The Lumière brothers were early French pioneers of filmmaking. In 1895, they held the first public screening of projected motion pictures in Paris, showing 10 short films including their first film "Workers Leaving the Lumière Factory." D.W. Griffith was an influential American film director in the early 20th century, known for pioneering new editing techniques and directing seminal films like The Birth of a Nation. Sergei Eisenstein was a pioneering Soviet film director and theorist known for his silent films including Strike, Battleship Potemkin, and October, which used montage to convey meaning. David Fincher is an acclaimed American filmmaker known for dark, stylish thrillers like Seven, Fight Club, and

1. Principles of
editing

2. § History
The Lumière brothers were born
in Besançon, France, in 1862 and 1864, and
moved to Lyon in 1870, where both attended La
Martiniere, the largest technical school in Lyon.
It was not until their father retired in 1892 that
the brothers began to create moving pictures.
They patented a number of significant
processes leading up to their film camera, most
notably film perforations (originally
implemented by Emile Reynaud) as a means of
advancing the film through the camera and
projector. The cinematographer itself was
patented on 13 February 1895 and the first
footage ever to be recorded using it was
recorded on March 19, 1895. This first film
shows workers leaving the Lumière factory.
Lumiere brothers
The Lumières held their first private screening of projected motion
pictures in 1895. Their first public screening of films at which admission
was charged was held on December 28, 1895, at Salon Indien du Grand
Café in Paris. This history-making presentation featured ten short films,
including their first film, Sortie des Usines Lumière à Lyon (Workers
Leaving the Lumière Factory). Each film is 17 meters long, which, when
hand cranked through a projector, runs approximately 50 seconds.
First film screening

3. § History
David Llewelyn Wark "D. W." Griffith (January
22, 1875 – July 23, 1948) was a premier
pioneering American film director. He is best
known as the director of the epic 1915 film The
Birth of a Nation and the subsequent
film Intolerance (1916).
D.W Griffith
Film career
In 1907, Griffith, still writing as a playwright, went to New York and attempted
to sell a script to Edison Studios producer Edwin Porter. Porter rejected
Griffith's script, but gave him an acting part in Rescued from an Eagle's
Nest. Finding this attractive, Griffith explored the motion picture business. In
1908, Griffith accepted an acting job for the American Mutoscope and Biograph
Company, commonly known as Biograph, in New York City. At Biograph,
Griffith's career in the film industry would change forever. In 1908, Biograph's
main director Wallace McCutcheon grew ill, and his son, Wallace McCutcheon,
Jr., took his place. McCutcheon, Jr., however, was not able to bring the studio
success. As a result, the Biograph head Henry Marvin decided to give Griffith the
position; and the young man made his first movie for the company, The
Adventures of Dollie.

4. § History
Sergei Mikhailovich Eisenstein 23 January 1898
– 23 July 1948) was a
pioneering Soviet Russian film director and film
theorist, often considered to be the "Father of
Montage". He is noted in particular for his silent
films Strike (1924),Battleship Potemkin (1925)
and October (1927), as well as
the historical epics Alexander Nevsky (1938)
and Ivan the Terrible (1944, 1958).
Sergei Eisenstein
From theatre to cinema
Strike (1925) was Eisenstein's first full-length feature film. The Battleship
Potemkin (1925) was acclaimed critically worldwide. But it was mostly his
international critical renown which enabled Eisenstein to
direct October (aka Ten Days That Shook The World) as part of a grand tenth
anniversary celebration of the October Revolution of 1917, and then The
General Line (aka Old and New). The critics of the outside world praised them,
but at home, Eisenstein's focus in these films on structural issues such as
camera angles, crowd movements, and montage brought him and like-
minded others, such as Vsevolod Pudovkin and Alexander Dovzhenko, under
fire from the Soviet film community, forcing him to issue public articles of
self-criticism and commitments to reform his cinematic visions to conform to
the increasingly specific doctrines of socialist realism.

5. § History
David Andrew Leo Fincher (born August 28,
1962) is an American film and music video
director who is known for his dark and stylish
thrillers, such as Alien
3(1992), Seven (1995), The Game (1997), Fight
Club (1999), Panic Room (2002),
and Zodiac (2007). Fincher received Academy
Award nominations for Best Director for his
2008 film The Curious Case of Benjamin
Button and his 2010 film The Social Network,
which also won him the Golden Globe and
the BAFTA for Best Director. His most recent
film is 2011's The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo,
an English-language adaptation of Stieg
Larsson's novel of the same name.
David Fincher
David Fincher has directed and filmed several music videos, commercials
and iconic films. He is a well known and hugely successful for directing
great work in what he does.

6. Principles of
editing
.2

7. § Here is an example I found from
one of Hitchcock's very own
movies. In this short sequence
of ‘physco’.
Creating
meaning
through
collage,
tempo and
timing.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=0WtDmbr9xyY&feature=related

8. Temp
o
Tempo is usually supposed as Music . Tempo can be seen as the rhythm or beat
within a music field. Within terms of media tempo plays a huge part when
editing. I personally believe that music creates the scene it can make it or break
it. Music can change people views and emotions. Classic examples that are
always being used that you wouldn’t realize first time is sad slow depressing
music plays when the director wants you to feel sad/guilty in a scene. The tempo
of the music is deliberate and done to increase your involvement in the film.

9. Shot
transitions
There are several ways editors can change the tempo of any
sequence. One of which can be done by shot transitions which can
help create an effect on the audience.
Soft transitions are used quite a lot in reality TV programmes as
well as soap operas. These shot transitions make the scene run
more smoothly as it changes. This is sometimes known as a cut
from A to B. example:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1qo2aREmHOc

10. § Definition of Montage
The technique of combining in a single composition pictorial elements
from various sources, as parts of different photographs or fragments of
printing, either to give the illusion that the elements belonged together
originally or to allow each element to retain its separate identity as a
means of adding interest or meaning to the composition.

11. My example clip
from Rocky.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=DP3MFBzMH2o

12. This is a short clip
of the trailer
‘taken’ the tempo
of the music is
consistently
changing and
makes the
audience feel so
many emotions in
the short duration
of the sequence.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=wCbDUREBwUg

13. § a synchronizing of the various parts of a production for
theatrical effect.
§ Timing creates dramatic effect for the audiences pure
entertainment and benefit.
§ Timing is one of the most important parts of editing. The
scene of shot wont fit right with voiceovers or SFX if it not
all synchronized in time. It will look unprofessional
otherwise.
Timing

14. ‘The panic room’
Throughout this
clip the timing of
the music is spot
on. It creates
tension between
charcters and
audience
between
characters. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gkII_JShveI

15. Story: Centred editing and the construction
of meaning

16. Editing and
spaces
In editing and camera techniques editing and spaces causes an effect of the
audiences perception of the film. One example you tend to see in every film
is cross cutting between this technique.
For example; If two people were stranded on a desert island having a
conversation we would see ELS and establishing shots almost every second.
This is done so the audience know where they are how far they are. This
makes the audience make up their mind on the matter, whereas if there two
people having a conversation in a café the camera man would most probably
use shorter shots using ECU mid shots and over shoulder shots mostly. To
emphasise that they're in a small crowded place. This also links with location
of setting.

17. § Shot reverse shot is a shot type particularly used when a
conversation is happening. You see this in almost every soap
opera! It is good for TV series such as soap operas as during the
length of the show the audience understands the character a lot
more just from seeing shots of them over and over again.
§ In romantic films shot reverse shot is used between partners as it
allows the audience to see both emotions from the characters
expressing themselves.
§
§ This is an example of shot reverse shot
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QLkUHZ1qips
Shot reverse shot

18. § Linear storyline
§ 500 days of summer
§ http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=QLkUHZ1qips
Non linear
storyline
limitless
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uPjc-
JIBhF4

19. Arranging the
order of events
Traditionally the arrangements of any film sequence is; intro,
beginning, middle, end.
In some movies these arrangements are slightly altered that are
done to help the audience understand the film script.
They are called linear and non linear narratives.

20. § An eye line match is a camera shot
used to make the audience see
what the characters are seeing.
It’s good to use in action films,
and example of this could be if
someone was drunk. The camera
would change shot to exactly
what the character is seeing.
During post production editors
may alter the contrast and digital
effect to blurry.
Eye line match

21. § A great example of a cut away
would be from the film ‘U turn’
by ‘Oliver Stone’.
§ A cutway changes the shot types
without loosing hold of a current
situation, which could be a
conversation. A cutaway could
be used when two or more
people are doing something
completely different but the
camera keep repeating each
scene.
Cutaways

22. Creating meaning
outside the story

23. §Continuity is the method of trimming
unnecesary footage from what
would be a very long shot and only
using the most key parts to keep the
movement of the film engaging and
thrilling . This also involves keeping
the visuals of the sequence
consistent at all times this may
include things such as; lighting,
props, wardrobe etc.
Continuity

24. § According to wikipedia in
filmmaking the 180° rule is a
basic guideline regarding the on-
screen spatial relationship
between a character and
another character or object
within a scene. An imaginary line
called the axis connects the
characters and by keeping the
camera on one side of this axis
for every shot in the scene, the
first character will always be
frame right of the second
character, who is then always
frame left of the first. If the
camera passes over the axis, it is
called crossing the line or
jumping the line.
180 degree rule

25. § Soviet montage theory is an
approach to understanding and
creating cinema that relies
heavily upon editing
§ Eisenstein's view that "montage is
an idea that arises from the
collision of independent
thoughts" wherein "each
sequential element is perceived
not next to the other, but on top
of the other" has become most
widely accepted
Soviet montage