This document summarizes a study on the cattle marketing system and price spreads in the pastoral areas of Hadiya zone, Ethiopia. The study found that rural collectors made the largest profit per head of cattle sold at 542 Birr, followed by butchers at 506 Birr. Butchers incurred the highest costs per head of cattle purchased at 94 Birr. Producers received the largest share of the consumer price when selling directly to consumers or butchers. The study recommends vertically integrating the cattle marketing system and providing training, information and capital to pastoralists to improve their profits from cattle marketing.
An economic comparison of biological and conventional control strategies for ...Alexander Decker
This study compared alternative methods of controlling insect pests in cashew and mango plantations in Tanzania, including the use of chemical insecticides, weaver ants (biological control), and a control with no pest management. Field trials were conducted on three treatment plots: one using chemical insecticides, one using weaver ant colonies, and a control plot. Data on yields, inputs, and revenues were collected and analyzed using statistical tests, partial budgeting, and marginal analysis. The results of the partial budget and dominance analyses showed that using weaver ants returned higher net benefits than chemical insecticides or the control treatment, indicating it was the most economically favorable option for cashew and mango farmers.
Price Determinant of Kolanut in Selected Markets in Ibadan, Oyo State, NigeriaAI Publications
The study was carried out to examine the price determinants of Kolanuts in selected markets in Ibadan, Oyo State. Eighty(80) Kolanuts sellers were randomly selected from four(4) urban Local Government Areas in Ibadan where four(4) Kolanut markets center were also visited. The data collected were subjected to descriptive statistics, Gross Margin and multiple Regression analysis. The results indicated that majority (97%) of Kolanut sellers in the study area were females. It was observed that (48%) of the respondents belong to the age bracket of 41-50years while (66.3%) of the respondents had primary and secondary education. Gross margin analysis showed that seven hundred and twenty three thousand, three hundred and fifty naira (₦723, 350.00) was realized as profit margin after the total variable cost(TVC) of two hundred and three thousand, four hundred and fifty naira(₦203,450.00) have been deducted as cost obtained. The results of multiple regression shows that the R2 (0.67) is high and that E-statistics further explained the ability of the independent variables in explaining the variations in the dependent variable. It was found out that slight changes in any of the explanatory variable will result in downward / upward movement in the market price of kolanut in the study area. It is imperative that more research should be carried out for more varieties of kolanut which could enhance more demand and marketing.
Livestock Marketing Performance Evaluation in Afar Region, EthiopiaPremier Publishers
This document evaluates the livestock marketing performance in Afar region of Ethiopia. It finds that some markets have oligopsony structures with high concentration of wholesale buyers, making them inefficient. Most markets were also inefficient with higher marketing margins except for Yallo market. A regression model showed that livestock price was significantly influenced by various factors like market, animal breed, gender, age and grade. A correlation analysis found that markets were not integrated at all levels. The document concludes that policies to improve marketing facilities could help change the situation in the region.
This study aimed to analyze the effect of an increased price of broiler meat on the production, consumption, and
import of these commodities: Maize, rice, broiler meat, and eggs. The research method employed was the survey
method and used both primary and secondary. The commodities analyzed in this study included: Maize, rice,
broiler meat, and eggs. The business actors were classified into: (1) Commercial-broiler livestock companies
(LSCL), (2) commercial-broiler small-scale farms (SSCL), and (3) other households (OTHR). The determination
of the commodities was made based on considerations of production and consumption. The analysis results using
multimarket model showed that increased broiler meat price would have opposite effects on production and
consumption. An increased price of broiler meat increased the production of broiler meat, and on the contrary
decreased consumption of broiler meat. Fulfilling the equilibrium caused the net import to decrease. This was
very different from commercial layer. Furthermore, the increase in the price of broiler meat caused the production
and consumption of maize to increase. The percentage of production increase which was less than the percentage
of consumption increase caused the net import for maize to increase, on the contrary for rice.
Determinants of Market Facilitators Choice by Smallholder Farmers in Laikipia...iosrjce
Horticultural crop production is one of the major crops grown in arid and semi-arid lands especially
in Laikipia County, Kenya.Market facilitators’ help in linking smallholder farmers to high value market either
in rural or urban markets. The underpinning factors in choice of market facilitators by smallholder farmers are
not yet well understood. Therefore, this paper aims to determine those factors influencingchoice of market
facilitators by farmers while marketing their produce. A multi-stage sampling technique was used to select 396
farmers in Laikipia East district. Binary Logit model was used as the major analytical tool; it is applicable
when analyzing binary decision or response. The results showed that, household size, age of household head
and marketing through a group positively influenced choice of market facilitators by smallholder farmers. On
the other hand, number of members in the group, access to market information, purpose of farming and amount
of output produced negatively influenced choice of market facilitators. Based on these findings, policy was
drawn to improve access to facilitators by farmers that linked them to high value output market
Marketing of agricultural crops in rural indian economy a case studyAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the marketing of agricultural crops in rural markets in Ambedkarnagar District, India. Some key findings:
1. Vegetables accounted for the highest transaction volume (42.46%) due to their perishability. Wheat and rice also had high volumes.
2. Most farmers prefer local rural markets over specialized markets due to lack of transportation and infrastructure.
3. Prices varied across markets depending on location, demand, supply and transportation costs.
4. Non-producer sellers accounted for 69.99% of sellers on average, supplementing their incomes. Producer sellers were mainly marginal and small farmers.
11.marketing of agricultural crops in rural indian economy a case studyAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the marketing of agricultural crops in rural markets in Ambedkarnagar District, India. Some key findings:
1. Vegetables accounted for the highest volume (42%) of crops sold in rural markets, followed by wheat (21%) and rice (17%), due to their perishability.
2. Most farmers prefer selling in local rural markets rather than farther markets due to lack of transportation and storage infrastructure.
3. Prices of crops varied across markets depending on location, demand, supply and transportation costs.
4. Non-producer sellers, including unemployed villagers, accounted for 70% of sellers on average, selling crops to supplement their income.
5
An economic comparison of biological and conventional control strategies for ...Alexander Decker
This study compared alternative methods of controlling insect pests in cashew and mango plantations in Tanzania, including the use of chemical insecticides, weaver ants (biological control), and a control with no pest management. Field trials were conducted on three treatment plots: one using chemical insecticides, one using weaver ant colonies, and a control plot. Data on yields, inputs, and revenues were collected and analyzed using statistical tests, partial budgeting, and marginal analysis. The results of the partial budget and dominance analyses showed that using weaver ants returned higher net benefits than chemical insecticides or the control treatment, indicating it was the most economically favorable option for cashew and mango farmers.
Price Determinant of Kolanut in Selected Markets in Ibadan, Oyo State, NigeriaAI Publications
The study was carried out to examine the price determinants of Kolanuts in selected markets in Ibadan, Oyo State. Eighty(80) Kolanuts sellers were randomly selected from four(4) urban Local Government Areas in Ibadan where four(4) Kolanut markets center were also visited. The data collected were subjected to descriptive statistics, Gross Margin and multiple Regression analysis. The results indicated that majority (97%) of Kolanut sellers in the study area were females. It was observed that (48%) of the respondents belong to the age bracket of 41-50years while (66.3%) of the respondents had primary and secondary education. Gross margin analysis showed that seven hundred and twenty three thousand, three hundred and fifty naira (₦723, 350.00) was realized as profit margin after the total variable cost(TVC) of two hundred and three thousand, four hundred and fifty naira(₦203,450.00) have been deducted as cost obtained. The results of multiple regression shows that the R2 (0.67) is high and that E-statistics further explained the ability of the independent variables in explaining the variations in the dependent variable. It was found out that slight changes in any of the explanatory variable will result in downward / upward movement in the market price of kolanut in the study area. It is imperative that more research should be carried out for more varieties of kolanut which could enhance more demand and marketing.
Livestock Marketing Performance Evaluation in Afar Region, EthiopiaPremier Publishers
This document evaluates the livestock marketing performance in Afar region of Ethiopia. It finds that some markets have oligopsony structures with high concentration of wholesale buyers, making them inefficient. Most markets were also inefficient with higher marketing margins except for Yallo market. A regression model showed that livestock price was significantly influenced by various factors like market, animal breed, gender, age and grade. A correlation analysis found that markets were not integrated at all levels. The document concludes that policies to improve marketing facilities could help change the situation in the region.
This study aimed to analyze the effect of an increased price of broiler meat on the production, consumption, and
import of these commodities: Maize, rice, broiler meat, and eggs. The research method employed was the survey
method and used both primary and secondary. The commodities analyzed in this study included: Maize, rice,
broiler meat, and eggs. The business actors were classified into: (1) Commercial-broiler livestock companies
(LSCL), (2) commercial-broiler small-scale farms (SSCL), and (3) other households (OTHR). The determination
of the commodities was made based on considerations of production and consumption. The analysis results using
multimarket model showed that increased broiler meat price would have opposite effects on production and
consumption. An increased price of broiler meat increased the production of broiler meat, and on the contrary
decreased consumption of broiler meat. Fulfilling the equilibrium caused the net import to decrease. This was
very different from commercial layer. Furthermore, the increase in the price of broiler meat caused the production
and consumption of maize to increase. The percentage of production increase which was less than the percentage
of consumption increase caused the net import for maize to increase, on the contrary for rice.
Determinants of Market Facilitators Choice by Smallholder Farmers in Laikipia...iosrjce
Horticultural crop production is one of the major crops grown in arid and semi-arid lands especially
in Laikipia County, Kenya.Market facilitators’ help in linking smallholder farmers to high value market either
in rural or urban markets. The underpinning factors in choice of market facilitators by smallholder farmers are
not yet well understood. Therefore, this paper aims to determine those factors influencingchoice of market
facilitators by farmers while marketing their produce. A multi-stage sampling technique was used to select 396
farmers in Laikipia East district. Binary Logit model was used as the major analytical tool; it is applicable
when analyzing binary decision or response. The results showed that, household size, age of household head
and marketing through a group positively influenced choice of market facilitators by smallholder farmers. On
the other hand, number of members in the group, access to market information, purpose of farming and amount
of output produced negatively influenced choice of market facilitators. Based on these findings, policy was
drawn to improve access to facilitators by farmers that linked them to high value output market
Marketing of agricultural crops in rural indian economy a case studyAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the marketing of agricultural crops in rural markets in Ambedkarnagar District, India. Some key findings:
1. Vegetables accounted for the highest transaction volume (42.46%) due to their perishability. Wheat and rice also had high volumes.
2. Most farmers prefer local rural markets over specialized markets due to lack of transportation and infrastructure.
3. Prices varied across markets depending on location, demand, supply and transportation costs.
4. Non-producer sellers accounted for 69.99% of sellers on average, supplementing their incomes. Producer sellers were mainly marginal and small farmers.
11.marketing of agricultural crops in rural indian economy a case studyAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the marketing of agricultural crops in rural markets in Ambedkarnagar District, India. Some key findings:
1. Vegetables accounted for the highest volume (42%) of crops sold in rural markets, followed by wheat (21%) and rice (17%), due to their perishability.
2. Most farmers prefer selling in local rural markets rather than farther markets due to lack of transportation and storage infrastructure.
3. Prices of crops varied across markets depending on location, demand, supply and transportation costs.
4. Non-producer sellers, including unemployed villagers, accounted for 70% of sellers on average, selling crops to supplement their income.
5
Socio-Economic Factors Influencing the Probability of Market Participation am...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
This document summarizes a study that examined socioeconomic factors influencing cattle farmers' participation in markets in Adamawa State, Nigeria. The study found that:
1) The average cattle farmer was 43 years old, had a family of 10 people, 19 years of marketing experience, and a herd of 49 cattle. Most were male (95%), married (83%), and had some formal education (78%).
2) A logit model was used to analyze factors influencing market participation. Five variables were found to significantly impact participation: gender (being male increased the probability of participation by 45%), education level, distance to market, access to market information, and seasonality.
3) The study provides recommendations such as encouraging more
The development prospects of rabbit sector in Tunisia based on a value chain ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— This study is to identify barriers to the development of rabbit sector in Tunisia using value chain approach, as an instrument of strategic analysis and value-cost optimization. To this end, a survey was conducted with a representative sample of industrial rabbit breeders. The results prove that the development of the rabbit value chain is conditioned in promoting the efficiency and the quality at the breeding system. Rabbit feed quality is the main constraint for the majority of breeders, followed by animal feed prices. This justifies the increase of the consumer sale prices of rabbit meat, affecting its domestic supply. Thus, the growth of the Tunisian rabbit sector is based on a reform and an upgrade of the productive systems and also on a better organization of the sector through the promotion of the vertical and horizontal integration. Promoting rabbit meat consumption is also a determining factor of rabbit sector development.
Livestock producers must develop a marketing plan that answers the three W's: what products they will sell, where they will sell them, and when during the seasonal price cycles. The document outlines different marketing channels producers can use like auctions, cooperatives, or private sales. It also discusses types of risks in livestock production and strategies for managing financial and price risks through tools like futures contracts. Finally, the summary emphasizes the importance of a marketing plan and investigating value-added opportunities for livestock operations.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
Impact of Poultry Feed Price and Price Variability on Commercial Poultry Prod...IOSR Journals
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the impact of poultry feed prices and price variability on commercial poultry production in Murang'a County, Kenya. The study utilized survey data from 134 poultry farmers and applied econometric models to analyze the relationship between feed prices and poultry population levels. The results found that lagged feed prices significantly influenced current poultry populations. However, over time individual farmers were rearing fewer birds, indicating that measures to reduce feed price variability could help improve and sustain poultry production. Feed prices in the region varied seasonally and inversely with grain production levels, presenting challenges for farmers.
Transmission of South African maize prices into Botswana markets: an economet...Premier Publishers
This document analyzes the transmission of maize prices from South Africa into Botswana markets using econometric techniques. It finds that there is a long-run equilibrium relationship between maize prices in the two countries, indicating that South African price changes are transmitted to the Botswana market. Specifically, it is estimated that about 98% of variations in South African prices are eventually reflected in domestic Botswana prices. The study recommends promoting local production of staple crops like maize and sorghum in Botswana to reduce imports and food insecurity when prices rise in South Africa.
This document summarizes a study that examined the determinants of profit in tomato marketing in Ghana's Ashanti Region. The study analyzed data from 200 tomato traders, including 100 wholesalers and 100 retailers. It found that wholesalers had higher margins of 99.7% compared to retailers' margins of 75.4%. Key determinants of marketing profit for both groups were labor costs, purchase price, transportation costs, and selling price. The document calls for policies to stabilize currency and eliminate illiteracy among traders, as well as enable retailers to increase their scale of operations.
Marketing involves activities related to creating, communicating, delivering, and exchanging offerings that have value for customers. It provides producers a mechanism to exchange livestock for cash, which is used to acquire goods and services. Livestock marketing involves the physical movement and transportation of animals as well as pricing. It can be direct between farmers and buyers, or indirect through intermediaries. Factors like customer preferences, animal age and health, and methods of slaughter influence marketing. Government policies and market demand also impact the livestock marketing system. Common types of livestock markets include primary collection markets, secondary distribution markets, and terminal markets.
Analyzing Marketing Margins and the Direction of Price Flow in the Tomato Val...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
This document analyzes the tomato value chain in Limpopo Province, South Africa. It finds that farmers receive a low portion of the final consumer price for tomatoes, with about 85% of the consumer's rand going towards marketing margins. Examining prices at different levels of the chain, it determines that both wholesale and retail prices are "caused by" or dependent on farm gate prices through Granger causality tests. Therefore, the farm level plays a key role in price determination for tomatoes in Limpopo Province. Policies to improve the tomato farming sector may help enhance other sectors in the value chain.
Economic analysis of spatial integration of pulse market inAlexander Decker
This document analyzes the spatial integration of pulse markets in Ethiopia using monthly price data from 2003-2013 for horse beans and chickpeas from selected markets. It finds that the markets are cointegrated based on unit root and cointegration tests. The Addis Ababa-Desse market for horse beans and Addis Ababa-Gonder market for chickpeas showed the strongest cointegration. Granger causality tests found some unidirectional and bidirectional causation between markets. The findings imply a need for improved market information systems, especially to producing markets, to help distribute commodities efficiently.
Risks Related to the use of Chemical Inputs for Crop Production in Nkong-Ni a...AI Publications
This study aims at analysing the risks management of chemical inputs’ use in crops production in the Nkong-Ni and Penka-Michel subdivisions. It aims at analysing the measures taken by the farmers to prevent possible threats caused by chemical inputs such as fertilisers, weed killers, insecticides, fungicides and nematodes in both subdivisions; precisely in Northern Bafou and Balessing. For this purpose, we identified the different chemical inputs used in market gardening, their impact on farmers’ well-being, and their risks. We analysed risks considering actors and policies oriented to limit these risks. Our study sample consists of 239 market gardeners. One hundred and thirty-nine producers received questionnaires: eighty-nine (89) in Ndzieh (Northern Bafou, in the Nkong-Ni subdivision), fifty (50) in Balessing (Penka-Michel), one hundred (100) producers for semi-structured interviews, sixty (60) in Ndzieh and forty (40) in Balessing. The findings show that 67.59% of producers do not comply with inputs prescribed doses. Indeed, they confirm that the use of chemical inputs improves yields, even if it causes some discomfort. Regarding support, relative to chemical inputs use, offered to producers in their agricultural activities, just few of them attended seminars and training, or approach extension agents. As recommended, producers should organize themselves into associations or cooperatives. So, they could benefit from government contributions and actions to raise awareness about environmental safeguarding.
Agricultural Marketing and Price Analysis - CoffeePiLNAfrica
This document provides information about an agricultural marketing and price analysis course offered at Haramaya University in Ethiopia. It includes the course objectives, expected outputs, topics to be covered, assessment methods, and required and recommended reading materials. The course aims to provide students with the theoretical and empirical tools to analyze agricultural market organization, conduct, and performance. It will cover theoretical models of market structure, spatial and intertemporal market linkages, integration of agricultural industries, and unique market forms in agriculture. Students will be evaluated based on assignments, a term paper, and a final exam. The document lists two recommended textbooks and several other suggested readings for the course.
Economic Analysis of Poultry Egg Marketing in Oredo and Egor Local Government...Premier Publishers
The study analyzed the marketing of Poultry eggs in Oredo and Egor local government area of Edo state. It specifically described the socio-economic characteristics of the poultry egg marketers and determined the market conduct, performance of the egg market, marketing margin, profitability, effect of marketing cost on the magnitude of the marketing margin and the constraints that affected egg marketers in the study area. Structured questionnaire was randomly administered to 100 respondents in 4 purposively selected egg markets based on egg market concentration in order to gather relevant data. Data gotten were analyzed using descriptive statistics, budgetary techniques and the ordinary least square model. The result indicated that egg marketing in the area was dominated by females who were mostly married and had experience in poultry egg marketing. Results from the study also indicated a fairly good market performance as market margin per crate of egg and market efficiency were fairly good. The marketers were exploitative in setting their prices as the mark-up took a greater share of the total margin. The BCR indicated that the business was viable. The result of the regression analysis showed that marketing costs (transportation, storage, market levy and tax) greatly influenced the marketing margin realized from poultry egg marketing in the study area. Credit and Loan facilities should be made easily accessible to the marketers as they complained about the lack of accessibility to loan and credit facilities.
Abstract—In Ghana, rural people, mostly farmers, experience food insecurity. In bargaining with marketers, farmers tend to lose profits. The use of traditional weights and measures led to inefficient transactions. These difficulties have negatively affected farmers’ productivity, calories intake, and international competitiveness. This research investigates how standard weights and measures can secure farmers’ profits at local markets. Using a random selection of 312 farmers for the questionnaire survey at two markets, we examine the impact of current pricing methods on farmers’ profits and advantages of standard weights and measures for farmers. The results show that price decision-making was based on three primary methods: (1) traditional weights and measures, (2) negotiation with individual marketers, and (3) negotiation with market queens. Markets queens and traditional measures negatively influenced farmers’ profits. Farmers’ perceptions showed that standard weights and measures would not only increase their profits at local markets but also enhance their international competitiveness.
This document discusses concepts related to agricultural marketing. It defines agriculture, marketing, and agricultural marketing. It outlines objectives of studying agricultural marketing such as understanding complexities to provide efficient services and ensuring an efficient system benefits all. The document also covers scope and subject matter, differences between agricultural and manufactured products, importance of agricultural marketing, components and dimensions of markets, and relationships between market structure, conduct, and performance.
This document discusses factors influencing maize production and marketing in Tirupur district, India. It begins with an introduction to maize as an important crop worldwide and in India. It then states the objective of the study is to analyze factors influencing maize production and marketing among farmers in the study area. The methodology section describes how primary and secondary data was collected through surveys of 300 maize farmers. Factor analysis was conducted to identify underlying factors. Three key factors were identified accounting for 62.87% of variance: 1) infrastructure and agricultural services, 2) inputs, and 3) marketing and price stability. The study concludes that crop insurance should be extended to all farmers and losses from high moisture content should be reduced.
Profitability Analysis and Adoption of Improved Box Hive Technology by Small ...AI Publications
Beekeeping is common and one of the agricultural activities used as good source of off-farm income to farmers in Ethiopia in generally, and particularly in the study area. The objectives of the study are to identify determinant of adoption of improved box hive technology and profitability of smallholder farmers in study area. Multi-stage sampling was employed to identify sample respondents. The sample respondents were stratified into adopters and non-adopters of improved box hive. Out of 148 total sample respondents 30 adopters and 118 non-adopters were identified. The data were collected using structured interview schedule, key informant discussion and observation. Partial budgeting technique and econometric models were employed. Partial budgeting result reveals that the beekeepers get financial benefits by adopting improved box hive. The first hurdle result of adoption decision indicated that beekeeping experience, distance to woreda town, frequency of extension contact, sex, age, education status, access to input were significant factors. Further, the second hurdle result of intensity of adoption revealed that frequency of extension contact, livestock holding, age, sex, access to input, family size and labor force were found to be significant factors. Thus, the woreda office of agriculture and rural developments, NGO’s and concerned stockholders should give due attention to these significant variables in the study area to boost improved box hive adoption and its intensity use thereby increase profitability of small holder beekeepers.
This document discusses the importance and history of agricultural marketing. It outlines key factors such as optimizing resource use, increasing farm income, and employment creation. The document also examines producer surplus, marketable surplus, marketed surplus, and the relationship between these factors. Additionally, it identifies characteristics of good markets and marketing systems, including being consumer focused and operating with maximum efficiency. The document advocates for scientific marketing approaches for farm products.
The document discusses the current state and potential of Indian agriculture and rural marketing. It notes that India is a major global producer of tea, milk, cattle, sugarcane, fruits and vegetables, but yields remain low due to issues like low mechanization, heavy fertilizer use, and poor infrastructure. It outlines opportunities to improve efficiency through reducing waste, increasing processing, and developing the rural market through improved availability, affordability, acceptability and awareness of products. A three-tier model of "Food Marts", "Agri Marts" and "Kissan" centers is proposed to better serve rural communities.
Socio-Economic Factors Influencing the Probability of Market Participation am...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
This document summarizes a study that examined socioeconomic factors influencing cattle farmers' participation in markets in Adamawa State, Nigeria. The study found that:
1) The average cattle farmer was 43 years old, had a family of 10 people, 19 years of marketing experience, and a herd of 49 cattle. Most were male (95%), married (83%), and had some formal education (78%).
2) A logit model was used to analyze factors influencing market participation. Five variables were found to significantly impact participation: gender (being male increased the probability of participation by 45%), education level, distance to market, access to market information, and seasonality.
3) The study provides recommendations such as encouraging more
The development prospects of rabbit sector in Tunisia based on a value chain ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— This study is to identify barriers to the development of rabbit sector in Tunisia using value chain approach, as an instrument of strategic analysis and value-cost optimization. To this end, a survey was conducted with a representative sample of industrial rabbit breeders. The results prove that the development of the rabbit value chain is conditioned in promoting the efficiency and the quality at the breeding system. Rabbit feed quality is the main constraint for the majority of breeders, followed by animal feed prices. This justifies the increase of the consumer sale prices of rabbit meat, affecting its domestic supply. Thus, the growth of the Tunisian rabbit sector is based on a reform and an upgrade of the productive systems and also on a better organization of the sector through the promotion of the vertical and horizontal integration. Promoting rabbit meat consumption is also a determining factor of rabbit sector development.
Livestock producers must develop a marketing plan that answers the three W's: what products they will sell, where they will sell them, and when during the seasonal price cycles. The document outlines different marketing channels producers can use like auctions, cooperatives, or private sales. It also discusses types of risks in livestock production and strategies for managing financial and price risks through tools like futures contracts. Finally, the summary emphasizes the importance of a marketing plan and investigating value-added opportunities for livestock operations.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
Impact of Poultry Feed Price and Price Variability on Commercial Poultry Prod...IOSR Journals
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the impact of poultry feed prices and price variability on commercial poultry production in Murang'a County, Kenya. The study utilized survey data from 134 poultry farmers and applied econometric models to analyze the relationship between feed prices and poultry population levels. The results found that lagged feed prices significantly influenced current poultry populations. However, over time individual farmers were rearing fewer birds, indicating that measures to reduce feed price variability could help improve and sustain poultry production. Feed prices in the region varied seasonally and inversely with grain production levels, presenting challenges for farmers.
Transmission of South African maize prices into Botswana markets: an economet...Premier Publishers
This document analyzes the transmission of maize prices from South Africa into Botswana markets using econometric techniques. It finds that there is a long-run equilibrium relationship between maize prices in the two countries, indicating that South African price changes are transmitted to the Botswana market. Specifically, it is estimated that about 98% of variations in South African prices are eventually reflected in domestic Botswana prices. The study recommends promoting local production of staple crops like maize and sorghum in Botswana to reduce imports and food insecurity when prices rise in South Africa.
This document summarizes a study that examined the determinants of profit in tomato marketing in Ghana's Ashanti Region. The study analyzed data from 200 tomato traders, including 100 wholesalers and 100 retailers. It found that wholesalers had higher margins of 99.7% compared to retailers' margins of 75.4%. Key determinants of marketing profit for both groups were labor costs, purchase price, transportation costs, and selling price. The document calls for policies to stabilize currency and eliminate illiteracy among traders, as well as enable retailers to increase their scale of operations.
Marketing involves activities related to creating, communicating, delivering, and exchanging offerings that have value for customers. It provides producers a mechanism to exchange livestock for cash, which is used to acquire goods and services. Livestock marketing involves the physical movement and transportation of animals as well as pricing. It can be direct between farmers and buyers, or indirect through intermediaries. Factors like customer preferences, animal age and health, and methods of slaughter influence marketing. Government policies and market demand also impact the livestock marketing system. Common types of livestock markets include primary collection markets, secondary distribution markets, and terminal markets.
Analyzing Marketing Margins and the Direction of Price Flow in the Tomato Val...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
This document analyzes the tomato value chain in Limpopo Province, South Africa. It finds that farmers receive a low portion of the final consumer price for tomatoes, with about 85% of the consumer's rand going towards marketing margins. Examining prices at different levels of the chain, it determines that both wholesale and retail prices are "caused by" or dependent on farm gate prices through Granger causality tests. Therefore, the farm level plays a key role in price determination for tomatoes in Limpopo Province. Policies to improve the tomato farming sector may help enhance other sectors in the value chain.
Economic analysis of spatial integration of pulse market inAlexander Decker
This document analyzes the spatial integration of pulse markets in Ethiopia using monthly price data from 2003-2013 for horse beans and chickpeas from selected markets. It finds that the markets are cointegrated based on unit root and cointegration tests. The Addis Ababa-Desse market for horse beans and Addis Ababa-Gonder market for chickpeas showed the strongest cointegration. Granger causality tests found some unidirectional and bidirectional causation between markets. The findings imply a need for improved market information systems, especially to producing markets, to help distribute commodities efficiently.
Risks Related to the use of Chemical Inputs for Crop Production in Nkong-Ni a...AI Publications
This study aims at analysing the risks management of chemical inputs’ use in crops production in the Nkong-Ni and Penka-Michel subdivisions. It aims at analysing the measures taken by the farmers to prevent possible threats caused by chemical inputs such as fertilisers, weed killers, insecticides, fungicides and nematodes in both subdivisions; precisely in Northern Bafou and Balessing. For this purpose, we identified the different chemical inputs used in market gardening, their impact on farmers’ well-being, and their risks. We analysed risks considering actors and policies oriented to limit these risks. Our study sample consists of 239 market gardeners. One hundred and thirty-nine producers received questionnaires: eighty-nine (89) in Ndzieh (Northern Bafou, in the Nkong-Ni subdivision), fifty (50) in Balessing (Penka-Michel), one hundred (100) producers for semi-structured interviews, sixty (60) in Ndzieh and forty (40) in Balessing. The findings show that 67.59% of producers do not comply with inputs prescribed doses. Indeed, they confirm that the use of chemical inputs improves yields, even if it causes some discomfort. Regarding support, relative to chemical inputs use, offered to producers in their agricultural activities, just few of them attended seminars and training, or approach extension agents. As recommended, producers should organize themselves into associations or cooperatives. So, they could benefit from government contributions and actions to raise awareness about environmental safeguarding.
Agricultural Marketing and Price Analysis - CoffeePiLNAfrica
This document provides information about an agricultural marketing and price analysis course offered at Haramaya University in Ethiopia. It includes the course objectives, expected outputs, topics to be covered, assessment methods, and required and recommended reading materials. The course aims to provide students with the theoretical and empirical tools to analyze agricultural market organization, conduct, and performance. It will cover theoretical models of market structure, spatial and intertemporal market linkages, integration of agricultural industries, and unique market forms in agriculture. Students will be evaluated based on assignments, a term paper, and a final exam. The document lists two recommended textbooks and several other suggested readings for the course.
Economic Analysis of Poultry Egg Marketing in Oredo and Egor Local Government...Premier Publishers
The study analyzed the marketing of Poultry eggs in Oredo and Egor local government area of Edo state. It specifically described the socio-economic characteristics of the poultry egg marketers and determined the market conduct, performance of the egg market, marketing margin, profitability, effect of marketing cost on the magnitude of the marketing margin and the constraints that affected egg marketers in the study area. Structured questionnaire was randomly administered to 100 respondents in 4 purposively selected egg markets based on egg market concentration in order to gather relevant data. Data gotten were analyzed using descriptive statistics, budgetary techniques and the ordinary least square model. The result indicated that egg marketing in the area was dominated by females who were mostly married and had experience in poultry egg marketing. Results from the study also indicated a fairly good market performance as market margin per crate of egg and market efficiency were fairly good. The marketers were exploitative in setting their prices as the mark-up took a greater share of the total margin. The BCR indicated that the business was viable. The result of the regression analysis showed that marketing costs (transportation, storage, market levy and tax) greatly influenced the marketing margin realized from poultry egg marketing in the study area. Credit and Loan facilities should be made easily accessible to the marketers as they complained about the lack of accessibility to loan and credit facilities.
Abstract—In Ghana, rural people, mostly farmers, experience food insecurity. In bargaining with marketers, farmers tend to lose profits. The use of traditional weights and measures led to inefficient transactions. These difficulties have negatively affected farmers’ productivity, calories intake, and international competitiveness. This research investigates how standard weights and measures can secure farmers’ profits at local markets. Using a random selection of 312 farmers for the questionnaire survey at two markets, we examine the impact of current pricing methods on farmers’ profits and advantages of standard weights and measures for farmers. The results show that price decision-making was based on three primary methods: (1) traditional weights and measures, (2) negotiation with individual marketers, and (3) negotiation with market queens. Markets queens and traditional measures negatively influenced farmers’ profits. Farmers’ perceptions showed that standard weights and measures would not only increase their profits at local markets but also enhance their international competitiveness.
This document discusses concepts related to agricultural marketing. It defines agriculture, marketing, and agricultural marketing. It outlines objectives of studying agricultural marketing such as understanding complexities to provide efficient services and ensuring an efficient system benefits all. The document also covers scope and subject matter, differences between agricultural and manufactured products, importance of agricultural marketing, components and dimensions of markets, and relationships between market structure, conduct, and performance.
This document discusses factors influencing maize production and marketing in Tirupur district, India. It begins with an introduction to maize as an important crop worldwide and in India. It then states the objective of the study is to analyze factors influencing maize production and marketing among farmers in the study area. The methodology section describes how primary and secondary data was collected through surveys of 300 maize farmers. Factor analysis was conducted to identify underlying factors. Three key factors were identified accounting for 62.87% of variance: 1) infrastructure and agricultural services, 2) inputs, and 3) marketing and price stability. The study concludes that crop insurance should be extended to all farmers and losses from high moisture content should be reduced.
Profitability Analysis and Adoption of Improved Box Hive Technology by Small ...AI Publications
Beekeeping is common and one of the agricultural activities used as good source of off-farm income to farmers in Ethiopia in generally, and particularly in the study area. The objectives of the study are to identify determinant of adoption of improved box hive technology and profitability of smallholder farmers in study area. Multi-stage sampling was employed to identify sample respondents. The sample respondents were stratified into adopters and non-adopters of improved box hive. Out of 148 total sample respondents 30 adopters and 118 non-adopters were identified. The data were collected using structured interview schedule, key informant discussion and observation. Partial budgeting technique and econometric models were employed. Partial budgeting result reveals that the beekeepers get financial benefits by adopting improved box hive. The first hurdle result of adoption decision indicated that beekeeping experience, distance to woreda town, frequency of extension contact, sex, age, education status, access to input were significant factors. Further, the second hurdle result of intensity of adoption revealed that frequency of extension contact, livestock holding, age, sex, access to input, family size and labor force were found to be significant factors. Thus, the woreda office of agriculture and rural developments, NGO’s and concerned stockholders should give due attention to these significant variables in the study area to boost improved box hive adoption and its intensity use thereby increase profitability of small holder beekeepers.
This document discusses the importance and history of agricultural marketing. It outlines key factors such as optimizing resource use, increasing farm income, and employment creation. The document also examines producer surplus, marketable surplus, marketed surplus, and the relationship between these factors. Additionally, it identifies characteristics of good markets and marketing systems, including being consumer focused and operating with maximum efficiency. The document advocates for scientific marketing approaches for farm products.
The document discusses the current state and potential of Indian agriculture and rural marketing. It notes that India is a major global producer of tea, milk, cattle, sugarcane, fruits and vegetables, but yields remain low due to issues like low mechanization, heavy fertilizer use, and poor infrastructure. It outlines opportunities to improve efficiency through reducing waste, increasing processing, and developing the rural market through improved availability, affordability, acceptability and awareness of products. A three-tier model of "Food Marts", "Agri Marts" and "Kissan" centers is proposed to better serve rural communities.
1) India has a large agricultural sector, with over 700 million people depending on agriculture for their livelihoods, however yields remain low compared to other countries like China.
2) India ranks first globally in the production of tea, milk, cattle population, and several other crops. However, it wastes more fruits and vegetables than consumed in the UK due to poor infrastructure and handling.
3) The food processing industry in India accounts for 13% of exports and 6% of industry investment but processes less than 2% of agricultural produce. It faces challenges of awareness, infrastructure, and complex regulations.
Indian agriculture is one of the strong sectors of the Indian economy, contributing 14% to GDP and employing 58% of the population. Major crops include rice, wheat, oilseeds, cotton, jute, and tea. The Green Revolution in the 1960s increased agricultural production and exports through high-yielding varieties and increased fertilizer and irrigation. However, average yields remain low due to inadequate irrigation, illiteracy, and lack of technical development compared to other countries.
The document discusses different types of agriculture practiced in India. It describes primitive subsistence farming, intensive subsistence farming, commercial farming, and plantation farming. It also discusses major crops grown in India like rice, millets, cotton, and coffee. Agricultural development aims to increase farm production to meet population growth through expanding cropped area, irrigation, use of fertilizers and high-yielding seeds, and farm mechanization. The ultimate goal is increased food security. Farming in India has a long history and India ranks second worldwide in agricultural output. In the US, agriculture is a major industry and the country exports food, with over 2 million farms covering over 900 million acres.
Tanqua-Abergelle Goat Value Chain Analysis: The case of Abergelle district, T...ILRI
Presented by Daniel Desta, Hailai Hagos, Shumye Belay and Getachew Legese at the Multi-stakeholder Workshop for Targeting Action Research on Atsbi sheep and Abergelle goat Value Chains in Tigray, Ethiopia
Mekelle, 19-20 March 2013
A milk marketing system for pastoralists of Kilosa district in Tanzania: mark...Premier Publishers
This document summarizes a study on the milk marketing system for pastoralists in Kilosa district, Tanzania. The study found that the pastoral milk marketing system was profitable but not efficient. Net profits per liter were highest for producers at TZS 332, followed by retailers at TZS 141 and vendors at TZS 65. The market structure was a weak oligopoly with lack of standards, grades or product differentiation signaling inefficiency. To improve the system, the study recommends promoting commercialization through community extension services, village banks, training processors and pastoralists in proper handling, and milking techniques.
Livestock markets and smallholders in sub-Saharan Africa: A reviewILRI
Presentation by Gebremedhin, B. and Hoekstra, D. to the 5th All Africa Conference on Animal Agriculture and the 18th Annual Meeting of the Ethiopian Society of Animal Production (ESAP), Addis Ababa, October 25-28, 2010.
Analyses of household specific transaction cost factors in livestock and live...ILRI
Presentation by Moti Jaleta, Berhanu Gebremedhin, Samson Jemaneh and Aklilu Bogale (ILRI-IPMS) to the 5th All Africa Conference on Animal Agriculture and the 18th Annual Meeting of the Ethiopian Society of Animal Production (ESAP), Addis Ababa, October 25-28, 2010
Agricultural Marketing and Economic DevelopmentFazlul Hoque
This document discusses the importance and history of agricultural marketing. It outlines key benefits including increased farm income, market widening, and employment creation. It also examines factors that influence marketable surplus such as farm size, production levels, and consumption habits. Finally, it provides characteristics of ideal marketing systems, including pricing efficiency based on transportation and storage costs.
Nigerseed Value Chain Analysis in Toke-Kutaye District, West Showa Zone, Orom...Premier Publishers
The study was designed to analyze factors that affect marketable supply of Nigerseed, and Nigerseed market chain; and to estimate value addition and marketing margin distribution of actors in Toke-Kutaye district, Oromia National Regional State. The data were collected from both primary and secondary sources. The primary data were collected from 148 producer and 37 other market chain actors. Descriptive statistics for analysis of data and Multiple Linear Regression Model was used to determine determinants of Nigerseed supply in the study area. The study showed that averagely 2.67 and 2.55 quintals of Nigerseed were produced and marketed per household, respectively. Nigerseed produce had four market outlets and seven channels with poor values addition before reaching to the final consumers. Out of the total produce 92.4% of Nigerseed were marketed by producers. Nigerseed supply in the district is positively affected by education of household, land size, number of oxen owned, access to input and market information. Producers and traders got a profit share of 63.79 and 36.21 %, respectively. In all channels, producers’ gross market margin and net market margin were higher, while in multipurpose farmers primary cooperatives was with the least values. The crop has potential to serve as sources of livelihood, and farmers were the major contributor in the value addition process with better profit share margin followed by processers. Therefore, policy aiming to strengthening cooperatives, facilitating inter-linkage of stakeholders, and supporting the local processors are recommended to speed up the Nigerseed market chain in the district.
Livestock Value Chain Analysis in Pastoral communities of EthiopiaAklilu Nigussie
This document analyzes the sheep and goat value chain in pastoral communities in Ethiopia. It finds that sheep and goat production is predominantly a pastoral system in arid and semi-arid areas. Smallholder producers, exporters, and traders are the major actors that supply livestock to local and export markets. On average, 94% of producers supply livestock to markets. The major determinants of market supply are estimated using regression analysis. Critical periods of supply occur during Christian holidays when producers seek better prices. The analysis finds some market integration between certain local markets. Overall, the value chain faces challenges related to market access and information for producers.
Value Chain Analysis of Goat in South Omo Zone, SNNPR, EthiopiaPremier Publishers
Value chain analysis of goat was conducted in Benatsemay and Hamer district of South omo zone with objective of analysing value chain; identifying opportunities, constraints and intervention areas. A three stage sampling technique was employed to select 160 households from seven sample kebeles. Focus group discussion and in depth interview were made with goat producers, different actors in the study area and export abattoirs at Modjo. Descriptive statistics and marketing margin share calculation was used for analysis. The main marketing routes identified were from origin to export abattoirs, Addis Ababa, and Kemesse. The analysis of costs and margins along the five goat market channels shows that the producer’s share of final goat price was higher when producers sell in Channel I (66%); channel II (57%), channel xii (55%), channel xi (53%) and channel x (52%). Study areas are the major sources of goats for the central markets but are constrained by different factors of production and marketing such as only rely on browse, frequent drought, high incidence of diseases and lack of formal market information about customers demand. Therefore, working on production and marketing constraints, and organizing producers in group and link to export abattoirs could increase margin of producers.
Analysis of market participation by rice farmers in southern nigeria.Alexander Decker
This study analyzed factors affecting market participation among smallholder rice farmers in southern Nigeria. A survey was conducted with 150 farmers. Results showed that factors like higher crop production levels, larger land sizes, use of improved seeds, access to market information, group participation, and contractual agreements positively influenced farmers' ability to participate in output markets. However, lack of timely market information, transportation issues, and limited access to extension agents posed challenges. The study concluded that improving smallholder farmers' access to resources, market information, and group participation could help them better commercialize and contribute to economic growth in rural areas.
Abstract— The study examined the cost and return of local chicken marketing in Mubi north local government area of Adamawa state. Data were collected from 120 respondents with aid of structured questionnaire using purposive and random sampling technique. Descriptive statistics, net income analysis, marketing efficiency (ME) were the analytical tools employed. The result revealed that local chicken marketing in the study area is mostly undertaken by the male gender (85%) who were in their active age between the age of 30-60 years. Majority of them had one form of formal education or the other and have marketing experience of more than five years. On the profitability of the enterprise a total variable cost ₦7887.00 was estimated using 2014 price of input and output. Cost of transportation accounting for 72.84%. The total revenue from the enterprise was estimated ₦13, 100 given the net income of ₦5213 an indication that the enterprise is profitable. A high marketing efficiency of 160% was computed an indication that the profit maximization motive of local chicken marketing is assured. It is recommended that the marketers should be motivated and encouraged with soft loans so as to expand their production.
Agricultural Marketing Concept and Definitions.pdfAbdullahDanish13
Agricultural marketing has grown considerably in India over the past century as production has shifted from self-reliance to commercialization. Technological advancements have led to increased farm production and marketable surplus. An efficient agricultural marketing system is now essential to connect producers and consumers. It helps optimize resource use, increase farm incomes, widen markets, stimulate agro-industry growth, transmit price signals, and adopt new technologies. The government has implemented various policies and infrastructure over time to improve the agricultural marketing system in India.
The study was conducted to characterize camel trade and analyze its profitability in Chad. A survey was implemented among 102 stakeholders at Diguel and Goudji markets. The data collected was focused on stakeholder’s profiles, previous activities and dromedary supply sources, purchase price, fees, customer types, realized profit, perspectives and constraints. This collected data was analyzed using XL-STAT Pro software (6.1.9). The activity was performed exclusively by men at 44 years old on average, married and mostly illiterate. Four supply circuits were identified of which Abeche - Oum Hadjer - Ati circuit was the main one. Purchase price was lower at Am Timan-Gama-Mongo circuit but selling price was higher at Dourbali - Moïto circuit. The customers were slaughterhouses and grills. Monthly player profit was 920 USD for 22.48 ± 2 camels sold. It was higher for wholesalers and animals from the Moussoro - Mao - Massakory circuit. This net trader profits have been positively correlated with the stakeholder experiences. The camel trade in Chad is profitable and the income varies according to supply circuits and stakeholders’ experience. A survey on restaurants of grilled camel meat will determine the number of camels consumed daily in N’Djamena city and profitability of this activity.
1. The document analyzes the margins along the marketing chain of small ruminants like sheep and goats in Ghana's Techiman municipality. It seeks to identify sources and channels of small ruminants to local markets, estimate marketing efficiency and margins for each actor, and analyze constraints at each stage.
2. Small ruminant production provides income, food, and draught power for Ghanaian agriculture and GDP. However, farmers receive low prices due to excessive margins and poor infrastructure.
3. The study will examine existing margins and make recommendations to improve benefits for producers, traders, and consumers.
1. The document analyzes the margins along the marketing chain of small ruminants like sheep and goats in the Techiman municipality of Ghana. It seeks to identify sources and channels of small ruminants to markets, estimate marketing efficiency and margins for each actor, and analyze constraints at each stage.
2. Small ruminant production provides income, food, and draught power for Ghanaian agriculture. However, farmers receive low prices due to excessive margins and poor infrastructure. The research will critically examine existing margins to make recommendations to improve benefits for all actors.
3. The methodology includes a literature review, questionnaire surveys of 70 producers, assemblers, wholesalers, and retailers, and analysis of gross and
53cfc701045db kit case study sesame production and marketing in northwest e...alemu temesgen
Sesame production has significantly increased in Ethiopia over the last two decades, making it one of the largest sesame producers globally. Most sesame in Ethiopia is produced in the Tigray and Amhara regions in the northwest. There are several actors involved in the sesame value chain, with most farmers selling to local traders who bulk and transport the crop to collection points for auction at the Ethiopian Commodity Exchange. Some farmers are members of cooperatives who bulk and market the crop collectively. Inputs are primarily supplied by traders and unions with credit also provided through microfinance institutions and traders. Advisory services are offered but are not well coordinated across different providers.
SPEARHEADING DEVELOPMENT THROUGH EMPOWERING SMALLHOLDER FARMERS ALONG BEEF CA...ijmvsc
Smallholder beef subsector can potentially contribute to the nation’s development. The paper presents the results of the value chain analysis of the beef sub sector in Zimbabwe. Data was gathered through cross sectional house hold survey of 380 beef farmers, six community focus group discussions, key informant interviews and interviews of value chain actors. Empirical results showed that profitability of beef
marketing by farmers is constrained by low productivity caused by longer calving intervals, poor animal husbandry practices and lack of market information. Three existing beef cattle value chains were identified.A total of 91% of the producers sold cattle to the informal livestock market and only 9% through formal market. Body condition, health of animal and age were reported as major factors used in setting cattle
prices. The study recommends setting up breeding programs, improved husbandry practices, improving
farmer access to market information and collective action among farmers.
Similar to Price spread analysis of cattle in hadiya pastoral areas (20)
Abnormalities of hormones and inflammatory cytokines in women affected with p...Alexander Decker
Women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) have elevated levels of hormones like luteinizing hormone and testosterone, as well as higher levels of insulin and insulin resistance compared to healthy women. They also have increased levels of inflammatory markers like C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, and leptin. This study found these abnormalities in the hormones and inflammatory cytokines of women with PCOS ages 23-40, indicating that hormone imbalances associated with insulin resistance and elevated inflammatory markers may worsen infertility in women with PCOS.
A usability evaluation framework for b2 c e commerce websitesAlexander Decker
This document presents a framework for evaluating the usability of B2C e-commerce websites. It involves user testing methods like usability testing and interviews to identify usability problems in areas like navigation, design, purchasing processes, and customer service. The framework specifies goals for the evaluation, determines which website aspects to evaluate, and identifies target users. It then describes collecting data through user testing and analyzing the results to identify usability problems and suggest improvements.
A universal model for managing the marketing executives in nigerian banksAlexander Decker
This document discusses a study that aimed to synthesize motivation theories into a universal model for managing marketing executives in Nigerian banks. The study was guided by Maslow and McGregor's theories. A sample of 303 marketing executives was used. The results showed that managers will be most effective at motivating marketing executives if they consider individual needs and create challenging but attainable goals. The emerged model suggests managers should provide job satisfaction by tailoring assignments to abilities and monitoring performance with feedback. This addresses confusion faced by Nigerian bank managers in determining effective motivation strategies.
A unique common fixed point theorems in generalized dAlexander Decker
This document presents definitions and properties related to generalized D*-metric spaces and establishes some common fixed point theorems for contractive type mappings in these spaces. It begins by introducing D*-metric spaces and generalized D*-metric spaces, defines concepts like convergence and Cauchy sequences. It presents lemmas showing the uniqueness of limits in these spaces and the equivalence of different definitions of convergence. The goal of the paper is then stated as obtaining a unique common fixed point theorem for generalized D*-metric spaces.
A trends of salmonella and antibiotic resistanceAlexander Decker
This document provides a review of trends in Salmonella and antibiotic resistance. It begins with an introduction to Salmonella as a facultative anaerobe that causes nontyphoidal salmonellosis. The emergence of antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella is then discussed. The document proceeds to cover the historical perspective and classification of Salmonella, definitions of antimicrobials and antibiotic resistance, and mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in Salmonella including modification or destruction of antimicrobial agents, efflux pumps, modification of antibiotic targets, and decreased membrane permeability. Specific resistance mechanisms are discussed for several classes of antimicrobials.
A transformational generative approach towards understanding al-istifhamAlexander Decker
This document discusses a transformational-generative approach to understanding Al-Istifham, which refers to interrogative sentences in Arabic. It begins with an introduction to the origin and development of Arabic grammar. The paper then explains the theoretical framework of transformational-generative grammar that is used. Basic linguistic concepts and terms related to Arabic grammar are defined. The document analyzes how interrogative sentences in Arabic can be derived and transformed via tools from transformational-generative grammar, categorizing Al-Istifham into linguistic and literary questions.
A time series analysis of the determinants of savings in namibiaAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the determinants of savings in Namibia from 1991 to 2012. It reviews previous literature on savings determinants in developing countries. The study uses time series analysis including unit root tests, cointegration, and error correction models to analyze the relationship between savings and variables like income, inflation, population growth, deposit rates, and financial deepening in Namibia. The results found inflation and income have a positive impact on savings, while population growth negatively impacts savings. Deposit rates and financial deepening were found to have no significant impact. The study reinforces previous work and emphasizes the importance of improving income levels to achieve higher savings rates in Namibia.
A therapy for physical and mental fitness of school childrenAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the importance of exercise in maintaining physical and mental fitness for school children. It discusses how physical and mental fitness are developed through participation in regular physical exercises and cannot be achieved solely through classroom learning. The document outlines different types and components of fitness and argues that developing fitness should be a key objective of education systems. It recommends that schools ensure pupils engage in graded physical activities and exercises to support their overall development.
A theory of efficiency for managing the marketing executives in nigerian banksAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study examining efficiency in managing marketing executives in Nigerian banks. The study was examined through the lenses of Kaizen theory (continuous improvement) and efficiency theory. A survey of 303 marketing executives from Nigerian banks found that management plays a key role in identifying and implementing efficiency improvements. The document recommends adopting a "3H grand strategy" to improve the heads, hearts, and hands of management and marketing executives by enhancing their knowledge, attitudes, and tools.
This document discusses evaluating the link budget for effective 900MHz GSM communication. It describes the basic parameters needed for a high-level link budget calculation, including transmitter power, antenna gains, path loss, and propagation models. Common propagation models for 900MHz that are described include Okumura model for urban areas and Hata model for urban, suburban, and open areas. Rain attenuation is also incorporated using the updated ITU model to improve communication during rainfall.
A synthetic review of contraceptive supplies in punjabAlexander Decker
This document discusses contraceptive use in Punjab, Pakistan. It begins by providing background on the benefits of family planning and contraceptive use for maternal and child health. It then analyzes contraceptive commodity data from Punjab, finding that use is still low despite efforts to improve access. The document concludes by emphasizing the need for strategies to bridge gaps and meet the unmet need for effective and affordable contraceptive methods and supplies in Punjab in order to improve health outcomes.
A synthesis of taylor’s and fayol’s management approaches for managing market...Alexander Decker
1) The document discusses synthesizing Taylor's scientific management approach and Fayol's process management approach to identify an effective way to manage marketing executives in Nigerian banks.
2) It reviews Taylor's emphasis on efficiency and breaking tasks into small parts, and Fayol's focus on developing general management principles.
3) The study administered a survey to 303 marketing executives in Nigerian banks to test if combining elements of Taylor and Fayol's approaches would help manage their performance through clear roles, accountability, and motivation. Statistical analysis supported combining the two approaches.
A survey paper on sequence pattern mining with incrementalAlexander Decker
This document summarizes four algorithms for sequential pattern mining: GSP, ISM, FreeSpan, and PrefixSpan. GSP is an Apriori-based algorithm that incorporates time constraints. ISM extends SPADE to incrementally update patterns after database changes. FreeSpan uses frequent items to recursively project databases and grow subsequences. PrefixSpan also uses projection but claims to not require candidate generation. It recursively projects databases based on short prefix patterns. The document concludes by stating the goal was to find an efficient scheme for extracting sequential patterns from transactional datasets.
A survey on live virtual machine migrations and its techniquesAlexander Decker
This document summarizes several techniques for live virtual machine migration in cloud computing. It discusses works that have proposed affinity-aware migration models to improve resource utilization, energy efficient migration approaches using storage migration and live VM migration, and a dynamic consolidation technique using migration control to avoid unnecessary migrations. The document also summarizes works that have designed methods to minimize migration downtime and network traffic, proposed a resource reservation framework for efficient migration of multiple VMs, and addressed real-time issues in live migration. Finally, it provides a table summarizing the techniques, tools used, and potential future work or gaps identified for each discussed work.
A survey on data mining and analysis in hadoop and mongo dbAlexander Decker
This document discusses data mining of big data using Hadoop and MongoDB. It provides an overview of Hadoop and MongoDB and their uses in big data analysis. Specifically, it proposes using Hadoop for distributed processing and MongoDB for data storage and input. The document reviews several related works that discuss big data analysis using these tools, as well as their capabilities for scalable data storage and mining. It aims to improve computational time and fault tolerance for big data analysis by mining data stored in Hadoop using MongoDB and MapReduce.
1. The document discusses several challenges for integrating media with cloud computing including media content convergence, scalability and expandability, finding appropriate applications, and reliability.
2. Media content convergence challenges include dealing with the heterogeneity of media types, services, networks, devices, and quality of service requirements as well as integrating technologies used by media providers and consumers.
3. Scalability and expandability challenges involve adapting to the increasing volume of media content and being able to support new media formats and outlets over time.
This document surveys trust architectures that leverage provenance in wireless sensor networks. It begins with background on provenance, which refers to the documented history or derivation of data. Provenance can be used to assess trust by providing metadata about how data was processed. The document then discusses challenges for using provenance to establish trust in wireless sensor networks, which have constraints on energy and computation. Finally, it provides background on trust, which is the subjective probability that a node will behave dependably. Trust architectures need to be lightweight to account for the constraints of wireless sensor networks.
This document discusses private equity investments in Kenya. It provides background on private equity and discusses trends in various regions. The objectives of the study discussed are to establish the extent of private equity adoption in Kenya, identify common forms of private equity utilized, and determine typical exit strategies. Private equity can involve venture capital, leveraged buyouts, or mezzanine financing. Exits allow recycling of capital into new opportunities. The document provides context on private equity globally and in developing markets like Africa to frame the goals of the study.
This document discusses a study that analyzes the financial health of the Indian logistics industry from 2005-2012 using Altman's Z-score model. The study finds that the average Z-score for selected logistics firms was in the healthy to very healthy range during the study period. The average Z-score increased from 2006 to 2010 when the Indian economy was hit by the global recession, indicating the overall performance of the Indian logistics industry was good. The document reviews previous literature on measuring financial performance and distress using ratios and Z-scores, and outlines the objectives and methodology used in the current study.
Presentation by Herman Kienhuis (Curiosity VC) on Investing in AI for ABS Alu...Herman Kienhuis
Presentation by Herman Kienhuis (Curiosity VC) on developments in AI, the venture capital investment landscape and Curiosity VC's approach to investing, at the alumni event of Amsterdam Business School (University of Amsterdam) on June 13, 2024 in Amsterdam.
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Explore the details in our newly released product manual, which showcases NEWNTIDE's advanced heat pump technologies. Delve into our energy-efficient and eco-friendly solutions tailored for diverse global markets.
Digital Marketing with a Focus on Sustainabilitysssourabhsharma
Digital Marketing best practices including influencer marketing, content creators, and omnichannel marketing for Sustainable Brands at the Sustainable Cosmetics Summit 2024 in New York
Dive into this presentation and learn about the ways in which you can buy an engagement ring. This guide will help you choose the perfect engagement rings for women.
IMPACT Silver is a pure silver zinc producer with over $260 million in revenue since 2008 and a large 100% owned 210km Mexico land package - 2024 catalysts includes new 14% grade zinc Plomosas mine and 20,000m of fully funded exploration drilling.
Part 2 Deep Dive: Navigating the 2024 Slowdownjeffkluth1
Introduction
The global retail industry has weathered numerous storms, with the financial crisis of 2008 serving as a poignant reminder of the sector's resilience and adaptability. However, as we navigate the complex landscape of 2024, retailers face a unique set of challenges that demand innovative strategies and a fundamental shift in mindset. This white paper contrasts the impact of the 2008 recession on the retail sector with the current headwinds retailers are grappling with, while offering a comprehensive roadmap for success in this new paradigm.
NIMA2024 | De toegevoegde waarde van DEI en ESG in campagnes | Nathalie Lam |...BBPMedia1
Nathalie zal delen hoe DEI en ESG een fundamentele rol kunnen spelen in je merkstrategie en je de juiste aansluiting kan creëren met je doelgroep. Door middel van voorbeelden en simpele handvatten toont ze hoe dit in jouw organisatie toegepast kan worden.
Cover Story - China's Investment Leader - Dr. Alyce SUmsthrill
In World Expo 2010 Shanghai – the most visited Expo in the World History
https://www.britannica.com/event/Expo-Shanghai-2010
China’s official organizer of the Expo, CCPIT (China Council for the Promotion of International Trade https://en.ccpit.org/) has chosen Dr. Alyce Su as the Cover Person with Cover Story, in the Expo’s official magazine distributed throughout the Expo, showcasing China’s New Generation of Leaders to the World.
Discover timeless style with the 2022 Vintage Roman Numerals Men's Ring. Crafted from premium stainless steel, this 6mm wide ring embodies elegance and durability. Perfect as a gift, it seamlessly blends classic Roman numeral detailing with modern sophistication, making it an ideal accessory for any occasion.
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The APCO Geopolitical Radar - Q3 2024 The Global Operating Environment for Bu...APCO
The Radar reflects input from APCO’s teams located around the world. It distils a host of interconnected events and trends into insights to inform operational and strategic decisions. Issues covered in this edition include:
[To download this presentation, visit:
https://www.oeconsulting.com.sg/training-presentations]
This PowerPoint compilation offers a comprehensive overview of 20 leading innovation management frameworks and methodologies, selected for their broad applicability across various industries and organizational contexts. These frameworks are valuable resources for a wide range of users, including business professionals, educators, and consultants.
Each framework is presented with visually engaging diagrams and templates, ensuring the content is both informative and appealing. While this compilation is thorough, please note that the slides are intended as supplementary resources and may not be sufficient for standalone instructional purposes.
This compilation is ideal for anyone looking to enhance their understanding of innovation management and drive meaningful change within their organization. Whether you aim to improve product development processes, enhance customer experiences, or drive digital transformation, these frameworks offer valuable insights and tools to help you achieve your goals.
INCLUDED FRAMEWORKS/MODELS:
1. Stanford’s Design Thinking
2. IDEO’s Human-Centered Design
3. Strategyzer’s Business Model Innovation
4. Lean Startup Methodology
5. Agile Innovation Framework
6. Doblin’s Ten Types of Innovation
7. McKinsey’s Three Horizons of Growth
8. Customer Journey Map
9. Christensen’s Disruptive Innovation Theory
10. Blue Ocean Strategy
11. Strategyn’s Jobs-To-Be-Done (JTBD) Framework with Job Map
12. Design Sprint Framework
13. The Double Diamond
14. Lean Six Sigma DMAIC
15. TRIZ Problem-Solving Framework
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Price spread analysis of cattle in hadiya pastoral areas
1. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3208 (Paper) ISSN 2225-093X (Online)
Vol 1, No.1, 2011
Price Spread Analysis of Cattle in Hadiya Pastoral Areas
Misginaw Tamirat Arficho (Corresponding author)
Department of Agricultural Economics, Jimma University
POBOX 307, JIMMA, ETHIOPIA
Email misginaw.tamirat@gmail.com
The research is financed by Institute of Pastoral and Agro-pastoral Studies
Abstract
This study was undertaken in the pastoral areas of Hadiya zone of SNNPR, Ethiopia with the objective
of assessing the efficiency of cattle marketing. The required data were generated from both primary
and secondary sources. The marketing margin analysis manifested that, butchers incurred the highest
cost of 94 Birr per head followed by itinerant and amateur traders while rural collectors made the
largest profit (542 Birr per head) followed by butchers (506 Birr per head). The producers share was
found largest in the direct sale to consumer followed by sales directly to butchers and to butchers
through rural collectors. So as to improve the gain for pastoralists it is better to integrate vertically and
since adding activities adds costs and risks, identifying an appropriate technologies, training on
marketing systems to be undertaken, and providing information and working capital would alleviate the
problem and improve gain from marketing.
Key words: Price spread, Pastoral cattle marketing
1. Background and Justification
The pastoral sector contributes significantly to Ethiopian economy, employment and agricultural
production and demand creation for agricultural and industrial products, even though evaluation of its
total benefits is difficult (Hatflied and Davies, 2006). The pastoral production system often
geographically located in the lowland areas and their livelihood depends on the movement of livestock
to and from seasonal grazing areas, which in turn may require movement across national boundaries
(Getachew, 2001). It is estimated that the pastoral sector supports over 40% of the country’s livestock,
61% of the total area of the country of which 46% is arable land, and 12% of the population
(Mohammed, 2003).
Livestock markets have a very important effect on pastoralists’ welfare because converting herd
mortality losses into sales could avert widespread, human suffering. This also accelerates both herd
recapitalization (once range conditions improve) and economic growth more broadly by conserving
local wealth (McPeak, 2001). However, the net gain to the producer is influenced primarily by shifts in
retail demand, farm supply, and marketing input prices. But other factors also can be important,
including time lags in supply and demand, market power, risk, technical change, quality, and spatial
considerations.
An efficient marketing system is one capable of moving goods from producer to customer at the lowest
cost consistent with the provision of the services that customers demand (FAO, 1977). Channel
comparisons and price spread analysis are commonly used measures of market efficiency
(performance). The price spread (margin) entails the difference between the price paid by the consumer
and the price received by the producer for an equivalent quantity of farm produce. This spread consists
of marketing costs and margins of the intermediaries, which ultimately determine the overall
effectiveness of a marketing system. The price spread will be helpful in studying the efficiency of the
marketing system if used to show how consumers’ expenditure is divided among market participants at
different levels of marketing system (Jema, 2008).
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2. Research Methodology
2.1. Description of the Study Area
The pastoral and agro-pastoral areas of Ethiopia are mainly found in border areas of the country in
North East, East, South, South West and West. These areas cover about 2/3rd of the country’s total area
and are found in altitude of less than 1500 (Alemayehu, 2007). This study was conducted in two
pastoral and agro pastoral districts of Hadiya zone, south Ethiopia. These are Soro and Gombora
district.
2.2. Data and Sampling Technique
The data for the study were collected from both primary and secondary sources. The secondary sources
are Central Statistical Authority (CSA), International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Pastoralists’
Forum Ethiopia, District and Zone Finance and Economic development offices, Districts’ offices of
Agriculture and Rural Development, and the primary data sources include individual pastoral
households, group of pastoralists and traders, and key informants.
For this particular study a two stage purposive sampling (to select the districts and the PAs) followed
by random sampling techniques (to select the households) was used. Factors like percentage of pastoral
population of the districts, number of pastoral PAs and cultural issues (local titles based on cattle
number) were important while selecting the districts. Six major pastoral PAs (Peasant Association)
from Soro district and three PAs from Gombora district (one third of the pastoral PAs from each
district) were then identified based on season the pastoralists are available in the PAs, tribe/clan
distribution, neighbouring ethnic groups and area of production. Market survey was undertaken
through visual observation, and by discussion with buyers and sellers at the time of cattle transaction.
2.3. Data Analysis Technique
The study used price spread and commodity chain analysis (CCA), which involves mapping the chains,
involved in particular production sectors, the different types of activity, geographical location and
actors in different roles at different levels. In addition, it identifies the interrelationships between
marketing agents, opportunities and constraints at the different levels and the different interests and
power relations which influence how value is distributed at these different levels (Adina and Farmer,
2006).
Livestock marketing margins is the difference between the sales price of the animal (meat) and the
costs incurred by the seller including the acquisition price of the animal (Solomon, 2004). The study of
cost of livestock marketing as animals change hands from the producer to consumer involves assessing
the costs and the actual expenses incurred in the marketing process. The costs include not only the
costs of performing the various marketing functions, but different levies as well were considered
(Dhillon et al., 2005). As considered by Solomon (2004 cited from FAO, 2004), the costs considered in
livestock market study are:
(i) transporting (trekking, trucking and/or railing);
(ii) feeding (including grazing);
(iii) marketing levies and taxes imposed by local and national authorities;
(iv) mortality or loss (some animals die during transit because of diseases or other physical stress;
some might stray and not be recovered);
(v) conditioning or/ and processing costs;
(vi) capital as represented by the interest on the money tied up by the livestock from the point of
purchase to the point of sale; and
(vii) the opportunity cost or salary of the operator (trader, etc.)
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In the marketing margin analysis, Total Gross Marketing Margin (TGMM), the producer's share in
consumer price or Producers’ Gross Marketing Margin (GMMp), the net marketing margin (NMM)
were considered as indicators. While computing TGMM the final price paid by the end buyer used, and
it is expressed as percentage of the final price (Mendoza, 1995).
TGMM = X 100
(1)
Where TGMM = Total gross marketing margin.
In order to get producer’s portion or producer’s gross margin (GMMp) which is the portion of the price
paid by the consumer that goes to the producer. The producer’s margin is calculated as:
GMMp = X 100
(2)
Where GMMp = the producer's share in consumer price.
The net marketing margin (NMM) is the percentage of the final price earned by the intermediaries as
their net income after their marketing costs are deducted.
NMM = X 100
(3)
Where, NMM = Net marketing margin.
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Cattle Marketing System
Marketing system is a collection of channels, intermediaries, and activities, which facilitate the
physical distribution and economic exchange of goods (Kohls and Uhul 1985). The cattle marketing
system in the study area was discussed with respect to the pastoralists marketing behaviour, which
governs season, amount, and the choice of their marketing channels and outlets.
3.1.1. Purpose of marketing
Markets link producers to consumers. Markets affect producers/pastoralists either when they trade
cattle or purchase food and other necessities. The pastoral households purchased cattle for breeding,
fattening, for gifts (marriage, circumcision, fines) or to be slaughtered and consumed. Moreover, the
sample pastoralists ranked their reasons for selling cattle, 32% to escape the disease and drought, and
27% sold in fear of predators and raids/since both need the fattened animals, 16% to fly to South
Africa, replacement and income need accounted for 14% and 11% (Table 1). But all the respondents
who were engaged in buying, bought cattle for breading purpose and all of them bought steers and
heifers for the purpose. There was a statistically significant (P<0.05) difference among the three off-
take positions with respect to reason of off-take. A shown in the Table 1, about half of the households
in the selling position are risk averse i.e. they sell cattle in expectation of bad weather and or disease.
This is mainly due to the fact that since they have fulfilled their cultural obligations they do not want to
lose their capital for nothing provided that a sales option is there.
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Table 1. Reason of cattle commercial off-take by commercial off-take position
Reason of sales Autarky Selling Buying Total
χ2-value
n%(n=47) n%(n=50) n%(n=63) sample
Escape disaster 41 47 23 32 6.34**
Insecurity 20 19 23 27
c
Fly abroad/SA 16 26 8 16
Replacement 10 3 23 14
Income need 14 3 23 11
Source: survey result, 2009
**Significant at 5% significance level, n= sample size
C
migrate to South Africa
3.2. Commodity Chain Analysis
Commodity Chain Analysis is used to refer to the overall group of economic agents (or the relevant
activities of those agents) that contribute directly to the determination of a final product (final use).
Thus the chain encompasses the complete sequence of operations which starting from the raw material,
finishes downstream, after several stages of transformation or increases in value, at one or several final
products at the level of the consumer (FAO, 2005).
3.2.1. Actors
According to KIT and IIRR (2008), chain actors includes direct chain actors, which are commercially
involved in the chain (producers, traders, retailers, consumers) and indirect actors, which provide
financial or non financial support services. The agents identified in the area along the commodity chain
are pastoralists and their input suppliers, rural collectors, amateur traders, itinerant traders, brokers, and
butchers.
Pastoralists
As depicted in Appendix 1, pastoralists are the first link along the cattle commodity chain, who decide
on how much to produce, and how much, where and when to sell. The pastoralists travelled long
distances along the commodity chain i.e. they undertake some type of inter-firm upgrading like
medicating, fattening, transporting. Pastoralists sold 12% of their total sale at their farm gate, 17 and
71% at the primary and secondary markets respectively. In the primary market the pastoralists sold 7%
of their total sales to amateur traders, 3% to butchers, 6% to itinerant traders, and 1% to consumers. In
the secondary markets the pastoralists sold 25% of their total sales to amateur traders, 27% to itinerant
traders, 12 and 17% to consumers and butchers respectively. Pastoralists as a seller and pastoralist
trader as village collectors dominate the transactions in the primary markets. They trek cattle to the
nearest village (primary) or secondary markets where they can sale either directly or indirectly through
brokers.
Village collectors
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According to the group discussion, these actors are buyers and sometimes speculate cattle since in one
way or another they are engaged in cattle production. This category of actors mainly consists of
pastoralist traders and farmer traders. They collect heifers and steers from other markets to sell to the
pastoralists. Village collectors are the major suppliers in the primary and secondary markets, next to the
pastoralists. They bring together the relatively small number of cattle, which individual households
wanted to sell. According to Hailemariam et al. (2009), these actors attract larger traders because they
provide access to larger quantities of cattle and eliminate the need for traders to locate and contact
producers at their scattered yard. They purchased all the sales made at the farm gate by the pastoralists,
and sold 42% of their total sales to amateur traders, 33.5% to itinerant traders, and 17% to butchers, 8%
to consumers (Appendix 1). Village collectors function commonly in the remotest and least accessible
areas where institutional services frequently do not reach, thus providing marketing services for rural
surpluses, and often also fulfilling the consumption needs of the rural communities by selling consumer
goods (Bolokang 2006).
Amateur traders
The amateur traders are those actors who trade cattle sometimes in a year (Williams et al,. 2006).
Appendix 1 shows that these traders purchased 32% from pastoralists directly (7% in the primary
market and 25% in the secondary markets), 42% of the total sale by the village collectors, and sold 5%
to consumers, 7% to itinerant traders and 4% to butchers in the primary markets and sold 57% to
itinerant traders (19% in primary and 38% in secondary), 38% of their total sales to butchers.
According to Solomon (2004) they participate in cattle trading business at the time of high margin,
which is at the time of festivals. In the study area the amateur traders identified includes those who are
engaged in grain trade, cattle medicine and salt trade, small ruminant traders. These traders purchase
cattle in bulk as compared to the rural collectors.
Itinerant traders
Itinerant traders are fulltime traders permanently engaged in cattle trading activity throughout the year
that either have or do not have any cattle-trading license (Solomon, 2004; Umar and Baluch, 2007).
According to the focus group and key informant discussions they have relatively better capital as even
as compared butchers. Four of the livestock traders inherited their business from their family. None of
them have had access to financial institutions. Rather they depend on family and friends/co-traders.
Based on Appendix 1, itinerant traders were buyers in the primary markets and were both buyers and
sellers in the secondary markets. They bought 6% of a total sale of pastoralists, 19% of total sale of the
amateur traders, and 34% of the total sale from village collectors in the primary markets. And in the
secondary markets they bought 27% from pastoralists 38% of total sale of amateur traders and sold
43% their total sale to butchers and 58% to consumers. All of these traders do not have cattle trading
license, more surprisingly three of them (eight itinerant traders) are from one family and two from
another, who informally collude ( for they are tied in blood or marital relations) to dominate the market
to decide on prices and quantity. They used this relationship to dominate the market in setting prices
and cooperate during transportation.
Butchers
Butchers are the final links before the consumers along the commodity chain. They have purchased
20% of total sales by pastoralists, 17% of total sales by rural collectors, 38% of total sales by amateur
traders, and 42% of the total sales by itinerant traders. Three butcheries from Hosanna, Gimbichu and
Jajura towns were considered in this study to make the chain mapping complete. All of the butcheries
used abattoirs built by the municipality of their respective towns. Butcheries are regular purchasers of
cattle (Denbegnas), especially during non festival seasons. In Appendix 1, consumers are the final
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actors of the chain, and represent both local consumers in the study area, and markets outside the study
area so that to help finalise the chain mapping.
3.3. Price Spread Analysis
As Appendix 2 displays different marketing cost components incurred in the course of cattle marketing
by different actors along the cattle marketing chain. Along the chain, butchers incurred the highest cost
of marketing (94 Birr/head) while the pastoralists incurred 25.5 Birr/head. The high cost of the
Butchers is attributed for payment to abattoirs (sanitary and phytosanitory), transport, and labour which
amounts 53.2% of the marketing cost i.e. 50 Birr/head. Whereas other traders incurred more or less
related costs for cattle feed, holding stations, market levy, broker fees and estimated labour costs. The
amateur traders and itinerant traders incurred equivalent cost of 39 Birr/head; this is mainly related
with similarity of value addition.
As also depicted in Table 2, eleven major channels were identified in the process of cattle marketing
from pastoralists to consumers. The share of the market actors was different along each channel. The
total gross margin is the highest in the third (13.2%) and the ninth (13.2% of the consumer’s price)
channels implying relatively shorter channels brings in low total marketing margin. The producer's
share was highest (100%) in the first channel, in which the pastoralists had disposed of their products
directly to the consumer and it was lowest (71.5%) in channel seven (Table 2). The producers’ share in
other channels was lower than channel one because the producers sold their produce through the traders
(traders of all scales including butchers) who reaped away large amount from the consumers Birr. Next
to first channel (i.e. direct sale), the fifth (sales to butchers through rural assemblers), sixth, eighth, and
the eleventh channels (direct sale to butchers) was comparatively profitable channels for sale of cattle
in the study area. In the cattle chain analysis rural collectors get the highest gross margin 750 (23% of
the final consumers’ prices) in channel five, amateur traders get 350 (11%), itinerant traders and
butchers get 550 (17%) and 400 (12.3%) respectively. Table 2 demonstrates the costs and profits that
each agent along the chain make. In their course of action amateur traders made the largest profit of
311 Birr per head followed by butchers (306 Birr per head), village assembler (272.5 Birr per head) and
161 Birr per head by itinerant traders.
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4. Conclusion and Recommendations
Along the pastoral cattle marketing chain five marketing agents were identified. These are the
producers (pastoralists characterized by weak upgrading initiative), rural assemblers, amateur traders,
traders (itinerant), butchers and brokers are the major actors along the chain. As already noted
conflicts, robbery/raiding, absence of markets, drought and disease were critical problems while
absence of marketing and production facilitates were ranked as serious problems in the study area.
The analysis of the marketing costs and margin revealed that pastoralists incurred the lowest marketing
cost and butchers the highest marketing cost of 94 Birr where only butchery costs are 54% and that of
pastoralists was 23.5 Birr. Marketing margin of the participants was different along different channels;
producers get their highest profits in first, fifth, seventh and ninth channels in descending order. None
of the actors incurred losses; this may be attributed to the higher demand for the cattle and or
underestimation of costs because of computational difficulties in non tradable goods and the existence
of public /common property goods.
The chain analysis indicates that there was poor inter group and intra group linkages. And this
relationship minimised the gain pastoralists are supposed to obtain. To improve the return of the
pastoralists in the chain: it is better to increase the number of chain activities the pastoralist undertakes
from rearing, fattening, transportation and trading i.e. vertical integration. Vertical integration shortens
the chain by cutting out traders or other intermediaries by performing their functions. Since adding
activities adds costs and risks, identifying appropriate technologies, training on marketing systems to
be undertaken, and providing information and working capital would alleviate the problem. In addition,
the major problem reported by both the traders and producers was lack of basic facilities and
infrastructure that constrained the progress and/or functioning of the cattle market. Hence provision of
such service like veterinary facility, watering stations, roads, telecommunication, holding stations, and
market yards would improve the performance of the marketing system in the area.
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Appendix 1: A Sketch of Marketing Channels in the Study Area
Pastoralist/ Producer *
12%
100% (612 cattle)
Farm gate 12%
** ** Village collectors
7% 42%
12% (73 cattle)
**
**3% 1%
12%
**
17%
*** ** ** *** *
Primary
25% 6% 33.5% 19% 8% market 17%
Amateur traders
37% (226 cattle)
Butchers
** ***
11% 27% 48% (294 cattle)
** ***
2% 42%
13%
**
19%
*** ***
27% 100%
Secondary
***
38% Itinerant traders ***
3% Consumers market 71%
28.5% (175 cattle) 100% (612 cattle)
***
58%
Source: survey result, 2009
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