Livestock Marketing Performance Evaluation in Afar Region, EthiopiaPremier Publishers
This document evaluates the livestock marketing performance in Afar region of Ethiopia. It finds that some markets have oligopsony structures with high concentration of wholesale buyers, making them inefficient. Most markets were also inefficient with higher marketing margins except for Yallo market. A regression model showed that livestock price was significantly influenced by various factors like market, animal breed, gender, age and grade. A correlation analysis found that markets were not integrated at all levels. The document concludes that policies to improve marketing facilities could help change the situation in the region.
Analysis of milk production, butter marketing and household use of inputs in ...ILRI
Presented by Berhanu Gebremedhin, Kaleb Shiferaw, AzageTegegne and Dirk Hoekstra at Workshop on the 30th International Conference of Agricultural Economists (ICAE), Vancouver, British Columbia, 28 July-2 August 2018
Food processing in developing countries: The case of ready-to-eat staple food...essp2
1. Ready-to-eat staple food markets are rapidly transforming in urban Ethiopia as the population grows and urbanizes. The market for prepared injera, a staple bread, has expanded significantly.
2. Injera-making microenterprises that employ women are proliferating in cities like Addis Ababa to meet demand. These businesses prepare injera using a mix of local teff and imported rice.
3. Large injera export markets are also emerging, with over $10 million in annual exports. The food processing sector in Ethiopia is undergoing significant changes with implications for trade, employment, and food security.
How big are post-harvest losses in Ethiopia? The case of teffessp2
1) The document analyzes post-harvest losses in the teff value chain in Ethiopia through surveys of 1,200 farmers, wholesalers, and retailers.
2) Total estimated post-harvest losses along the teff value chain range from 2.2-3.3% of total production due to losses during threshing, storage, and transportation.
3) While teff losses are lower than some other crops for farmers, losses are higher at the retail level compared to other crops according to a survey of urban retailers.
Community Assets and Crop Diversification: Evidence from Ethiopia's PSNPessp2
Community Assets and Crop Diversification: Evidence from Ethiopia's PSNP analyzes the impact of Ethiopia's Productive Safety Net Program (PSNP) on crop diversity. The study uses panel data from 2006-2012 to estimate fixed effects models. The results show:
1) PSNP irrigation and soil conservation projects significantly increase crop diversity as measured by number of crops, Margalef index, Shannon index, and Simpson index.
2) There is an interaction effect, where the combination of irrigation and roads projects further increases diversity.
3) On average, PSNP projects are estimated to contribute 0.61 to 0.90 additional crops per farmer, depending on the model.
The
Livestock Marketing Performance Evaluation in Afar Region, EthiopiaPremier Publishers
This document evaluates the livestock marketing performance in Afar region of Ethiopia. It finds that some markets have oligopsony structures with high concentration of wholesale buyers, making them inefficient. Most markets were also inefficient with higher marketing margins except for Yallo market. A regression model showed that livestock price was significantly influenced by various factors like market, animal breed, gender, age and grade. A correlation analysis found that markets were not integrated at all levels. The document concludes that policies to improve marketing facilities could help change the situation in the region.
Analysis of milk production, butter marketing and household use of inputs in ...ILRI
Presented by Berhanu Gebremedhin, Kaleb Shiferaw, AzageTegegne and Dirk Hoekstra at Workshop on the 30th International Conference of Agricultural Economists (ICAE), Vancouver, British Columbia, 28 July-2 August 2018
Food processing in developing countries: The case of ready-to-eat staple food...essp2
1. Ready-to-eat staple food markets are rapidly transforming in urban Ethiopia as the population grows and urbanizes. The market for prepared injera, a staple bread, has expanded significantly.
2. Injera-making microenterprises that employ women are proliferating in cities like Addis Ababa to meet demand. These businesses prepare injera using a mix of local teff and imported rice.
3. Large injera export markets are also emerging, with over $10 million in annual exports. The food processing sector in Ethiopia is undergoing significant changes with implications for trade, employment, and food security.
How big are post-harvest losses in Ethiopia? The case of teffessp2
1) The document analyzes post-harvest losses in the teff value chain in Ethiopia through surveys of 1,200 farmers, wholesalers, and retailers.
2) Total estimated post-harvest losses along the teff value chain range from 2.2-3.3% of total production due to losses during threshing, storage, and transportation.
3) While teff losses are lower than some other crops for farmers, losses are higher at the retail level compared to other crops according to a survey of urban retailers.
Community Assets and Crop Diversification: Evidence from Ethiopia's PSNPessp2
Community Assets and Crop Diversification: Evidence from Ethiopia's PSNP analyzes the impact of Ethiopia's Productive Safety Net Program (PSNP) on crop diversity. The study uses panel data from 2006-2012 to estimate fixed effects models. The results show:
1) PSNP irrigation and soil conservation projects significantly increase crop diversity as measured by number of crops, Margalef index, Shannon index, and Simpson index.
2) There is an interaction effect, where the combination of irrigation and roads projects further increases diversity.
3) On average, PSNP projects are estimated to contribute 0.61 to 0.90 additional crops per farmer, depending on the model.
The
Commercialization of crops can help increase yields for smallholder farmers in Central Africa. A study analyzed data from 480 households in Rwanda and the Democratic Republic of Congo to assess the effects of agricultural commercialization. The results showed that higher levels of commercialization were positively associated with increased use of fertilizer and improved seed varieties. Commercialized farmers also had higher crop yields, generating over $12 more per hectare than less commercialized farmers. However, commercialization's influence relied on other factors like access to credit, markets, and information. The study concluded that promoting commercialization could motivate smallholders to intensify production and boost yields in Central Africa.
Market Access, Marketing Behavior And Efficiency Among Farming HouseholdsKnowledge Mupanda
(1) Market access, as measured by proximity to tarred roads, is associated with higher rates of market participation and percentage of output sold among smallholder farmers in Mozambique. (2) Market participation is linked to higher farm productivity, but the relationship is endogenous so market access is used to instrument participation. Estimation of a translog production function and inefficiency model finds that farmers with greater market access and participation are closer to the production frontier. (3) The analysis uses a nationally representative survey of rural households over two years, applying a Heckman selection model and stochastic frontier analysis to control for endogeneity and estimate the relationships between market access, participation and efficiency.
Price Determinant of Kolanut in Selected Markets in Ibadan, Oyo State, NigeriaAI Publications
The study was carried out to examine the price determinants of Kolanuts in selected markets in Ibadan, Oyo State. Eighty(80) Kolanuts sellers were randomly selected from four(4) urban Local Government Areas in Ibadan where four(4) Kolanut markets center were also visited. The data collected were subjected to descriptive statistics, Gross Margin and multiple Regression analysis. The results indicated that majority (97%) of Kolanut sellers in the study area were females. It was observed that (48%) of the respondents belong to the age bracket of 41-50years while (66.3%) of the respondents had primary and secondary education. Gross margin analysis showed that seven hundred and twenty three thousand, three hundred and fifty naira (₦723, 350.00) was realized as profit margin after the total variable cost(TVC) of two hundred and three thousand, four hundred and fifty naira(₦203,450.00) have been deducted as cost obtained. The results of multiple regression shows that the R2 (0.67) is high and that E-statistics further explained the ability of the independent variables in explaining the variations in the dependent variable. It was found out that slight changes in any of the explanatory variable will result in downward / upward movement in the market price of kolanut in the study area. It is imperative that more research should be carried out for more varieties of kolanut which could enhance more demand and marketing.
Determinants of Teff Market Channel Choice in Abay Chomen District, Western E...Premier Publishers
This study analyzes the determinants of Teff market outlet choices in Abay chomen District of Ethiopia. Survey of one hundred eighty-four (184) household heads was conducted in three kebeles of the district in 2016. Multivariate Probit model was used to identify determinants of households’ teff market outlet choice decisions. Farm gate collectors, retailers and wholesaler marketing outlets were used by teff producing farmers in the study area. The model result revealed that age of the households significantly determined the probability of choosing farm gate, retailers and wholesalers market outlets. The study also revealed that sex, land size and quantity of teff produced in 2016 significantly affected the farm gate outlet choice of the smallholders. Additionally, the retailer outlet choice of farmers was significantly determined by quantity of teff produced. On the other hand, the wholesale market outlet choice of farmers was significantly determined by education level of the farmers. This implies that the need to invest on improving the education status of farmers; improving the production capacity of farmers that would help smallholder farmers to choose the more rewarding market outlet. Therefore, any policy attempting to benefit smallholder farmers to link with fair market outlets should focus on their educational status and their production capacity.
This document discusses factors influencing maize production and marketing in Tirupur district, India. It begins with an introduction to maize as an important crop worldwide and in India. It then states the objective of the study is to analyze factors influencing maize production and marketing among farmers in the study area. The methodology section describes how primary and secondary data was collected through surveys of 300 maize farmers. Factor analysis was conducted to identify underlying factors. Three key factors were identified accounting for 62.87% of variance: 1) infrastructure and agricultural services, 2) inputs, and 3) marketing and price stability. The study concludes that crop insurance should be extended to all farmers and losses from high moisture content should be reduced.
"FOOD CROP MARKETING AND AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY IN A HIGH PRICE
ENVIRONMENT IN CENTRAL AND NORTHERN MOZAMBIQUE", R. Benfica, R. Uaiene, D. Boughton and B. Mouzinho, Workshop on Transformation of Agri-food Systems and Commercialization of Smallholder Agriculture in Mozambique: Evidence, Challenges and Implications Maputo, Mozambique, December 9, 2013
Beyond Agriculture: A Greater Role for Urban Industrial Growth?essp2
1. The comparative evidence shows that agriculture-led growth strategies have rarely succeeded on their own and usually require strong urban demand or high agricultural prices to drive productivity gains. In Ethiopia, these conditions are currently lacking.
2. For agriculture to drive growth in Ethiopia, it would need sustained high prices to incentivize productivity increases. However, the country's isolation makes prices volatile and difficult to stabilize. Agricultural growth alone also cannot generate sufficient urban income growth to continuously drive demand.
3. Agricultural productivity gains in Ethiopia face constraints including inadequate seed systems, underdeveloped input markets, low returns from fertilizer use without improved seeds, and limitations of the input credit system. Faster urban-led growth is now needed
Livestock Value Chain Analysis in Pastoral communities of EthiopiaAklilu Nigussie
This document analyzes the sheep and goat value chain in pastoral communities in Ethiopia. It finds that sheep and goat production is predominantly a pastoral system in arid and semi-arid areas. Smallholder producers, exporters, and traders are the major actors that supply livestock to local and export markets. On average, 94% of producers supply livestock to markets. The major determinants of market supply are estimated using regression analysis. Critical periods of supply occur during Christian holidays when producers seek better prices. The analysis finds some market integration between certain local markets. Overall, the value chain faces challenges related to market access and information for producers.
Socio-Economic Factors Influencing the Probability of Market Participation am...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
This document summarizes a study that examined socioeconomic factors influencing cattle farmers' participation in markets in Adamawa State, Nigeria. The study found that:
1) The average cattle farmer was 43 years old, had a family of 10 people, 19 years of marketing experience, and a herd of 49 cattle. Most were male (95%), married (83%), and had some formal education (78%).
2) A logit model was used to analyze factors influencing market participation. Five variables were found to significantly impact participation: gender (being male increased the probability of participation by 45%), education level, distance to market, access to market information, and seasonality.
3) The study provides recommendations such as encouraging more
Price spread analysis of cattle in hadiya pastoral areasAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the cattle marketing system and price spreads in the pastoral areas of Hadiya zone, Ethiopia. The study found that rural collectors made the largest profit per head of cattle sold at 542 Birr, followed by butchers at 506 Birr. Butchers incurred the highest costs per head of cattle purchased at 94 Birr. Producers received the largest share of the consumer price when selling directly to consumers or butchers. The study recommends vertically integrating the cattle marketing system and providing training, information and capital to pastoralists to improve their profits from cattle marketing.
11.price spread analysis of cattle in hadiya pastoral areasAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the cattle marketing system and price spreads in the pastoral areas of Hadiya zone, Ethiopia. Key findings include:
1. The marketing chain involves pastoralists, rural collectors, amateur traders, itinerant traders, brokers, and butchers. Rural collectors make the largest profit per head while butchers incur the highest costs.
2. Producers receive the largest share of the consumer price from direct sales to consumers or butchers. To improve producer gains, vertical integration is recommended along with training, information provision, and access to capital.
3. Analysis of marketing margins found that rural collectors profit the most per head, followed by butchers
Discretionary Policy Interventions in Malawi: An Impact Analysis of Export Ba...IFPRIMaSSP
Jointly with the Ministry of Industry and Trade, IFPRI held a dissemination workshop on "Export Ban and Minimum Farm Gate Prices Study” at Sunbird Capital Hotel on August 24, 2016. The research project was funded by the ASWAP-SP Multi Donor Trust Fund. Three IFPRI researchers presented a summary of the results of the project. A discussion, which involved all the present stakeholders and also remotely participating researchers followed.
- The study examined the profitability of cashew production among smallholder farmers in Wenchi Municipality, Ghana.
- Data was collected from 140 farmers and analyzed using net present value, benefit-cost ratio, and internal rate of return to assess profitability over a 25-year period.
- The results showed that a 1-hectare cashew plantation has a positive net present value of GH¢260.82 ($343.16), a benefit-cost ratio of 1.13, and an internal rate of return of 43.85%, indicating that cashew production is profitable.
The rapid expansion of herbicide use in smallholder agriculture in Ethiopiaessp2
This document summarizes research on the rapid expansion of herbicide use in smallholder agriculture in Ethiopia. The study finds that herbicide use has increased fivefold in the last decade as imports have risen. Herbicides are mainly used on commercial cereals like teff and wheat. The research finds that herbicide application leads to improved crop production and increased labor productivity, especially for weeding. Transportation costs and rural wage levels are the main factors determining farmers' adoption of herbicides. The expanded herbicide use could significantly reduce rural labor needs but also raises issues regarding herbicide quality, safety, and potential health implications that require monitoring.
Economic Analysis of Poultry Egg Marketing in Oredo and Egor Local Government...Premier Publishers
The study analyzed the marketing of Poultry eggs in Oredo and Egor local government area of Edo state. It specifically described the socio-economic characteristics of the poultry egg marketers and determined the market conduct, performance of the egg market, marketing margin, profitability, effect of marketing cost on the magnitude of the marketing margin and the constraints that affected egg marketers in the study area. Structured questionnaire was randomly administered to 100 respondents in 4 purposively selected egg markets based on egg market concentration in order to gather relevant data. Data gotten were analyzed using descriptive statistics, budgetary techniques and the ordinary least square model. The result indicated that egg marketing in the area was dominated by females who were mostly married and had experience in poultry egg marketing. Results from the study also indicated a fairly good market performance as market margin per crate of egg and market efficiency were fairly good. The marketers were exploitative in setting their prices as the mark-up took a greater share of the total margin. The BCR indicated that the business was viable. The result of the regression analysis showed that marketing costs (transportation, storage, market levy and tax) greatly influenced the marketing margin realized from poultry egg marketing in the study area. Credit and Loan facilities should be made easily accessible to the marketers as they complained about the lack of accessibility to loan and credit facilities.
This document analyzes the technical efficiency of wheat production on commercial farms in Ethiopia. It uses data from 32 commercial farms surveyed in 2010. A stochastic frontier model is used to estimate a Cobb-Douglas production function. The results show inputs like seed, agrochemicals, and tractor hours have a positive impact on output, while area and labor have a negative impact. The average technical efficiency is 82% and inefficiency accounts for 99% of the difference from best practice. Factors found to influence efficiency include farm manager experience, distance to road, farm machinery value, and providing mechanization services. Average age of machinery is the only factor that negatively impacts efficiency.
Determinants of Market Facilitators Choice by Smallholder Farmers in Laikipia...iosrjce
Horticultural crop production is one of the major crops grown in arid and semi-arid lands especially
in Laikipia County, Kenya.Market facilitators’ help in linking smallholder farmers to high value market either
in rural or urban markets. The underpinning factors in choice of market facilitators by smallholder farmers are
not yet well understood. Therefore, this paper aims to determine those factors influencingchoice of market
facilitators by farmers while marketing their produce. A multi-stage sampling technique was used to select 396
farmers in Laikipia East district. Binary Logit model was used as the major analytical tool; it is applicable
when analyzing binary decision or response. The results showed that, household size, age of household head
and marketing through a group positively influenced choice of market facilitators by smallholder farmers. On
the other hand, number of members in the group, access to market information, purpose of farming and amount
of output produced negatively influenced choice of market facilitators. Based on these findings, policy was
drawn to improve access to facilitators by farmers that linked them to high value output market
Dairy farmers’ access to markets in Uganda: Observing the unobservableILRI
This document summarizes a presentation on dairy farmers' access to markets in Uganda. It discusses two main issues: 1) There are endless priorities and variables that influence market access, making it difficult to determine policy priorities, and 2) Perfect information assumptions do not always hold, as most farmers are "forced entrepreneurs" rather than opportunity-seeking. An analysis of survey data found differences between subsistence and commercial dairy farmers in herd size, income sources, and self-identification. A regression model showed that market participation depends on a farmer's commercial orientation and other variables. The conclusion is that more evidence is needed on farmers' entrepreneurial attitudes to better inform policies aimed at improving smallholder market access.
Household market participation behaviour in small ruminants in the Highlands ...ILRI
Presented by Berhanu Gebremedhin, Dirk Hoekstra, Azage Tegegne, Kaleb Shiferaw and Aklilu Bogale at the International Conference of Agricultural Economists (ICAE), Milan, Italy, 9-14 August 2015
Commercialization of crops can help increase yields for smallholder farmers in Central Africa. A study analyzed data from 480 households in Rwanda and the Democratic Republic of Congo to assess the effects of agricultural commercialization. The results showed that higher levels of commercialization were positively associated with increased use of fertilizer and improved seed varieties. Commercialized farmers also had higher crop yields, generating over $12 more per hectare than less commercialized farmers. However, commercialization's influence relied on other factors like access to credit, markets, and information. The study concluded that promoting commercialization could motivate smallholders to intensify production and boost yields in Central Africa.
Market Access, Marketing Behavior And Efficiency Among Farming HouseholdsKnowledge Mupanda
(1) Market access, as measured by proximity to tarred roads, is associated with higher rates of market participation and percentage of output sold among smallholder farmers in Mozambique. (2) Market participation is linked to higher farm productivity, but the relationship is endogenous so market access is used to instrument participation. Estimation of a translog production function and inefficiency model finds that farmers with greater market access and participation are closer to the production frontier. (3) The analysis uses a nationally representative survey of rural households over two years, applying a Heckman selection model and stochastic frontier analysis to control for endogeneity and estimate the relationships between market access, participation and efficiency.
Price Determinant of Kolanut in Selected Markets in Ibadan, Oyo State, NigeriaAI Publications
The study was carried out to examine the price determinants of Kolanuts in selected markets in Ibadan, Oyo State. Eighty(80) Kolanuts sellers were randomly selected from four(4) urban Local Government Areas in Ibadan where four(4) Kolanut markets center were also visited. The data collected were subjected to descriptive statistics, Gross Margin and multiple Regression analysis. The results indicated that majority (97%) of Kolanut sellers in the study area were females. It was observed that (48%) of the respondents belong to the age bracket of 41-50years while (66.3%) of the respondents had primary and secondary education. Gross margin analysis showed that seven hundred and twenty three thousand, three hundred and fifty naira (₦723, 350.00) was realized as profit margin after the total variable cost(TVC) of two hundred and three thousand, four hundred and fifty naira(₦203,450.00) have been deducted as cost obtained. The results of multiple regression shows that the R2 (0.67) is high and that E-statistics further explained the ability of the independent variables in explaining the variations in the dependent variable. It was found out that slight changes in any of the explanatory variable will result in downward / upward movement in the market price of kolanut in the study area. It is imperative that more research should be carried out for more varieties of kolanut which could enhance more demand and marketing.
Determinants of Teff Market Channel Choice in Abay Chomen District, Western E...Premier Publishers
This study analyzes the determinants of Teff market outlet choices in Abay chomen District of Ethiopia. Survey of one hundred eighty-four (184) household heads was conducted in three kebeles of the district in 2016. Multivariate Probit model was used to identify determinants of households’ teff market outlet choice decisions. Farm gate collectors, retailers and wholesaler marketing outlets were used by teff producing farmers in the study area. The model result revealed that age of the households significantly determined the probability of choosing farm gate, retailers and wholesalers market outlets. The study also revealed that sex, land size and quantity of teff produced in 2016 significantly affected the farm gate outlet choice of the smallholders. Additionally, the retailer outlet choice of farmers was significantly determined by quantity of teff produced. On the other hand, the wholesale market outlet choice of farmers was significantly determined by education level of the farmers. This implies that the need to invest on improving the education status of farmers; improving the production capacity of farmers that would help smallholder farmers to choose the more rewarding market outlet. Therefore, any policy attempting to benefit smallholder farmers to link with fair market outlets should focus on their educational status and their production capacity.
This document discusses factors influencing maize production and marketing in Tirupur district, India. It begins with an introduction to maize as an important crop worldwide and in India. It then states the objective of the study is to analyze factors influencing maize production and marketing among farmers in the study area. The methodology section describes how primary and secondary data was collected through surveys of 300 maize farmers. Factor analysis was conducted to identify underlying factors. Three key factors were identified accounting for 62.87% of variance: 1) infrastructure and agricultural services, 2) inputs, and 3) marketing and price stability. The study concludes that crop insurance should be extended to all farmers and losses from high moisture content should be reduced.
"FOOD CROP MARKETING AND AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY IN A HIGH PRICE
ENVIRONMENT IN CENTRAL AND NORTHERN MOZAMBIQUE", R. Benfica, R. Uaiene, D. Boughton and B. Mouzinho, Workshop on Transformation of Agri-food Systems and Commercialization of Smallholder Agriculture in Mozambique: Evidence, Challenges and Implications Maputo, Mozambique, December 9, 2013
Beyond Agriculture: A Greater Role for Urban Industrial Growth?essp2
1. The comparative evidence shows that agriculture-led growth strategies have rarely succeeded on their own and usually require strong urban demand or high agricultural prices to drive productivity gains. In Ethiopia, these conditions are currently lacking.
2. For agriculture to drive growth in Ethiopia, it would need sustained high prices to incentivize productivity increases. However, the country's isolation makes prices volatile and difficult to stabilize. Agricultural growth alone also cannot generate sufficient urban income growth to continuously drive demand.
3. Agricultural productivity gains in Ethiopia face constraints including inadequate seed systems, underdeveloped input markets, low returns from fertilizer use without improved seeds, and limitations of the input credit system. Faster urban-led growth is now needed
Livestock Value Chain Analysis in Pastoral communities of EthiopiaAklilu Nigussie
This document analyzes the sheep and goat value chain in pastoral communities in Ethiopia. It finds that sheep and goat production is predominantly a pastoral system in arid and semi-arid areas. Smallholder producers, exporters, and traders are the major actors that supply livestock to local and export markets. On average, 94% of producers supply livestock to markets. The major determinants of market supply are estimated using regression analysis. Critical periods of supply occur during Christian holidays when producers seek better prices. The analysis finds some market integration between certain local markets. Overall, the value chain faces challenges related to market access and information for producers.
Socio-Economic Factors Influencing the Probability of Market Participation am...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
This document summarizes a study that examined socioeconomic factors influencing cattle farmers' participation in markets in Adamawa State, Nigeria. The study found that:
1) The average cattle farmer was 43 years old, had a family of 10 people, 19 years of marketing experience, and a herd of 49 cattle. Most were male (95%), married (83%), and had some formal education (78%).
2) A logit model was used to analyze factors influencing market participation. Five variables were found to significantly impact participation: gender (being male increased the probability of participation by 45%), education level, distance to market, access to market information, and seasonality.
3) The study provides recommendations such as encouraging more
Price spread analysis of cattle in hadiya pastoral areasAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the cattle marketing system and price spreads in the pastoral areas of Hadiya zone, Ethiopia. The study found that rural collectors made the largest profit per head of cattle sold at 542 Birr, followed by butchers at 506 Birr. Butchers incurred the highest costs per head of cattle purchased at 94 Birr. Producers received the largest share of the consumer price when selling directly to consumers or butchers. The study recommends vertically integrating the cattle marketing system and providing training, information and capital to pastoralists to improve their profits from cattle marketing.
11.price spread analysis of cattle in hadiya pastoral areasAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the cattle marketing system and price spreads in the pastoral areas of Hadiya zone, Ethiopia. Key findings include:
1. The marketing chain involves pastoralists, rural collectors, amateur traders, itinerant traders, brokers, and butchers. Rural collectors make the largest profit per head while butchers incur the highest costs.
2. Producers receive the largest share of the consumer price from direct sales to consumers or butchers. To improve producer gains, vertical integration is recommended along with training, information provision, and access to capital.
3. Analysis of marketing margins found that rural collectors profit the most per head, followed by butchers
Discretionary Policy Interventions in Malawi: An Impact Analysis of Export Ba...IFPRIMaSSP
Jointly with the Ministry of Industry and Trade, IFPRI held a dissemination workshop on "Export Ban and Minimum Farm Gate Prices Study” at Sunbird Capital Hotel on August 24, 2016. The research project was funded by the ASWAP-SP Multi Donor Trust Fund. Three IFPRI researchers presented a summary of the results of the project. A discussion, which involved all the present stakeholders and also remotely participating researchers followed.
- The study examined the profitability of cashew production among smallholder farmers in Wenchi Municipality, Ghana.
- Data was collected from 140 farmers and analyzed using net present value, benefit-cost ratio, and internal rate of return to assess profitability over a 25-year period.
- The results showed that a 1-hectare cashew plantation has a positive net present value of GH¢260.82 ($343.16), a benefit-cost ratio of 1.13, and an internal rate of return of 43.85%, indicating that cashew production is profitable.
The rapid expansion of herbicide use in smallholder agriculture in Ethiopiaessp2
This document summarizes research on the rapid expansion of herbicide use in smallholder agriculture in Ethiopia. The study finds that herbicide use has increased fivefold in the last decade as imports have risen. Herbicides are mainly used on commercial cereals like teff and wheat. The research finds that herbicide application leads to improved crop production and increased labor productivity, especially for weeding. Transportation costs and rural wage levels are the main factors determining farmers' adoption of herbicides. The expanded herbicide use could significantly reduce rural labor needs but also raises issues regarding herbicide quality, safety, and potential health implications that require monitoring.
Economic Analysis of Poultry Egg Marketing in Oredo and Egor Local Government...Premier Publishers
The study analyzed the marketing of Poultry eggs in Oredo and Egor local government area of Edo state. It specifically described the socio-economic characteristics of the poultry egg marketers and determined the market conduct, performance of the egg market, marketing margin, profitability, effect of marketing cost on the magnitude of the marketing margin and the constraints that affected egg marketers in the study area. Structured questionnaire was randomly administered to 100 respondents in 4 purposively selected egg markets based on egg market concentration in order to gather relevant data. Data gotten were analyzed using descriptive statistics, budgetary techniques and the ordinary least square model. The result indicated that egg marketing in the area was dominated by females who were mostly married and had experience in poultry egg marketing. Results from the study also indicated a fairly good market performance as market margin per crate of egg and market efficiency were fairly good. The marketers were exploitative in setting their prices as the mark-up took a greater share of the total margin. The BCR indicated that the business was viable. The result of the regression analysis showed that marketing costs (transportation, storage, market levy and tax) greatly influenced the marketing margin realized from poultry egg marketing in the study area. Credit and Loan facilities should be made easily accessible to the marketers as they complained about the lack of accessibility to loan and credit facilities.
This document analyzes the technical efficiency of wheat production on commercial farms in Ethiopia. It uses data from 32 commercial farms surveyed in 2010. A stochastic frontier model is used to estimate a Cobb-Douglas production function. The results show inputs like seed, agrochemicals, and tractor hours have a positive impact on output, while area and labor have a negative impact. The average technical efficiency is 82% and inefficiency accounts for 99% of the difference from best practice. Factors found to influence efficiency include farm manager experience, distance to road, farm machinery value, and providing mechanization services. Average age of machinery is the only factor that negatively impacts efficiency.
Determinants of Market Facilitators Choice by Smallholder Farmers in Laikipia...iosrjce
Horticultural crop production is one of the major crops grown in arid and semi-arid lands especially
in Laikipia County, Kenya.Market facilitators’ help in linking smallholder farmers to high value market either
in rural or urban markets. The underpinning factors in choice of market facilitators by smallholder farmers are
not yet well understood. Therefore, this paper aims to determine those factors influencingchoice of market
facilitators by farmers while marketing their produce. A multi-stage sampling technique was used to select 396
farmers in Laikipia East district. Binary Logit model was used as the major analytical tool; it is applicable
when analyzing binary decision or response. The results showed that, household size, age of household head
and marketing through a group positively influenced choice of market facilitators by smallholder farmers. On
the other hand, number of members in the group, access to market information, purpose of farming and amount
of output produced negatively influenced choice of market facilitators. Based on these findings, policy was
drawn to improve access to facilitators by farmers that linked them to high value output market
Dairy farmers’ access to markets in Uganda: Observing the unobservableILRI
This document summarizes a presentation on dairy farmers' access to markets in Uganda. It discusses two main issues: 1) There are endless priorities and variables that influence market access, making it difficult to determine policy priorities, and 2) Perfect information assumptions do not always hold, as most farmers are "forced entrepreneurs" rather than opportunity-seeking. An analysis of survey data found differences between subsistence and commercial dairy farmers in herd size, income sources, and self-identification. A regression model showed that market participation depends on a farmer's commercial orientation and other variables. The conclusion is that more evidence is needed on farmers' entrepreneurial attitudes to better inform policies aimed at improving smallholder market access.
Household market participation behaviour in small ruminants in the Highlands ...ILRI
Presented by Berhanu Gebremedhin, Dirk Hoekstra, Azage Tegegne, Kaleb Shiferaw and Aklilu Bogale at the International Conference of Agricultural Economists (ICAE), Milan, Italy, 9-14 August 2015
A milk marketing system for pastoralists of Kilosa district in Tanzania: mark...Premier Publishers
This document summarizes a study on the milk marketing system for pastoralists in Kilosa district, Tanzania. The study found that the pastoral milk marketing system was profitable but not efficient. Net profits per liter were highest for producers at TZS 332, followed by retailers at TZS 141 and vendors at TZS 65. The market structure was a weak oligopoly with lack of standards, grades or product differentiation signaling inefficiency. To improve the system, the study recommends promoting commercialization through community extension services, village banks, training processors and pastoralists in proper handling, and milking techniques.
Inclusive Transformation in Ethiopian Crop Agricultureessp2
This document summarizes trends in Ethiopian crop agriculture over the past decades. It notes that crop agriculture makes up a large share of Ethiopia's economy but productivity remains low compared to other countries. Growth has been driven by intensification through increased use of inputs and extension services rather than expansion of land. However, constraints still exist including small farm sizes, degradation of highlands, and lack of irrigation and improved seeds. The document calls for a long-term, integrated strategy to address these challenges through policies like land rental markets, shifting production practices, and expanded rural opportunities.
Kanat Tilekeyev presented on seed and fertilizer policy development in Kyrgyz Republic. He outlined the country's agricultural profile, including declining GDP contribution from agriculture and low crop productivity. Recent government policies aimed to increase food security through price interventions and agro-processing investments with limited effectiveness. Seed policy focused on infrastructure but unfinished agenda remains. Fertilizer policy centered on import monitoring, market liberalization, and attempted export restrictions with limited impact. Case studies on a seed distribution scheme and fertilizer export duty demonstrated policy gaps. Analysis of farmer surveys in Talas Oblast showed fertilizer use correlated with higher agricultural production. Tilekeyev recommended improved decision-making using deeper information and joint work between researchers and government.
Analyses of household specific transaction cost factors in livestock and live...ILRI
Presentation by Moti Jaleta, Berhanu Gebremedhin, Samson Jemaneh and Aklilu Bogale (ILRI-IPMS) to the 5th All Africa Conference on Animal Agriculture and the 18th Annual Meeting of the Ethiopian Society of Animal Production (ESAP), Addis Ababa, October 25-28, 2010
Ethiopia's agrifood system has undergone rapid transformation between 2009 and 2019, with agricultural GDP declining as a share of total GDP while off-farm components increased. Growth has been driven by domestic market-oriented value chains like cereals, roots, and livestock. Looking forward, jointly promoting high-growth value chains like horticulture, wheat and barley, maize, and livestock could effectively achieve multiple development outcomes like poverty reduction, improved nutrition, employment, and economic growth. No single value chain maximizes all outcomes, so a balanced approach is needed.
Value chains, markets and economics: Africa RISING Science, Innovations and T...africa-rising
Poster prepared by Asfaw Negassa, Barry Shapiro, Teklu Kindu, Asebe Abdena , Jean Hansen, Dirk Hoekstra and Willington Jogo for the Africa RISING Science for Impact Workshop, Dar es Salaam, 17-19 January 2017
Ex-ante assessment of potential market demands and commercial viabilities for...africa-rising
Poster prepared by Asfaw Negassa, Barry Shapiro, Teklu Kidane, Asebe Abdena and Jean Hansen for the Africa RISING Ethiopia Review and Planning Meeting, Addis Ababa, 29-30 November 2016
This document analyzes the role of livestock in the Kenyan economy using a dynamic computable general equilibrium model. The model was modified to include a separate herd dynamics module coupled with the economy-wide model. Simulation results show that livestock total factor productivity growth spurs greater economic growth than cereal growth alone by promoting livestock GDP and supporting the cereal sector. Livestock growth significantly increases GDP, exports, and factor returns like land more than other strategies. It also benefits poor rural households' incomes the most, especially in arid and semi-arid areas. The findings suggest Kenya should prioritize balanced agricultural growth across sectors like livestock and cereals rather than focusing on cereals alone.
Patterns and determinants of teff consumption in ethiopiaessp2
International Food Policy Research Institute/ Ethiopia Strategy Support Program (IFPRI/ ESSP)and Ethiopian Development Research Institute (EDRI) Coordinated a conference with Agriculutral Transformation Agency (ATA) and Ministry of Agriculutrue (MoA) on Teff Value Chain at Hilton Hotel Addis Ababa on October 10, 2013.
Integrated Poverty Assessment for Livestock PolicyFAO
This document discusses how promoting smallholder poultry development in Vietnam can help alleviate poverty. It finds that poultry income is more equitably distributed than total income. Improving market access for smallholders is key to reducing poverty. Certification programs that improve supply chain management can help smallholders overcome market barriers by increasing consumer willingness to pay for quality and safety. Contracting arrangements with clear standards can also benefit smallholders by improving access to inputs, credit, and stable markets.
This document analyzes the value chain of sesame in the Bench Maji Zone of Ethiopia. It identifies the major actors in the sesame value chain as producers, wholesalers, rural collectors, cooperatives, brokers, retailers, exporters, and NGOs. It uses survey data and statistical analysis to examine factors that influence farmers' choices of market outlets. The analysis finds that years of experience, cooperative membership, household size, education level, land area under sesame cultivation, quantity supplied, participation in training, and distance to the nearest market significantly impact farmers' decisions on where to sell their sesame. The study recommends strengthening farmers' cooperatives, improving infrastructure and access to transportation, enhancing farmers' knowledge through
International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) and Ethiopian Development Research Institute (EDRI) in collaboration with Ethiopian Economics Association (EEA). Eleventh International Conference on Ethiopian Economy. July 18-20, 2013
Sources of Inefficiency and Growth in Agricultual Output in Subsistence Agric...essp2
Ethiopian Development Research Institute (EDRI) and International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI, Seventh International Conference on Ethiopian Economy, EEA Conference, June 26, 2010
Knowledge of livestock grading and market participation among small ruminant ...ILRI
This document summarizes a study on small ruminant producers' knowledge of livestock grading and market participation in northern Somalia. The study found that producers were generally aware of the indigenous grading system used in livestock markets, but knowledge of the system did not significantly influence their market participation. While women played a strong role in small ruminant rearing, factors like herd size, location, and who makes sales decisions had a greater impact on the intensity of producers' market engagement. The results indicate opportunities to strengthen small ruminant production and marketing through interventions aimed at protecting producers' animal stocks.
The document summarizes changes to seed provision policies in Thailand over the last two decades and their effects on private seed markets. Specifically:
1) While rice seed provision is still dominated by the public sector, the private seed market has grown thanks to strong government support for private sector roles, long-term agricultural research investment, and policies not to compete with private seed trading.
2) The government also actively supports the private sector role in hybrid maize seeds for similar reasons.
3) Key laws and regulations governing seeds aim to promote quality standards while allowing private sector growth, contributing to the thriving of both rice and maize private seed markets.
Similar to Determinants of Smallholder Market Participation: Evidence from Feed the Future(FtF) zones of Ethiopia (20)
This document discusses constrained multiplier analysis by relaxing the assumption of unlimited factor resources. It introduces the concept of constraining some sectors' production levels to model resource constraints in agriculture, mining, and government services. The constrained multiplier formula is derived, distinguishing between supply-unconstrained and constrained sectors. A matrix format is used to represent the formula, with the constrained multiplier calculated as the inverse of the identity matrix minus an adjusted coefficient matrix, multiplied by the exogenous components matrix. Readers are directed to a worksheet exercise to calculate constrained multipliers using the mathematical equations and Excel functions.
This document provides an introduction to multiplier analysis using social accounting matrices (SAM). It outlines how economic linkages transmit the effects of exogenous demand shocks through an economy. The direct and indirect effects are explained, with indirect effects including consumption and production linkages. An unconstrained SAM multiplier model is presented, with formulas derived to calculate economy-wide output, income, and sectoral responses to exogenous changes in demand. Exercises are provided to build a multiplier model in Excel and calculate multipliers.
The document provides an introduction to social accounting matrices (SAM) and economywide analysis. It discusses key concepts such as:
- SAMs capture the circular flow of income and expenditures between households, firms, government, and the rest of the world.
- Economywide analysis considers how changes in one sector can impact other sectors through economic linkages.
- A SAM shows payments by columns and receipts by rows to ensure double-entry bookkeeping and macroeconomic consistency.
- Building a SAM requires data from various sources like national accounts and household surveys, which are reconciled using statistical techniques.
Panel on ‘Statistical Data for Policy Decision Making in Ethiopia’, African Statistics Day Workshop organized by the Ethiopian Statistics Service (ESS). 17-Nov-22.
This document discusses sustainable food systems. It defines a food system as encompassing all actors and activities involved in food production, processing, distribution, consumption and disposal. A sustainable food system is one that provides food security and nutrition for current and future generations without compromising economic, social or environmental sustainability. It must be economically viable, socially equitable, and have neutral or positive environmental impacts. The food system is driven by biophysical, demographic, technological, political, economic and socio-cultural factors.
The document summarizes Ethiopia's Productive Safety Net Program (PSNP), a large social protection program that aims to smooth food consumption and protect assets for chronically food insecure communities. Key points:
- The PSNP provides direct transfers and public works projects to build community assets like roads and irrigation. It supports up to 8 million beneficiaries with a budget of $0.5 billion annually.
- Independent evaluations show the PSNP improved household food security and dietary diversity but had little impact on child nutrition outcomes. It did not reduce labor supply or crowd out private transfers.
- While the PSNP enhanced resilience, graduation remains a challenge. Targeting in lowland areas also proved difficult. Ensuring timely payments
Some Welfare Consequences of COVID-19 in Ethiopiaessp2
1) The study examines the impacts of COVID-19 on food marketing margins in Ethiopia using phone surveys of farmers, wholesalers, and retailers conducted in February 2020 and May 2020.
2) The surveys found that over 50% of farmers reported receiving less income in May compared to usual times, though most planned to continue vegetable production. Wholesalers reported decreased transport options and client numbers but stable or lower costs, while most retailers saw lower client numbers but stable or lower costs and losses.
3) Retail prices for the main vegetables remained quite stable between February and May, suggesting marketing margins absorbed most impacts of COVID-19 disruptions on vegetable supply chains in Ethiopia during the
Improving evidence for better policy making in Ethiopia’s livestock sector essp2
1. The document discusses Ethiopia's evolving livestock sector and improving evidence for better policy making.
2. While livestock contributed little to GDP growth, there is considerable potential for growth given Ethiopia's large livestock populations and rising demand for animal-sourced foods.
3. Factors like education, household size, extension services, and herd size are positively associated with adoption of improved practices and inputs like vaccination and cross-breeding.
The COVID-19 Pandemic and Food Security in Ethiopia – An Interim Analysisessp2
This document summarizes the potential impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on food security in Ethiopia. It finds that the pandemic is likely to have large short-term negative economic effects through impacts on exports, imports, remittances and domestic lockdown measures. This will reduce GDP, household incomes, employment and agricultural market functioning. Many households are already experiencing income losses, higher food prices and shifts away from nutritious foods. Recommendations include continuing the government's response, addressing misinformation, expanding social safety nets and implementing selective lockdowns.
COVID-19 and its impact on Ethiopia’s agri-food system, food security, and nu...essp2
The document summarizes the effects of COVID-19 on agricultural value chains in Ethiopia. It discusses how measures taken to prevent spread of the virus, such as closing land borders and restricting movement between regional states, have reduced economic activity. It then outlines an assessment of local rural-urban value chains to understand how the pandemic is impacting farmers' incomes, market access, and food security. The assessment will focus on commodities like potatoes, onions, and tomatoes that rely on transportation between rural and urban areas. Recommendations will be made on how to minimize disruptions to the agricultural sector during this crisis.
This short document does not contain any clear topics, details, or essential information to summarize in 3 sentences or less. It only includes line numbers without any accompanying text.
AFFORDABILITY OF Nutritious foods IN ETHIOPIAessp2
This document summarizes research on the affordability of nutritious diets in Ethiopia. It finds that between 2001 and 2017, the cost of the least expensive diet providing adequate calories and nutrients for an adult woman increased 67% from $0.91 to $1.52. While real prices of some staple foods have decreased in recent years, prices of nutrient-rich foods like dairy, eggs, and meat have increased substantially. However, overall affordability has improved due to rising incomes. Still, ensuring adequate supply of nutritious foods is important to keep their prices low.
The EAT Lancet Publication: Implications for Nutrition Health and Planetessp2
The document discusses a publication by the EAT-Lancet Commission that aimed to define global scientific targets for healthy diets from sustainable food systems. It established a reference diet of 2500 calories per day consisting of vegetables, fruits, whole grains, plant proteins, unsaturated fats, and limited red meat and sugar. Current diets vary widely from this target. The commission also set planetary boundaries related to greenhouse gas emissions, land and water use, and nutrient flows to define a safe operating space for food production. Global modeling was used to identify combinations of measures needed to meet dietary targets sustainably by 2050, such as shifting diets, reducing food waste, and improving agricultural practices.
Sustainable Undernutrition Reduction in Ethiopia (SURE): Evaluation studies essp2
The SURE program is a government-led multisectoral intervention in Ethiopia that aims to reduce undernutrition through a package of interventions like joint household visits, cooking demonstrations, and media campaigns. Evaluation studies of SURE used a quasi-experimental design and found that children's dietary diversity is positively associated with reduced stunting, and that household production of fruits and vegetables was linked to increased child dietary diversity and reduced stunting. However, the studies also found variability in the delivery of nutrition messages across households and limited awareness of nutrition guidelines among local officials.
Policies and Programs on food and Nutrition in Ethiopiaessp2
This document outlines policies and programs on food and nutrition in Ethiopia. It discusses nutrition-specific and nutrition-sensitive interventions, and the pathways through which nutrition-sensitive interventions can affect diet and food systems. It then provides an overview of Ethiopia's policy landscape on food and nutrition, outlining various strategies and policies that aim to improve nutrition, including the Food, Nutrition and Policy, Agriculture Growth Program Phase II, Productive Safety Net Program, and National Nutrition Program. The document concludes that Ethiopia has a favorable policy environment for improving diets and nutrition, but effective implementation, coordination, evidence-based scaling up of interventions, and strong monitoring and evaluation are still needed.
1) Access to nutritious foods is challenging for many households in Ethiopia, especially low-income households, due to high costs and an inability to afford animal-source proteins, zinc, iron, and other micronutrients that are critical for young children's development.
2) A study found that households in Ethiopia spend around 25,000 birr per year on food, with 14,535 birr from purchases and 11,000 birr from own production, but still struggle to meet half of nutritional requirements for children under two.
3) Factors like religious fasting practices and lack of separate feeding plates for children can negatively impact children's diet diversity in Ethiopia. Increased investment in small and
Kaleab Baye presented on diets and stunting in Ethiopia. Stunting rates have declined overall but inequalities persist, with the lowest wealth quintile having the highest rates. Complementary foods in Ethiopia are often low in quantity, diversity, and quality. Improving maternal and child nutrition requires interventions across food systems to increase availability, accessibility, and affordability of nutrient-dense foods as well as improving caregiver feeding practices and maternal health. Comprehensive measures are needed to assess diet quality and reduce consumption of unhealthy foods and risks to food safety.
This document discusses the linkages between irrigation and nutrition in Ethiopia. It notes that Ethiopia's Food and Nutrition Policy and Nutrition Sensitive Agricultural Strategy recognize the role of irrigation in improving nutritional outcomes. There are several pathways through which irrigation can impact nutrition, such as increasing food production, household income, access to water, and women's empowerment. Studies show that children and women in irrigating households in Ethiopia have better dietary diversity and nutrient intake, as well as reduced stunting and wasting, compared to non-irrigating households. Therefore, promoting irrigation can help improve nutrition in addition to increasing income and agricultural yields.
Bharat Mata - History of Indian culture.pdfBharat Mata
Bharat Mata Channel is an initiative towards keeping the culture of this country alive. Our effort is to spread the knowledge of Indian history, culture, religion and Vedas to the masses.
Jennifer Schaus and Associates hosts a complimentary webinar series on The FAR in 2024. Join the webinars on Wednesdays and Fridays at noon, eastern.
Recordings are on YouTube and the company website.
https://www.youtube.com/@jenniferschaus/videos
The Power of Community Newsletters: A Case Study from Wolverton and Greenleys...Scribe
YOU WILL DISCOVER:
The engaging history and evolution of Wolverton and Greenleys Town Council's newsletter
Strategies for producing a successful community newsletter and generating income through advertising
The decision-making process behind moving newsletter design from in-house to outsourcing and its impacts
Dive into the success story of Wolverton and Greenleys Town Council's newsletter in this insightful webinar. Hear from Mandy Shipp and Jemma English about the newsletter's journey from its inception to becoming a vital part of their community's communication, including its history, production process, and revenue generation through advertising. Discover the reasons behind outsourcing its design and the benefits this brought. Ideal for anyone involved in community engagement or interested in starting their own newsletter.
How To Cultivate Community Affinity Throughout The Generosity JourneyAggregage
This session will dive into how to create rich generosity experiences that foster long-lasting relationships. You’ll walk away with actionable insights to redefine how you engage with your supporters — emphasizing trust, engagement, and community!
Indira awas yojana housing scheme renamed as PMAYnarinav14
Indira Awas Yojana (IAY) played a significant role in addressing rural housing needs in India. It emerged as a comprehensive program for affordable housing solutions in rural areas, predating the government’s broader focus on mass housing initiatives.
karnataka housing board schemes . all schemesnarinav14
The Karnataka government, along with the central government’s Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (PMAY), offers various housing schemes to cater to the diverse needs of citizens across the state. This article provides a comprehensive overview of the major housing schemes available in the Karnataka housing board for both urban and rural areas in 2024.
Presentation by Julie Topoleski, CBO’s Director of Labor, Income Security, and Long-Term Analysis, at the 16th Annual Meeting of the OECD Working Party of Parliamentary Budget Officials and Independent Fiscal Institutions.
Determinants of Smallholder Market Participation: Evidence from Feed the Future(FtF) zones of Ethiopia
1. ETHIOPIAN DEVELOPMENT
RESEARCH INSTITUTE
Determinants of Smallholder Market Participation: Evidence from
Feed the Future(FtF) zones of Ethiopia
Bethelhem Koru and Alemayehu Seyoum Taffesse
IFPRI ESSP
Ethiopian Economics Association
13th International Conference on the Ethiopian Economy
July 23-25, 2015
Addis Ababa
1
2. 2
Introduction
• Markets are important in the livelihood strategy of most rural households
• The government policy on agricultural development has recently started to emphasize the
transformation of subsistence agriculture into market orientation
• Agriculture sector in Ethiopia → low uptake of improved farm inputs, week links to markets,
high transport costs, and lack of information on markets and prices
• Little literature exists on why farmers find themselves as either net sellers, autarkic or net
buyers
• The primary objectives of the paper is thus to analyze those factors that determine the
market position of small holder farmers in Ethiopia , with a particular focus on food crops
3. Definition of Commercialization
• The concept and level of agricultural commercialization has been defined differently across
studies
• In most literature, a farm household is assumed to be commercialized if it is producing a
significant amount of cash commodities
• Gabremadhin et al. (2007) level of household commercialization is measured as the
percentage of agricultural output sold to total agricultural production
• Pender and Alemu (2007) → the ratio of the value of crop sales in households over the total
value of crop production
• For this study we define market position based on the level of annual surplus production less
of annual consumption available for marketing
4. Cont’d
Annual Production - Annual Consumption
Net seller → if HH sells more than 50 kg of a crop
Net buyer → if HH buys more than 50 kg of a crop
Autarky → if HH sells/buys less than 50 kg of a crop
5. Data
• Our empirical finding is based on Feed the future (FtF) baseline survey collected by
International Food Policy Research Institute along with Central Statistical Agency (CSA) in the
year 2013
• One of the key FtF learning agenda question is to support and facilitate market (Promoting
access to market with lower risks and lower entry barriers)
• The study covers 84 woredas from five Regional States of Oromiya, Amhara, Tigray, SNNPR
and Somali in Ethiopia. A total of 7011 household were collected
• A community (or Kebele)-level survey that brings a wealth of information on infrastructures,
access to markets was also administered to complement household-level data
6. Methods
-The estimation was based on multinomial Probit (MNP) model which enable us to treat the
three category of market position
𝑃 𝑌 = 𝑗/𝑋 =
exp(𝑋𝛽𝑗)
[1 + Σ exp(𝑋𝛽 𝑘 ]
, 𝑗 = 1,2, … . 𝐽
Y = Measure of commercial categories of farmers (Net seller, Net buyer, Autarky)
X = denote a set of explanatory variables:
-Household and household head characteristics,
-Access to markets and transport infrastructure
-Access to institutional service (extension, credit)
-Access and ownership of farm equipment
This method can be used to analyze the impact of various explanatory variables on the
probability of being in one or another category (outcome).
11. Descriptive statistics by net market position of Teff and Maize producers
Teff Maize
Variables Net Seller Net Buyer Sig. Net Seller Net Buyer Sig.
Proportion of primary occupation
Crop production 32 31 39 27 ***
Livestock production 0.9 1 1 1
Non-farm activities 26 24 25 24
Male head of household
(1=Male)
78 72 *** 76 72 ***
Age of household head 43 42 * 42 41 **
Proportion of working age HH
members
56 55 55 53 ***
HH education (1=can write and
read)
39 40 39 37 *
12. Conti….
Teff Maize
Variables Net Seller Net Buyer Sig. Net Seller Net Buyer Sig.
Output (kg) 431 96 *** 885 128 ***
Farm equipment(Birr) 724 629 ** 741 507 ***
Member of a cooperative (%) 16 13 ** 18 15 ***
Area of land operated (ha) 1.88 1.53 *** 1.8 1.3 ***
HH has at least one irrigated
plot (%)
1.9 1 * 4 1 ***
Use fertilizer (%) 67 49 *** 55 36 ***
Use improved seed variety (%) 25 18 *** 36 13 ***
Extension visit (%) 32 26 *** 36 28 ***
13. Econometric Result: Multinominal probit (MNP) model: TEFF
Marginal Effects of the Multinomial Probit Model on Market Position
Autarky Net seller
Proportion of children -0.11** 0.44***
proportion of working age HH members -0.08 0.48***
Age 0.002 0.003***
HH Sex (1= Male) -0.002 0.04*
Dummy improved seed(1=yes) 0.02 0.029
Dummy fertilizer use (1=yes) 0.011 0.126***
HH membership in cooperative(1=yes) -0.03* 0.07
Log prod. Asset 0.005 0.02***
Land size(ha) 0.002 0.015***
HH have phone (1=yes) -0.005 -0.04*
14. Econometric Result: Multinomial probit (MNP) model: Maize
Marginal Effects of the Multinomial Probit Model on Market Position
Autarky Net seller
Road quality rank -0.008*** 0.01*
Extension visit(1=yes) -0.007 0.046**
Irrigation use at least in one plot (1=yes) -0.002 0.195***
Dummy improved seed(1=yes) -0.001 0.193***
Dummy fertilizer use (1=yes) 0.01 0.05*
Credit(1=yes) -0.005 0.007
HH membership in mahiber(1=yes) -0.02* 0.04*
Log prod. Asset -0.01** 0.03***
Land size(ha) 0.001 0.021
15. Conclusion
In general, we found statistical evidence suggesting that the higher the level of
production, the higher will be the probability of farmers being engaged in
commercialization;
Results from both descriptive and econometric analysis suggest that net sellers
households are more likely to adopt agricultural technologies;
The prevalence of lower market transaction costs (higher quality of road) also
improves household involvement in food market;
Productive assets that increase potential production of Teff and maize such as land,
ownership of farm equipment owned by the households have positively associated
with being net seller;