diseases, so prevention and diagnosis are important.
Slow virus disease
The document discusses slow virus diseases and prion diseases. It describes how Björn Sigurðsson first introduced the slow virus concept and studied diseases like maedi, visna, and scrapie in sheep. These diseases have long incubation periods and involve the central nervous system. Prion diseases like Kuru, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, and mad cow disease are also described, noting they involve misfolded prion proteins and have characteristics like spongiform changes in the brain. Measles virus diseases like subacute sclerosing panencephalitis are also slow virus diseases that occur due to mutations in the measles virus.
Prions
- In the 1950s, a disease called kuru was observed among the Fore people of New Guinea that caused trembling, loss of motor control, and ultimately death.
- Kuru and other transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) are caused by prion proteins, which are unique infectious proteins that can reproduce on their own and convert normal prion proteins into the abnormal infectious form.
- Prions are extremely resistant to heat and chemicals and can survive in the environment for many years. They infect the central nervous system and cause neurodegeneration through a chain reaction that multiplies copies of the infectious prion protein.
Dementia
Dementia is a chronic syndrome that causes deterioration in cognitive abilities beyond normal aging. It is caused by brain diseases or injuries that damage or destroy nerve cells. The document discusses the anatomy and lobes of the brain, defines dementia, explores the pathophysiology and clinical manifestations such as confusion and behavioral changes. Diagnostic tests include cognitive assessments and brain imaging. Management involves both pharmacological treatments like Aricept as well as non-pharmacological approaches like a consistent routine and environment. Nurses help by addressing issues like disrupted sleep, communication problems, and infection risk. Health education focuses on diet, hygiene, medication adherence, and lifestyle factors.
BNS
Schizophrenia and intellectual disability (mental retardation) can have organic or biochemical etiologies. Schizophrenia is characterized by distortions in thinking, perception, and behavior, and is associated with abnormalities in brain structure and function as well as imbalances in neurotransmitters like dopamine. Genetic factors, complications during birth or pregnancy, and infections may contribute to changes in brain chemistry and structure. Intellectual disability is characterized by below average intelligence and lack of adaptive skills, and around 25% of cases are linked to genetic abnormalities like Down syndrome, infectious diseases during pregnancy, or environmental toxins that can damage the developing brain like mercury or lead.
PARKINSON'S DISEASE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY B.PHARM 2ND SEM.pptx
Parkinson's disease is a progressive disorder of the central nervous system that results from the loss of dopamine-producing neurons in the brain. The main symptoms are tremors, rigidity, and slowness of movement. While the exact causes are unknown, factors like genetics, environmental toxins, and aggregates of proteins in the brain have been linked to neuronal degeneration and Parkinson's disease.
Diseases caused by prions
Misfolded proteins which catalyses the refolding of the native protein into the misfolded pathogenic forms are called as Prions. They are responsible for fatal neurodegenerative diseases. Some of the neurodegenerative diseases such as Scrapie, BSE, CWD of animals and Kuru, CJD, Fatal familial insomnia of human beings are included in the presentation.
Protein misfolding diseases
An 80-year-old man presented with symptoms of Alzheimer's disease including memory loss, disorientation, difficulty completing tasks, and mood changes. Brain scans and examination of brain tissue confirmed Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimer's is caused by abnormal accumulation of tau and amyloid-beta proteins in the brain, which form plaques and tangles that damage neurons. It is diagnosed based on symptoms, cognitive tests, and brain imaging, and progresses from mild to severe impairment over time. There are medications to temporarily improve symptoms but no cure for the underlying disease process.
Prion diseases
The document discusses prion diseases, which are neurodegenerative disorders caused by abnormal prion proteins. It covers the discovery of prions, the different forms of human and animal prion diseases, and the molecular pathogenesis involving the conversion of normal prion protein (PrPc) to abnormal disease-causing prion protein (PrPsc). Clinical features of various human prion diseases like CJD are described. Diagnosis involves neuroimaging, EEG, CSF analysis and detection of PrPsc in brain tissue. Histopathology shows vacuolation, gliosis and prion plaques. Variant CJD results from eating meat from cows with BSE.
Parkinsonism
Parkinson's disease is a brain disorder that occurs when certain nerve cells in the substantia nigra die or become impaired, reducing dopamine levels. The key signs are tremors, slow movement, rigidity, and difficulty with balance. It is caused by the loss of dopamine-producing cells and presence of Lewy bodies. While there is no cure, treatment aims to manage symptoms through dopamine replacement and other drugs, as well as physical and speech therapy.
AlzheimersDisease-deepansha ppt.ppt
Alzheimer's disease is a progressive brain disorder that destroys memory and thinking skills. It is the most common cause of dementia among older adults. The main risk factor is age, with most cases occurring in people over 65 years of age. Pathologically, it is characterized by amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in the brain that lead to the loss of connections between neurons and ultimately the death of neurons. Currently, there is no cure for Alzheimer's, and available treatments can only temporarily slow the worsening of dementia symptoms. Researchers are studying new therapies targeting the underlying causes and progression of the disease.
The Aging Brain
- The aging population has spurred research into how the brain ages, as life expectancy has increased from 47 years in 1900 to over 75 years currently.
- While some mental decline does occur with age, it is generally mild for most people. Severe decline is often due to diseases like Alzheimer's rather than normal aging.
- Environmental factors like education, physical and mental activity, sleep, and diet appear to influence brain aging, with stimulating environments and healthy behaviors linked to better cognitive functioning in old age.
Parkinson's disease
During my 1st &2nd year of residency period , i used to teach Anatomy and Orthopaedics for foreign undergraduate medical students. At last year i taught Neurology for one batch. so i posted some of my collections for competely educational purpose coz i believe in knowledge ...inseted of deleting these ppts , they may me useful for others so i shared it ....
Prion diseases
Prion diseases, also known as transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs), are progressive neurodegenerative conditions caused by misfolded prion proteins. Prions can arise spontaneously or be inherited through mutations. Once in the brain, normal prion proteins are converted to the abnormal shape. This causes them to accumulate and destroy neurons, resulting in sponge-like holes in the brain tissue. Some examples of prion diseases include Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in humans, mad cow disease in cattle, and scrapie in sheep and goats.
Multiple sclerosis
This presentation provides an overview of multiple sclerosis (MS). It defines MS as an immune-mediated demyelinating disease of the central nervous system where myelin is destroyed. Symptoms can include sensory and mobility issues as well as cognitive and psychological problems. Diagnosis involves MRI, lumbar puncture, and evoked potential studies. Management focuses on symptomatic treatment and disease-modifying drugs. Nursing care aims to improve mobility and elimination while preventing injury through safety measures and assistive devices. Recent studies examine cognitive dysfunction in MS and its effects on daily living.
Neurodegenerative disease
There are extensive number of neurodegenerative diseases but i have briefly discuss about the eight disease conditions. Hopefully it will be helpful to prospect learner. Good Luck
Understanding the Brain.pptx
Kuru is a rare, fatal prion disease endemic to Papua New Guinea that was spread through ritualistic cannibalism. It results in tremors, lack of coordination, emotional instability, and ultimately death within two years. Kuru causes neuronal vacuoles, damages the cerebellum and myelin sheaths, and forms amyloid plaques. While incurable, cases have declined due to a ban on cannibalism, with the last known death between 2005-2009. Understanding prion diseases like Kuru provides insight into neurodegeneration.
Sleep deprivation effects
Today more and more people face sleep deprivation, caused mostly by stress, lots of work and other factors. Here you find more about this subject and few strategies to overcome sleep deprivation.
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快速办理(UAM毕业证书)马德里自治大学毕业证学位证一模一样
学校原件一模一样【微信：741003700 】《(UAM毕业证书)马德里自治大学毕业证学位证》【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
Pests of Storage_Identification_Dr.UPR.pdf
InIndia-post-harvestlosses-unscientificstorage,insects,rodents,micro-organismsetc.,accountforabout10percentoftotalfoodgrains
Graininfestation
Directdamage
Indirectly
•theexuviae,skin,deadinsects
•theirexcretawhichmakefoodunfitforhumanconsumption
About600speciesofinsectshavebeenassociatedwithstoredgrainproducts
100speciesofinsectpestsofstoredproductscauseeconomiclosses
Sustainable Land Management - Climate Smart Agriculture
Sustainable Land Management - Climate Smart AgricultureInternational Food Policy Research Institute- South Asia Office
PPT on Sustainable Land Management presented at the three-day 'Training and Validation Workshop on Modules of Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) Technologies in South Asia' workshop on April 22, 2024.
MICROBIAL INTERACTION PPT/ MICROBIAL INTERACTION AND THEIR TYPES // PLANT MIC...
MICROBIAL INTERACTION PPT/ MICROBIAL INTERACTION AND THEIR TYPES // PLANT MIC...ABHISHEK SONI NIMT INSTITUTE OF MEDICAL AND PARAMEDCIAL SCIENCES , GOVT PG COLLEGE NOIDA
Microbial interaction
Microorganisms interacts with each other and can be physically associated with another organisms in a variety of ways.
One organism can be located on the surface of another organism as an ectobiont or located within another organism as endobiont.
Microbial interaction may be positive such as mutualism, proto-cooperation, commensalism or may be negative such as parasitism, predation or competition
Types of microbial interaction
Positive interaction: mutualism, proto-cooperation, commensalism
Negative interaction: Ammensalism (antagonism), parasitism, predation, competition
I. Mutualism:
It is defined as the relationship in which each organism in interaction gets benefits from association. It is an obligatory relationship in which mutualist and host are metabolically dependent on each other.
Mutualistic relationship is very specific where one member of association cannot be replaced by another species.
Mutualism require close physical contact between interacting organisms.
Relationship of mutualism allows organisms to exist in habitat that could not occupied by either species alone.
Mutualistic relationship between organisms allows them to act as a single organism.
Examples of mutualism:
i. Lichens:
Lichens are excellent example of mutualism.
They are the association of specific fungi and certain genus of algae. In lichen, fungal partner is called mycobiont and algal partner is called
II. Syntrophism:
It is an association in which the growth of one organism either depends on or improved by the substrate provided by another organism.
In syntrophism both organism in association gets benefits.
Compound A
Utilized by population 1
Compound B
Utilized by population 2
Compound C
utilized by both Population 1+2
Products
In this theoretical example of syntrophism, population 1 is able to utilize and metabolize compound A, forming compound B but cannot metabolize beyond compound B without co-operation of population 2. Population 2is unable to utilize compound A but it can metabolize compound B forming compound C. Then both population 1 and 2 are able to carry out metabolic reaction which leads to formation of end product that neither population could produce alone.
Examples of syntrophism:
i. Methanogenic ecosystem in sludge digester
Methane produced by methanogenic bacteria depends upon interspecies hydrogen transfer by other fermentative bacteria.
Anaerobic fermentative bacteria generate CO2 and H2 utilizing carbohydrates which is then utilized by methanogenic bacteria (Methanobacter) to produce methane.
ii. Lactobacillus arobinosus and Enterococcus faecalis:
In the minimal media, Lactobacillus arobinosus and Enterococcus faecalis are able to grow together but not alone.
The synergistic relationship between E. faecalis and L. arobinosus occurs in which E. faecalis require folic acid
The cost of acquiring information by natural selection
This is a short talk that I gave at the Banff International Research Station workshop on Modeling and Theory in Population Biology. The idea is to try to understand how the burden of natural selection relates to the amount of information that selection puts into the genome.
It's based on the first part of this research paper:
The cost of information acquisition by natural selection
Ryan Seamus McGee, Olivia Kosterlitz, Artem Kaznatcheev, Benjamin Kerr, Carl T. Bergstrom
bioRxiv 2022.07.02.498577; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.07.02.498577
Holsinger, Bruce W. - Music, body and desire in medieval culture [2001].pdf
Music and Medieval History
Mechanisms and Applications of Antiviral Neutralizing Antibodies - Creative B...
Neutralizing antibodies, pivotal in immune defense, specifically bind and inhibit viral pathogens, thereby playing a crucial role in protecting against and mitigating infectious diseases. In this slide, we will introduce what antibodies and neutralizing antibodies are, the production and regulation of neutralizing antibodies, their mechanisms of action, classification and applications, as well as the challenges they face.
Summary Of transcription and Translation.pdf
Hello Everyone Here We are Sharing You with The process of protien Synthesis in very short points you will be Able to understand It Very well
Quality assurance B.pharm 6th semester BP606T UNIT 5
Warehousing
Good warehousing practices
Material management
BIRDS DIVERSITY OF SOOTEA BISWANATH ASSAM.ppt.pptx
Ahota Beel, nestled in Sootea Biswanath Assam , is celebrated for its extraordinary diversity of bird species. This wetland sanctuary supports a myriad of avian residents and migrants alike. Visitors can admire the elegant flights of migratory species such as the Northern Pintail and Eurasian Wigeon, alongside resident birds including the Asian Openbill and Pheasant-tailed Jacana. With its tranquil scenery and varied habitats, Ahota Beel offers a perfect haven for birdwatchers to appreciate and study the vibrant birdlife that thrives in this natural refuge.
11.1 Role of physical biological in deterioration of grains.pdf
Storagedeteriorationisanyformoflossinquantityandqualityofbio-materials.
Themajorcausesofdeteriorationinstorage
•Physical
•Biological
•Mechanical
•Chemical
Storageonlypreservesquality.Itneverimprovesquality.
Itisadvisabletostartstoragewithqualityfoodproduct.Productwithinitialpoorqualityquicklydepreciates
Anti-Universe And Emergent Gravity and the Dark Universe
Recent theoretical progress indicates that spacetime and gravity emerge together from the entanglement structure of an underlying microscopic theory. These ideas are best understood in Anti-de Sitter space, where they rely on the area law for entanglement entropy. The extension to de Sitter space requires taking into account the entropy and temperature associated with the cosmological horizon. Using insights from string theory, black hole physics and quantum information theory we argue that the positive dark energy leads to a thermal volume law contribution to the entropy that overtakes the area law precisely at the cosmological horizon. Due to the competition between area and volume law entanglement the microscopic de Sitter states do not thermalise at sub-Hubble scales: they exhibit memory effects in the form of an entropy displacement caused by matter. The emergent laws of gravity contain an additional ‘dark’ gravitational force describing the ‘elastic’ response due to the entropy displacement. We derive an estimate of the strength of this extra force in terms of the baryonic mass, Newton’s constant and the Hubble acceleration scale a0 = cH0, and provide evidence for the fact that this additional ‘dark gravity force’ explains the observed phenomena in galaxies and clusters currently attributed to dark matter.
fermented food science of sauerkraut.pptx
This ppt contains the production of a fermented food name - sauerkraut
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Prions .pdf
- 1. Topic: Prions Subject: Genetics Unit 4. Teacher: M. S. Iris Cristina López Santillán.
- 2. What are Prions? They are abnormal proteins called prion proteins pathogenic agents Normal prion proteins Abundantly in the brain. Functions are not completely understood.
- 3. . In the1950s New Guinea Fatal disease on people of the Fore tribe. “Kuru” "trembling in fear." Becoming unable to walk, Lost the ability to swallow or chew. Drastic weight loss Inevitably lead to death. Prions are the responsible.
- 4. Prion diseases A family of rare progressive neurodegenerative disorders Affecting humans and animals. They are distinguished by: long incubation periods, characteristic spongiform changes associated with neuronal loss, Failure to induce inflammatory response. Normal brain tissue Spongiform encephalitis
- 5. The abnormal folding of the prion proteins leads to brain damage and the characteristic signs and symptoms of the disease.
- 9. Prion disease Affect the nervous system. In people: Impair brain function, Changes in memory, personality, and behavior; Decline in intellectual function (dementia); Abnormal movements, difficulty with coordinating movements (ataxia). Typically starts in adulthood and worsen with time, Leading to death within a few months to several years. Approximately 350 new cases are reported annually in the United States.
- 10. Causes of prion diseases 10 and 15% by mutations in the PRNP gene. 85 to 90 % are sporadic or acquired. Acquired results from exposure to PrPSc from an outside source. from eating beef products containing PrPSc Individuals ate affected human tissue during cannibalistic funeral rituals. Iatrogenic. 1 to2% can be transmitted by accidental exposure to PrPSc-contaminated tissues during a medical procedure.
- 12. Bibliography The Johns Hopkins University. (2019) Prion Diseases. Retrieved from https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditio ns-and-diseases/prion-diseases Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2019) Prion Diseases. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/prions/index.html