Recursion is a process where an object is defined in terms of smaller versions of itself. It involves a base case, which is the simplest definition that cannot be further reduced, and a recursive case that defines the object for larger inputs in terms of smaller ones until the base case is reached. Examples where recursion is commonly used include defining mathematical functions, number sequences, data structures, and language grammars. While recursion can elegantly solve problems, iterative algorithms are generally more efficient.
This document discusses binary coded decimal (BCD). It defines BCD as a numerical code that assigns a 4-bit binary code to each decimal digit from 0 to 9. Numbers larger than 9 are expressed digit by digit in BCD. BCD is used because it is easy to encode/decode decimals and useful for digital systems that display decimal outputs. The document also describes how addition and subtraction are performed in BCD through binary addition rules and handling carries.
Dynamic memory allocation allows programs to request memory from the operating system at runtime. This memory is allocated on the heap. Functions like malloc(), calloc(), and realloc() are used to allocate and reallocate dynamic memory, while free() releases it. Malloc allocates a single block of uninitialized memory. Calloc allocates multiple blocks of initialized (zeroed) memory. Realloc changes the size of previously allocated memory. Proper use of these functions avoids memory leaks.
This document discusses input and output streams in C++. It explains that streams are sequences of characters that move from a source to a destination, and covers input streams from devices to a computer and output streams from the computer to devices. It also details the standard input stream cin and standard output stream cout, and how to use various manipulators to format output, such as setprecision, fixed, showpoint, setw, setfill, left, and right.
1) Subtraction can be performed using addition by taking the complement of the number being subtracted.
2) For decimal numbers, the 10's complement is obtained by subtracting the number from 10^n where n is the number of digits.
3) Subtraction using complements involves taking the complement of the number being subtracted, adding it to the minuend, and optionally taking the complement of the sum depending on whether the minuend is greater than or less than the subtrahend.
The document discusses different types of arrays in C programming language. It defines an array as a fixed-size sequential collection of elements of the same data type. It describes one-dimensional, two-dimensional and multidimensional arrays. For one-dimensional arrays, it provides examples of declaration, initialization at compile-time and run-time. For two-dimensional arrays, it explains the memory layout and initialization syntax. It also lists some applications of arrays.
The document discusses functions in C programming. The key points are:
1. A function is a block of code that performs a specific task. Functions allow code reusability and modularity.
2. main() is the starting point of a C program where execution begins. User-defined functions are called from main() or other functions.
3. Functions can take arguments and return values. There are different ways functions can be defined based on these criteria.
4. Variables used within a function have local scope while global variables can be accessed from anywhere. Pointers allow passing arguments by reference.
This document contains review questions and solutions regarding decision making and branching concepts in C programming from Chapter 5. It includes questions on if/else statements, switch statements, logical operators, and evaluating expressions. Sample programs test various branching logic and output values of variables based on conditional expressions.
Recursion is a process where an object is defined in terms of smaller versions of itself. It involves a base case, which is the simplest definition that cannot be further reduced, and a recursive case that defines the object for larger inputs in terms of smaller ones until the base case is reached. Examples where recursion is commonly used include defining mathematical functions, number sequences, data structures, and language grammars. While recursion can elegantly solve problems, iterative algorithms are generally more efficient.
This document discusses binary coded decimal (BCD). It defines BCD as a numerical code that assigns a 4-bit binary code to each decimal digit from 0 to 9. Numbers larger than 9 are expressed digit by digit in BCD. BCD is used because it is easy to encode/decode decimals and useful for digital systems that display decimal outputs. The document also describes how addition and subtraction are performed in BCD through binary addition rules and handling carries.
Dynamic memory allocation allows programs to request memory from the operating system at runtime. This memory is allocated on the heap. Functions like malloc(), calloc(), and realloc() are used to allocate and reallocate dynamic memory, while free() releases it. Malloc allocates a single block of uninitialized memory. Calloc allocates multiple blocks of initialized (zeroed) memory. Realloc changes the size of previously allocated memory. Proper use of these functions avoids memory leaks.
This document discusses input and output streams in C++. It explains that streams are sequences of characters that move from a source to a destination, and covers input streams from devices to a computer and output streams from the computer to devices. It also details the standard input stream cin and standard output stream cout, and how to use various manipulators to format output, such as setprecision, fixed, showpoint, setw, setfill, left, and right.
1) Subtraction can be performed using addition by taking the complement of the number being subtracted.
2) For decimal numbers, the 10's complement is obtained by subtracting the number from 10^n where n is the number of digits.
3) Subtraction using complements involves taking the complement of the number being subtracted, adding it to the minuend, and optionally taking the complement of the sum depending on whether the minuend is greater than or less than the subtrahend.
The document discusses different types of arrays in C programming language. It defines an array as a fixed-size sequential collection of elements of the same data type. It describes one-dimensional, two-dimensional and multidimensional arrays. For one-dimensional arrays, it provides examples of declaration, initialization at compile-time and run-time. For two-dimensional arrays, it explains the memory layout and initialization syntax. It also lists some applications of arrays.
The document discusses functions in C programming. The key points are:
1. A function is a block of code that performs a specific task. Functions allow code reusability and modularity.
2. main() is the starting point of a C program where execution begins. User-defined functions are called from main() or other functions.
3. Functions can take arguments and return values. There are different ways functions can be defined based on these criteria.
4. Variables used within a function have local scope while global variables can be accessed from anywhere. Pointers allow passing arguments by reference.
This document contains review questions and solutions regarding decision making and branching concepts in C programming from Chapter 5. It includes questions on if/else statements, switch statements, logical operators, and evaluating expressions. Sample programs test various branching logic and output values of variables based on conditional expressions.
The document discusses arrays in C programming. It defines an array as a collection of similar data elements stored in adjacent memory locations that share a single name. Arrays allow storing multiple values of the same type using this single name. The document covers array declaration syntax, initialization, passing arrays to functions, and multidimensional arrays. It provides examples of one-dimensional and two-dimensional arrays as well as operations like matrix addition and transpose.
Chapter 4 : Balagurusamy Programming ANSI in CBUBT
The document contains solutions to programming problems from the book "C Programming: Chapter-4" by E. Balagurusamy. It includes problems on input/output operators like scanf() and printf(), reading and displaying data in various formats, rounding numbers, bar charts, multiplication tables, and formatting output. Each problem has the code snippet to solve it along with sample input/output. The solutions demonstrate proper use of scanf(), printf(), and formatting specifiers to handle different data types and formats.
This document discusses recursion in programming. It defines recursion as a procedure that calls itself, with different parameters each time. It explains the key components of a recursive method including base cases and recursive calls. It provides examples of different types of recursion like single/multiple and direct/indirect recursion. Examples of recursively defined sequences and functions like factorials and Fibonacci series are given. Contact details are provided at the end.
The document describes Radix sort, a sorting algorithm that sorts numbers by their individual digits by making multiple passes through the data. It works by first sorting the numbers based on the units place value, then the tens place, and so on. This is more efficient than other general-purpose sorting algorithms for large data sets with uniformly distributed values. Radix sort runs in O(d(n+k)) time, where d is the number of digits, n is the number of elements, and k is the maximum value of a digit.
This document discusses various coding schemes including:
- Binary coded decimal (BCD) which assigns a weight to each digit position to represent decimal numbers. Other positively weighted codes and negatively weighted codes are also discussed.
- Gray code which minimizes the number of bit changes between adjacent values represented. This is useful for applications like thumbwheels.
- Character encoding standards like ASCII, EBCDIC, and Unicode which can represent larger character sets with more bits per character.
- Floating point number representation with sign, exponent and mantissa fields.
This document discusses computer organization and combinational circuits. It begins by defining logic gates as basic building blocks of digital circuits. The seven basic logic gates - AND, OR, XOR, NOT, NAND, NOR, and XNOR - are described along with their truth tables. Using combinations of these logic gates in arrays allows complex operations to be performed in combinational circuits like adders and subtractors. Half adders, full adders, n-bit parallel adders and subtractors are explained as examples of combinational circuits. Boolean algebra is also discussed as it relates to describing digital logic circuits in terms of true and false values.
This document provides information about strings in C++. It defines a string as a collection of characters within double quotes. Strings are stored as character arrays terminated by a null character. The document discusses declaring and initializing strings, inputting strings from the user, and functions for manipulating strings like strcat(), strcmp(), and memcpy(). It also covers arrays of strings and comparing, concatenating, copying and other operations on strings.
The document discusses different methods for performing subtraction using addition of complements in digital logic design. It explains that subtraction by borrowing is difficult for digital computers, so subtraction is instead implemented by taking the complement of the numbers being subtracted and then adding them. Two types of complements are described: r's complement and r-1's complement. Examples of performing subtraction using complements in binary and decimal numbers are provided.
This document discusses different number systems and methods for calculating complements. It explains that there are two types of complements for each base-r system: the radix complement and the diminished radix complement. The diminished radix complement of a number N in base-r is defined as (r-1)n - N, where n is the number of digits in N. The radix complement is defined as rn - N. The document provides examples of calculating 1's, 2's, and other place value complements in binary and decimal number systems.
The document discusses functions in C programming. It defines a function as a self-contained block of code that performs a specific task. Functions make code more modular and reusable. There are two types of functions: standard/library functions and user-defined functions. Functions can take input parameters and return values. Functions are an essential part of program structure in C as they help organize code and logic.
Pseudo code is an informal way to describe the steps of an algorithm using a language-like syntax that is easier for humans to understand than formal code. It omits implementation details like variable declarations and uses natural language to describe control structures and function calls. Pseudo code is used in textbooks and publications to explain algorithms to programmers of different languages, and by programmers to plan code before implementation. Common elements borrowed from languages include loops, conditionals, and basic syntax, but there is no standard form.
Type Conversion, Precedence and AssociativityAakash Singh
This presentation is about Type Conversion, Precedence and Associativity which are important concepts for problem solving in programming languages like C, C++, Java, etc. It will surely help you to improve your knowledge.
This document discusses string handling functions in C programming. It defines a string as an array of characters and introduces the string.h header file, which contains functions for manipulating strings like strlen(), strcmp(), strcmpi(), strcpy(), and strcat(). It explains what each function does, including getting the length of a string, comparing strings, copying one string to another, and concatenating two strings.
Infix to Prefix (Conversion, Evaluation, Code)Ahmed Khateeb
The document summarizes an assignment on converting infix to prefix notation, evaluating infix expressions, and providing pseudocode to perform the conversion. It includes an example infix expression converted to prefix notation, evaluates the expression to verify the conversion is correct, and provides pseudocode that uses a stack to pop operators and operands off an infix string into a prefix notation string.
This document discusses input and print functions in Python. It explains that the print function displays information to the user and includes examples of printing different data types. It also explains that the input function accepts information from the user, stores it in a variable, and can include a prompt. Examples are provided of getting both string and numeric input and converting the input to other data types like integers. The document also covers simple formatting options for print like printing on new lines, adding separators, or printing on the same line.
A function is a group of statements that together perform a task. Every C program has at least one function, which is main(), and all the most trivial programs can define additional functions. You can divide up your code into separate functions.
Nested structure (Computer programming and utilization)Digvijaysinh Gohil
Nested structures in C allow one structure to be defined within another. This document demonstrates a nested structure with an address structure defined within an emp structure. It declares variables of each structure type, assigns values to their members, and prints the member values. The address structure contains phone, city, and pin members, while the emp structure contains name, emp_no, and salary members.
Abstraction in c++ and Real Life Example of Abstraction in C++Hitesh Kumar
1. Real life examples of abstraction in C++ include operating a mobile phone without understanding its internal details and driving a car without knowing its inner mechanisms like how the accelerator increases speed.
2. Abstraction in C++ refers to hiding background implementation details and exposing only essential features to users. For example, a user presses the accelerator of a car to increase speed without knowing how this actually works internally.
3. Advantages of abstraction in C++ include increased code reusability and readability by hiding complex workings, enhanced security by restricting access to class members and functions, and allowing users to write code at a high level without dealing with low-level implementation.
HTML Interview Questions | Basic Html Interview QuestionsHitesh Kumar
HTML Interview Questions - Here we discuss about top 10 html interview questions. Some interview questions are; how to hide text without take any space.
The document discusses arrays in C programming. It defines an array as a collection of similar data elements stored in adjacent memory locations that share a single name. Arrays allow storing multiple values of the same type using this single name. The document covers array declaration syntax, initialization, passing arrays to functions, and multidimensional arrays. It provides examples of one-dimensional and two-dimensional arrays as well as operations like matrix addition and transpose.
Chapter 4 : Balagurusamy Programming ANSI in CBUBT
The document contains solutions to programming problems from the book "C Programming: Chapter-4" by E. Balagurusamy. It includes problems on input/output operators like scanf() and printf(), reading and displaying data in various formats, rounding numbers, bar charts, multiplication tables, and formatting output. Each problem has the code snippet to solve it along with sample input/output. The solutions demonstrate proper use of scanf(), printf(), and formatting specifiers to handle different data types and formats.
This document discusses recursion in programming. It defines recursion as a procedure that calls itself, with different parameters each time. It explains the key components of a recursive method including base cases and recursive calls. It provides examples of different types of recursion like single/multiple and direct/indirect recursion. Examples of recursively defined sequences and functions like factorials and Fibonacci series are given. Contact details are provided at the end.
The document describes Radix sort, a sorting algorithm that sorts numbers by their individual digits by making multiple passes through the data. It works by first sorting the numbers based on the units place value, then the tens place, and so on. This is more efficient than other general-purpose sorting algorithms for large data sets with uniformly distributed values. Radix sort runs in O(d(n+k)) time, where d is the number of digits, n is the number of elements, and k is the maximum value of a digit.
This document discusses various coding schemes including:
- Binary coded decimal (BCD) which assigns a weight to each digit position to represent decimal numbers. Other positively weighted codes and negatively weighted codes are also discussed.
- Gray code which minimizes the number of bit changes between adjacent values represented. This is useful for applications like thumbwheels.
- Character encoding standards like ASCII, EBCDIC, and Unicode which can represent larger character sets with more bits per character.
- Floating point number representation with sign, exponent and mantissa fields.
This document discusses computer organization and combinational circuits. It begins by defining logic gates as basic building blocks of digital circuits. The seven basic logic gates - AND, OR, XOR, NOT, NAND, NOR, and XNOR - are described along with their truth tables. Using combinations of these logic gates in arrays allows complex operations to be performed in combinational circuits like adders and subtractors. Half adders, full adders, n-bit parallel adders and subtractors are explained as examples of combinational circuits. Boolean algebra is also discussed as it relates to describing digital logic circuits in terms of true and false values.
This document provides information about strings in C++. It defines a string as a collection of characters within double quotes. Strings are stored as character arrays terminated by a null character. The document discusses declaring and initializing strings, inputting strings from the user, and functions for manipulating strings like strcat(), strcmp(), and memcpy(). It also covers arrays of strings and comparing, concatenating, copying and other operations on strings.
The document discusses different methods for performing subtraction using addition of complements in digital logic design. It explains that subtraction by borrowing is difficult for digital computers, so subtraction is instead implemented by taking the complement of the numbers being subtracted and then adding them. Two types of complements are described: r's complement and r-1's complement. Examples of performing subtraction using complements in binary and decimal numbers are provided.
This document discusses different number systems and methods for calculating complements. It explains that there are two types of complements for each base-r system: the radix complement and the diminished radix complement. The diminished radix complement of a number N in base-r is defined as (r-1)n - N, where n is the number of digits in N. The radix complement is defined as rn - N. The document provides examples of calculating 1's, 2's, and other place value complements in binary and decimal number systems.
The document discusses functions in C programming. It defines a function as a self-contained block of code that performs a specific task. Functions make code more modular and reusable. There are two types of functions: standard/library functions and user-defined functions. Functions can take input parameters and return values. Functions are an essential part of program structure in C as they help organize code and logic.
Pseudo code is an informal way to describe the steps of an algorithm using a language-like syntax that is easier for humans to understand than formal code. It omits implementation details like variable declarations and uses natural language to describe control structures and function calls. Pseudo code is used in textbooks and publications to explain algorithms to programmers of different languages, and by programmers to plan code before implementation. Common elements borrowed from languages include loops, conditionals, and basic syntax, but there is no standard form.
Type Conversion, Precedence and AssociativityAakash Singh
This presentation is about Type Conversion, Precedence and Associativity which are important concepts for problem solving in programming languages like C, C++, Java, etc. It will surely help you to improve your knowledge.
This document discusses string handling functions in C programming. It defines a string as an array of characters and introduces the string.h header file, which contains functions for manipulating strings like strlen(), strcmp(), strcmpi(), strcpy(), and strcat(). It explains what each function does, including getting the length of a string, comparing strings, copying one string to another, and concatenating two strings.
Infix to Prefix (Conversion, Evaluation, Code)Ahmed Khateeb
The document summarizes an assignment on converting infix to prefix notation, evaluating infix expressions, and providing pseudocode to perform the conversion. It includes an example infix expression converted to prefix notation, evaluates the expression to verify the conversion is correct, and provides pseudocode that uses a stack to pop operators and operands off an infix string into a prefix notation string.
This document discusses input and print functions in Python. It explains that the print function displays information to the user and includes examples of printing different data types. It also explains that the input function accepts information from the user, stores it in a variable, and can include a prompt. Examples are provided of getting both string and numeric input and converting the input to other data types like integers. The document also covers simple formatting options for print like printing on new lines, adding separators, or printing on the same line.
A function is a group of statements that together perform a task. Every C program has at least one function, which is main(), and all the most trivial programs can define additional functions. You can divide up your code into separate functions.
Nested structure (Computer programming and utilization)Digvijaysinh Gohil
Nested structures in C allow one structure to be defined within another. This document demonstrates a nested structure with an address structure defined within an emp structure. It declares variables of each structure type, assigns values to their members, and prints the member values. The address structure contains phone, city, and pin members, while the emp structure contains name, emp_no, and salary members.
Abstraction in c++ and Real Life Example of Abstraction in C++Hitesh Kumar
1. Real life examples of abstraction in C++ include operating a mobile phone without understanding its internal details and driving a car without knowing its inner mechanisms like how the accelerator increases speed.
2. Abstraction in C++ refers to hiding background implementation details and exposing only essential features to users. For example, a user presses the accelerator of a car to increase speed without knowing how this actually works internally.
3. Advantages of abstraction in C++ include increased code reusability and readability by hiding complex workings, enhanced security by restricting access to class members and functions, and allowing users to write code at a high level without dealing with low-level implementation.
HTML Interview Questions | Basic Html Interview QuestionsHitesh Kumar
HTML Interview Questions - Here we discuss about top 10 html interview questions. Some interview questions are; how to hide text without take any space.
Factorial Program in C - Factorial of n is the product of all positive descending integers. Factorial of n is denoted by n!. For example:
3! = 3*2*1 = 6
Queue in C, Queue Real Life of ExampleHitesh Kumar
Queue in C : Working of queue on the basis of first-in-first-out (FIFO) data structure.
Queue Real Life of Example
https://www.sitesbay.com/cpp-datastructure/cpp-queue-program-example
Ticket Counter : First person get ticket first and go out first.
Fibonacci series c++ - This code is very simple and easy simply add two previous terms and get next term. Example of Fibonacci series is; 0 1 1 2 3 5 8 13.....
https://www.sitesbay.com/cpp-program/cpp-fibonacci-series-program
The super keyword in Java is used to refer to the immediate parent class and its members. It can be used at the variable, method, and constructor level. For example, in a Bike class that extends the Vehicle class, using super.speed in the display() method will access the speed variable of the parent Vehicle class and output 100, rather than the speed variable defined in Bike which has a value of 200.
Interfaces in Java allow subclasses to be implemented with different data definitions and method implementations. Interfaces are special classes that can be implemented by subclasses. Interfaces do not contain data or method implementations - they only contain abstract method declarations. Interfaces are used to achieve full abstraction and ensure subclasses have consistent method signatures while allowing flexibility in implementation.
Super keyword is a reference variable that is used for refer parent class object.
In Java super keyword used at three level
1. At variable level
2. At method level
3. At constructor level
http://www.tutorial4us.com/java/java-super-keyword
Final keyword are used in java for three purpose;
1. Final keyword is used in java to make variable constant
2. Final keyword restrict method overriding
3. It used to restrict Inheritance
http://www.tutorial4us.com/java/java-final-keyword
Constructor is a special member method which will be called automatically when you create an object of any class.
The main purpose of using constructor is to initialize an object.
http://www.tutorial4us.com/java/java-constructor
Super keyword is a reference variable that is used for refer parent class object. Super keyword is used in java at three level, at variable level, at method level and at constructor level.
Ternary Operators are used on three operands or on there variables. It is represented with ? : . It is also called as conditional operator.
http://www.tutorial4us.com/cprogramming/c-ternary-operator
File Handling is used in C language for store a data permanently in computer.
Using file handling you can store your data in Hard disk.
http://www.tutorial4us.com/cprogramming/c-file-handling
main() method is starting execution block of a java program.
If any java class contain main() method known as main class.
http://www.tutorial4us.com/java/java-main-method
This keyword is a reference variable that refer the current object in java.
This keyword can be used for call current class constructor.
http://www.tutorial4us.com/java/java-this-keyword
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
Temple of Asclepius in Thrace. Excavation resultsKrassimira Luka
The temple and the sanctuary around were dedicated to Asklepios Zmidrenus. This name has been known since 1875 when an inscription dedicated to him was discovered in Rome. The inscription is dated in 227 AD and was left by soldiers originating from the city of Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv).
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
2. Sitesbay.com
Prime Number Program in C
This is very simple and easy to write Prime Number Program in C. You need for loop and
if..else statements.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int num,i,t=0,flag=0;
clrscr();
printf("Enter any Number:");
scanf("%d",&num);
t=num/2;
for(i=2; i<=t; i++)
{
if(num%i==0)
{
printf("Number is not prime");
flag=1;
break;
}
}
if(flag==0)
printf("Number is prime");
getch();
}