A self learning module designed for student nurses to help them understand the nursing care of patients with wounds. I am sharing this with other educators or nursing students to help them in this area. You have my permission to use this to learn about wounds but not to take as your own presentation. I hope you honor this request.
1. Atopic dermatitis is the most common type of dermatitis, which is a chronic, pruritic inflammatory skin disease that varies in severity. It primarily causes intense itching.
2. The pathogenesis is multifactorial involving genetic predisposition, skin barrier dysfunction, and immune abnormalities.
3. Treatment focuses on managing flares with topical corticosteroids and infections, while remission involves long-term emollient use and trigger avoidance.
What is scabies? What is the cause of scabies? What is the pathogenesis of scabies? What are the types of scabies? What is the treatment of scabies? Let's discuss scabies in detail. The disease is spread by an itch mite. We'll discuss about it's transmission from human to human. How does it affects the skin and causes itching of the skin. The treatment and management is discussed as well. Hope this presentation will help you out.
Examination of the skin p 945
HTPE p 51 (skin hair and nails)
• Inspection
• Palpation
Skin HTPE p 52 hair
• Colour
• Lesions
• Texture / thickness
• Hydration
• Turgor / elasticity
• Vascularity / erythema
• Temperature
Examine nails HTPE p 946 p 54
• Inspect
• Palpate
Examine hair and skull p 946 HTPE p 54
• Inspect
• Palpate
Examine the head and neck p 54
Common skin lesions p 948 (define and identify)
• Acne
• Blister
• Bulla
• Cherry angioma
• Crusts
• Cyst
• Ecchymosis
• Keloid
• Lichen
• Macule
• Nodule
• Papule
• Patch
• Plaque
• Petichae
• Pustule
• Scale
• Scar
• Spider angioma
• Tumour
• Ulcer
• Urticuria
• Vesicle
• Wheal
Rashes PCCM p 246
• Dermatitis table 49.4
o Atopic dermatitis p 961
o Contact dermatitis p 962 / PCCM 246
Clinical features PCCM p 246
Management PCCM p 246
o Essential health information
o Topical therapies box 49.1
• Nappy rash p 964 box 49.2
o Causes
o Clinical features
o Management
• Allergic PCCM 248
o Clinical features
o Management
Infectious skin diseases p 957, table 49,1 PCCM 249
• Folliculitis p 957
o Clinical manifestations
o Management
• Impetigo p 957 table 49.1 PCCM 249
o Causes
o Clinical features p 957 / PCCM 249
o Management
• Cellulitis PCCM 250
o Clinical features
o Management
• Boil /Carbuncle / furuncle p 957 table 49.1
o Clinical features PCCM 250
o Management PCCM 250
Viral infections p 957, table 49.2, PCCM p 251
• Herpes Zoster shingles p 958 PCCM 251
o Causes
o Clinical features
o Management
• Warts p 958, table 49.2, PCCM 252
o Clinical features
Management
Fungal diseases p 959, PCCM p 254
• Tinea capitis
o Clinical features
o Management
• Tinea corporis
o Clinical features
o Management
• Tinea pedis
o Clinical features
o Management
• Tinea unguium
o Clinical features
o Management
• Tinea cruris
o Clinical features
o Management
Urticaria PCCM 256
• Causes
• Clinical features
Eczema PCCM p 258
• Definition
• Causes
• Clinical features
Psoriasis p 961 PCCM p 260
• Definition
• Causes p 961 /PCCM 260
• Pathophysiology
• Risk factors
• Types
• Clinical manifestations pp 962 / PCCM 260
• Management p 962 / PCCM 260
Acne vulgaris p 965, PCCM p 261
• Causes p 965 / PCCM 261
• Clinical features
• Risk / p 965 Influencing factors PCCM 261
• Management
• Essential health information p 965
Skin tumours
• Malignant melanoma P 961 PCCM p 263
o Clinical features
o Management
o Essential health information
This document provides definitions and classifications of wounds. It discusses the pathophysiology of wound infection, including the signs of inflammation. It describes the management of wounds, including wound assessment, cleansing, and surgical debridement. It covers types of wound healing, factors affecting healing, and complications and their management. Some key points include classifications by degree of contamination and mechanism of injury. It discusses the cardinal signs of inflammation. It also outlines wound closure techniques and factors influencing wound healing such as nutrition, diabetes, and chronic diseases.
The document provides an overview of ganglion cysts. It begins with an introduction defining ganglion cysts as sacs of fluid that form over joints or tendons. It then discusses the epidemiology, noting that ganglion cysts most commonly occur on the back of the hand and are more frequent in women ages 20-40. The document outlines potential risk factors and pathophysiology. Signs and symptoms include swelling, bumps or masses near joints that may cause pain or limit motion. Management options include monitoring small cysts, aspiration to drain fluid, or surgery to remove the cyst and attachment area.
Melanin is the pigment produced by melanocytes in the skin that determines skin color. It protects the skin from UV damage. Vitiligo is a condition where melanocytes die or stop functioning, causing white patches of skin where no melanin is produced. It can affect any part of the body and is associated with autoimmune diseases. Treatments include cosmetic camouflage, phototherapy (PUVA), topical corticosteroids, and skin grafting. Prognosis varies and vitiligo may continue in cycles of pigment loss and stability.
Vitiligo is a hypopigmentation disorder characterized by depigmented patches on the skin. It is caused by a loss of melanocytes in the affected areas. There are several proposed mechanisms including genetic predisposition, autoimmune attack on melanocytes, and neural mechanisms. Clinically, it presents as well-circumscribed milky white macules that may coalesce. Treatment involves phototherapy with PUVA or narrowband UVB, topical corticosteroids for localized lesions, and systemic corticosteroids for more widespread or rapidly progressive disease. Surgical interventions like melanocyte transplantation can be used for sites resistant to medical therapy.
SJS is a rare and serious condition that causes flu-like symptoms and the development of painful sores on the skin, eyes, and mucous membranes. It is usually caused by an allergic reaction to certain medications. The sores spread and the skin dies and falls off, potentially affecting 10-30% of the body's skin. SJS requires testing to diagnose and treatment focuses on fluid replacement, stopping the culprit medication, and cleaning wounds to remove dead tissue. SJS can result in life-long complications like skin scarring and vision problems.
1. Atopic dermatitis is the most common type of dermatitis, which is a chronic, pruritic inflammatory skin disease that varies in severity. It primarily causes intense itching.
2. The pathogenesis is multifactorial involving genetic predisposition, skin barrier dysfunction, and immune abnormalities.
3. Treatment focuses on managing flares with topical corticosteroids and infections, while remission involves long-term emollient use and trigger avoidance.
What is scabies? What is the cause of scabies? What is the pathogenesis of scabies? What are the types of scabies? What is the treatment of scabies? Let's discuss scabies in detail. The disease is spread by an itch mite. We'll discuss about it's transmission from human to human. How does it affects the skin and causes itching of the skin. The treatment and management is discussed as well. Hope this presentation will help you out.
Examination of the skin p 945
HTPE p 51 (skin hair and nails)
• Inspection
• Palpation
Skin HTPE p 52 hair
• Colour
• Lesions
• Texture / thickness
• Hydration
• Turgor / elasticity
• Vascularity / erythema
• Temperature
Examine nails HTPE p 946 p 54
• Inspect
• Palpate
Examine hair and skull p 946 HTPE p 54
• Inspect
• Palpate
Examine the head and neck p 54
Common skin lesions p 948 (define and identify)
• Acne
• Blister
• Bulla
• Cherry angioma
• Crusts
• Cyst
• Ecchymosis
• Keloid
• Lichen
• Macule
• Nodule
• Papule
• Patch
• Plaque
• Petichae
• Pustule
• Scale
• Scar
• Spider angioma
• Tumour
• Ulcer
• Urticuria
• Vesicle
• Wheal
Rashes PCCM p 246
• Dermatitis table 49.4
o Atopic dermatitis p 961
o Contact dermatitis p 962 / PCCM 246
Clinical features PCCM p 246
Management PCCM p 246
o Essential health information
o Topical therapies box 49.1
• Nappy rash p 964 box 49.2
o Causes
o Clinical features
o Management
• Allergic PCCM 248
o Clinical features
o Management
Infectious skin diseases p 957, table 49,1 PCCM 249
• Folliculitis p 957
o Clinical manifestations
o Management
• Impetigo p 957 table 49.1 PCCM 249
o Causes
o Clinical features p 957 / PCCM 249
o Management
• Cellulitis PCCM 250
o Clinical features
o Management
• Boil /Carbuncle / furuncle p 957 table 49.1
o Clinical features PCCM 250
o Management PCCM 250
Viral infections p 957, table 49.2, PCCM p 251
• Herpes Zoster shingles p 958 PCCM 251
o Causes
o Clinical features
o Management
• Warts p 958, table 49.2, PCCM 252
o Clinical features
Management
Fungal diseases p 959, PCCM p 254
• Tinea capitis
o Clinical features
o Management
• Tinea corporis
o Clinical features
o Management
• Tinea pedis
o Clinical features
o Management
• Tinea unguium
o Clinical features
o Management
• Tinea cruris
o Clinical features
o Management
Urticaria PCCM 256
• Causes
• Clinical features
Eczema PCCM p 258
• Definition
• Causes
• Clinical features
Psoriasis p 961 PCCM p 260
• Definition
• Causes p 961 /PCCM 260
• Pathophysiology
• Risk factors
• Types
• Clinical manifestations pp 962 / PCCM 260
• Management p 962 / PCCM 260
Acne vulgaris p 965, PCCM p 261
• Causes p 965 / PCCM 261
• Clinical features
• Risk / p 965 Influencing factors PCCM 261
• Management
• Essential health information p 965
Skin tumours
• Malignant melanoma P 961 PCCM p 263
o Clinical features
o Management
o Essential health information
This document provides definitions and classifications of wounds. It discusses the pathophysiology of wound infection, including the signs of inflammation. It describes the management of wounds, including wound assessment, cleansing, and surgical debridement. It covers types of wound healing, factors affecting healing, and complications and their management. Some key points include classifications by degree of contamination and mechanism of injury. It discusses the cardinal signs of inflammation. It also outlines wound closure techniques and factors influencing wound healing such as nutrition, diabetes, and chronic diseases.
The document provides an overview of ganglion cysts. It begins with an introduction defining ganglion cysts as sacs of fluid that form over joints or tendons. It then discusses the epidemiology, noting that ganglion cysts most commonly occur on the back of the hand and are more frequent in women ages 20-40. The document outlines potential risk factors and pathophysiology. Signs and symptoms include swelling, bumps or masses near joints that may cause pain or limit motion. Management options include monitoring small cysts, aspiration to drain fluid, or surgery to remove the cyst and attachment area.
Melanin is the pigment produced by melanocytes in the skin that determines skin color. It protects the skin from UV damage. Vitiligo is a condition where melanocytes die or stop functioning, causing white patches of skin where no melanin is produced. It can affect any part of the body and is associated with autoimmune diseases. Treatments include cosmetic camouflage, phototherapy (PUVA), topical corticosteroids, and skin grafting. Prognosis varies and vitiligo may continue in cycles of pigment loss and stability.
Vitiligo is a hypopigmentation disorder characterized by depigmented patches on the skin. It is caused by a loss of melanocytes in the affected areas. There are several proposed mechanisms including genetic predisposition, autoimmune attack on melanocytes, and neural mechanisms. Clinically, it presents as well-circumscribed milky white macules that may coalesce. Treatment involves phototherapy with PUVA or narrowband UVB, topical corticosteroids for localized lesions, and systemic corticosteroids for more widespread or rapidly progressive disease. Surgical interventions like melanocyte transplantation can be used for sites resistant to medical therapy.
SJS is a rare and serious condition that causes flu-like symptoms and the development of painful sores on the skin, eyes, and mucous membranes. It is usually caused by an allergic reaction to certain medications. The sores spread and the skin dies and falls off, potentially affecting 10-30% of the body's skin. SJS requires testing to diagnose and treatment focuses on fluid replacement, stopping the culprit medication, and cleaning wounds to remove dead tissue. SJS can result in life-long complications like skin scarring and vision problems.
During the Dietetic Internship, the interns were assigned various disease states to conduct a case study on. I was assigned pressure ulcers and found my case study patient at a skilled nursing facility during my 3 week rotation.
Impetigo is a common bacterial skin infection that affects the superficial layers of the epidermis. It is highly contagious and most often caused by Staphylococcus aureus or Streptococcus pyogenes bacteria. Impetigo commonly affects children in developing countries and the incidence in India is approximately 6%. It presents as vesicles or pustules that rupture and form honey-colored crusts. Treatment involves topical or oral antibiotics like mupirocin, retapamulin, cephalexin, or amoxicillin-clavulanic acid. Proper hygiene and wound care are also important to prevent the spread of impetigo.
Psoriasis is a chronic, autoimmune disease that causes scaly patches on the skin called plaques when immune system signals speed up skin cell growth. It can affect the nails and has different classifications including plaque, pustular, guttate, and forms linked to arthritis. Psoriasis reduces quality of life similarly to other chronic conditions. Genetics and immune system issues contribute to its cause. Diagnosis is usually based on visual inspection, though biopsies can confirm. Management includes topical treatments, phototherapy, systemic drugs, and alternative therapies. Psoriasis has no cure but available treatments can control symptoms.
Common causes of joint pain include conditions like osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, bursitis, tendinitis, and injuries. Osteoarthritis is the most common cause, affecting 40% of people with joint pain. It is a degenerative joint disease involving the breakdown of cartilage. Rheumatoid arthritis is an inflammatory condition affecting multiple joints and tissues. Diagnosis involves considering history, symptoms, examination and sometimes investigations. Treatment options depend on the underlying cause but may include medications, physiotherapy, exercise, weight loss, or in some cases surgery.
Ophthalmic wound care assessment chartTracy Culkin
This document contains forms for assessing wounds and developing treatment plans. It includes sections to document factors that could delay healing, mark the location and type of wounds on diagrams of the front and back of the body as well as the feet, note who the patient was referred to for additional treatment, and the assessor's signature and date. Subsequent pages include areas to document details of wound assessments over time such as dimensions, tissue type, exudate levels, peri-wound skin condition, signs of infection, treatment objectives, and wound treatment plans and evaluations. The final page is for evaluating pressure care with sections for the Braden score, pressure relief methods, dressing/cushions used, positioning frequency, and rationale for changes
Dr. Angelo Smith discusses various types of dermatitis and eczema. He covers topics such as the characteristic presentations, locations, triggers, and treatment approaches for atopic dermatitis, contact dermatitis, dyshidrotic eczema, nummular eczema, and seborrheic dermatitis among others. The document provides clinical guidance on distinguishing features, comorbidities, and management strategies for common inflammatory skin conditions.
The document describes and classifies various skin lesions. It defines 26 different lesions including macules, papules, plaques, vesicles, bullae, pustules, cysts, nodules and wheals as primary skin lesions. Secondary skin lesions include scales, crusts, fissures, erosions, ulcers, lichenification and atrophy. Special skin lesions include telangiectasia, phlebectasia, burrows and comedones. Vasculopathies like petechiae, purpura and ecchymosis are also defined. Iris-like lesions are used to describe erythema multiforme. Each lesion is concisely defined and an example is provided.
This document discusses irritant contact dermatitis (ICD) and its causes, pathogenesis, epidemiology, clinical manifestations, and differences from allergic contact dermatitis. ICD is caused by contact with irritating chemicals, physical agents, or microbes in the environment. It results in skin lesions, mucosa lesions, or semi-mucosa lesions through irritant pathogenic mechanisms. ICD presents with erythema, edema, weeping lesions, vesicles or bullae and the reaction peaks quickly then starts to heal. In contrast, allergic contact dermatitis involves a sensitization phase and elicitation phase and presents with pruritus, vesicles and oozing lesions that spread beyond the contact area.
This short presentation is to help those in medical fields to have a summary knowledge of what bursitis is and it can also help students in their assignments and or course works. It contains what bursae are, what bursitis means, causes, risk factors, common sites, clinical features, how to diagnose bursitis, other conditions that can mimic bursitis, how to prevent bursitis and management.
Eczema - A Case Presentation (by Dr. Julius King Kwedhi)Dr. Julius Kwedhi
Eczema: Come from the Greek name for boiling, a reference to the tiny vesicles (bubbles) that are commonly seen in the early acute stage of the disease
An immune-mediated inflammation of the skin arising from an interaction between genetic (e.g. epidermal barrier function, immune system) and environmental factors (foods, airborne allergens, Staphylococcus aureus colonization on skin due to deficiencies in endogenous antimicrobial peptides, topical products)
The eczemas are a disparate group of diseases, but unified by the presence of itch and, in the acute stages, of oedema (spongiosis) in the epidermis
This document discusses deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE). It defines DVT as a blood clot forming in the deep veins and PE occurring when part of the clot breaks off and lodges in the lung arteries. Common signs of DVT include swelling, pain with exercise. Risk factors include age, obesity, surgery, cancer, smoking. Treatment involves anticoagulants to prevent further clots and restore vein function.
Urticaria is characterized by itchy red wheals or plaques on the skin that resolve over hours without marks. It can involve superficial or deep swellings in the dermis or subcutaneous tissues. Urticaria includes common conditions like acute or chronic hives, as well as physical, contact, and vibratory urticarias. Potential triggers include drugs, foods, infections, stress, and systemic diseases. It is a heterogeneous group of disorders distinguished by the transient appearance of wheals that come and go over periods of less than or greater than six weeks.
This document presents a case study of a 42-year-old female factory worker presenting with swelling, redness, cracks and scaling on her feet for 2 months. Her symptoms include burning pain and itching. Her medical history and examination are documented. Differential diagnoses considered include atopic dermatitis, contact dermatitis, xerotic eczema and stasis dermatitis. After analyzing her symptoms according to Kent's approach, the totality of symptoms points toward a picture of Sulphur. Sulphur 30 along with Rub. Met. 30 twice daily for 2 weeks was prescribed, with coconut oil for itching. At follow up after 2 weeks, burning and itching showed slight reduction.
Atopic dermatitis is a chronic inflammatory skin disease associated with respiratory allergies. It is characterized by recurrent eczematous lesions and intense itch. Genetic factors like filaggrin mutations cause skin barrier defects allowing allergens and microbes to trigger immune responses. The disease involves type 2 immunity cytokines activating neurons to produce itch. Staphylococcus aureus colonization exacerbates inflammation. Clinical features include erythematous patches and plaques with lichenification in chronic cases.
This document discusses pressure ulcers, including their definition, staging, epidemiology, pathophysiology, presentation, assessment, and management. Pressure ulcers are lesions caused by unrelieved pressure that damage underlying tissue. They are commonly staged from I to IV based on depth of tissue damage. Risk factors include immobility, incontinence, and nutritional deficiencies. Treatment involves reducing pressure, managing infection, debridement, dressing wounds, and surgery in some cases.
This document discusses itching (pruritus) from a dermatological perspective. It defines pruritus as an unpleasant sensation that causes the desire to scratch. It explores the potential mechanisms of itch including nerves, chemicals, and external factors. It describes how to evaluate patients with itching through history, examination, and considering possible skin, systemic, or psychological causes. Finally, it outlines approaches to treating the cause of itching and treating the itch itself through topical agents, systemic medications, and psychological interventions.
Acne vulgaris is the most common skin condition affecting teenagers, characterized by inflammatory and non-inflammatory lesions on the face, neck and upper trunk. It peaks in late teens and usually stops by age 25. Factors like hormones, stress, and certain foods can aggravate acne. Treatment involves topical medications for mild to moderate acne and oral antibiotics or hormones for more severe cases. Complications may include scarring. Proper long-term treatment and management is important to prevent recurrence and worsening of acne over time.
This document discusses pruritus (itching) by defining it, listing common causes such as dry skin, skin conditions, systemic diseases, nerve disorders, allergic reactions, drugs, and psychological factors. It describes the pathophysiology of the itch-scratch cycle and classification of pruritus. Diagnosis involves history, physical exam, and potential lab tests. Management includes topical corticosteroids, oral antihistamines, antidepressants, treating underlying causes, phototherapy, and nursing interventions like moisturizing and distraction techniques. Complications can be skin injury, infection, and scarring if scratching is not prevented.
Wound care presented by abdulsalam mohammed nursing officer, reconstructive ...Abdulsalam Mohammed Daaru
Anatomy of the skin
wound healing
Wound care as a concept
Wound Dressing vs. Wound care
Nursing management
Treatments of wounds
Challenges and recommendation
conclusion
Pressure ulcer prevention and care.pptxaneettababu3
This document discusses pressure ulcers, including their definition, risk factors, stages, signs and symptoms, prevention, and treatment. It defines pressure ulcers as injuries to the skin and tissue caused by prolonged pressure. Risk factors include impaired mobility, nutrition, hydration, age, and medical conditions. Prevention focuses on reducing pressure, moisture, friction, and shearing forces on the skin. Treatment involves cleaning wounds, applying dressings, managing pain and infection, dietary interventions, and sometimes surgery.
During the Dietetic Internship, the interns were assigned various disease states to conduct a case study on. I was assigned pressure ulcers and found my case study patient at a skilled nursing facility during my 3 week rotation.
Impetigo is a common bacterial skin infection that affects the superficial layers of the epidermis. It is highly contagious and most often caused by Staphylococcus aureus or Streptococcus pyogenes bacteria. Impetigo commonly affects children in developing countries and the incidence in India is approximately 6%. It presents as vesicles or pustules that rupture and form honey-colored crusts. Treatment involves topical or oral antibiotics like mupirocin, retapamulin, cephalexin, or amoxicillin-clavulanic acid. Proper hygiene and wound care are also important to prevent the spread of impetigo.
Psoriasis is a chronic, autoimmune disease that causes scaly patches on the skin called plaques when immune system signals speed up skin cell growth. It can affect the nails and has different classifications including plaque, pustular, guttate, and forms linked to arthritis. Psoriasis reduces quality of life similarly to other chronic conditions. Genetics and immune system issues contribute to its cause. Diagnosis is usually based on visual inspection, though biopsies can confirm. Management includes topical treatments, phototherapy, systemic drugs, and alternative therapies. Psoriasis has no cure but available treatments can control symptoms.
Common causes of joint pain include conditions like osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, bursitis, tendinitis, and injuries. Osteoarthritis is the most common cause, affecting 40% of people with joint pain. It is a degenerative joint disease involving the breakdown of cartilage. Rheumatoid arthritis is an inflammatory condition affecting multiple joints and tissues. Diagnosis involves considering history, symptoms, examination and sometimes investigations. Treatment options depend on the underlying cause but may include medications, physiotherapy, exercise, weight loss, or in some cases surgery.
Ophthalmic wound care assessment chartTracy Culkin
This document contains forms for assessing wounds and developing treatment plans. It includes sections to document factors that could delay healing, mark the location and type of wounds on diagrams of the front and back of the body as well as the feet, note who the patient was referred to for additional treatment, and the assessor's signature and date. Subsequent pages include areas to document details of wound assessments over time such as dimensions, tissue type, exudate levels, peri-wound skin condition, signs of infection, treatment objectives, and wound treatment plans and evaluations. The final page is for evaluating pressure care with sections for the Braden score, pressure relief methods, dressing/cushions used, positioning frequency, and rationale for changes
Dr. Angelo Smith discusses various types of dermatitis and eczema. He covers topics such as the characteristic presentations, locations, triggers, and treatment approaches for atopic dermatitis, contact dermatitis, dyshidrotic eczema, nummular eczema, and seborrheic dermatitis among others. The document provides clinical guidance on distinguishing features, comorbidities, and management strategies for common inflammatory skin conditions.
The document describes and classifies various skin lesions. It defines 26 different lesions including macules, papules, plaques, vesicles, bullae, pustules, cysts, nodules and wheals as primary skin lesions. Secondary skin lesions include scales, crusts, fissures, erosions, ulcers, lichenification and atrophy. Special skin lesions include telangiectasia, phlebectasia, burrows and comedones. Vasculopathies like petechiae, purpura and ecchymosis are also defined. Iris-like lesions are used to describe erythema multiforme. Each lesion is concisely defined and an example is provided.
This document discusses irritant contact dermatitis (ICD) and its causes, pathogenesis, epidemiology, clinical manifestations, and differences from allergic contact dermatitis. ICD is caused by contact with irritating chemicals, physical agents, or microbes in the environment. It results in skin lesions, mucosa lesions, or semi-mucosa lesions through irritant pathogenic mechanisms. ICD presents with erythema, edema, weeping lesions, vesicles or bullae and the reaction peaks quickly then starts to heal. In contrast, allergic contact dermatitis involves a sensitization phase and elicitation phase and presents with pruritus, vesicles and oozing lesions that spread beyond the contact area.
This short presentation is to help those in medical fields to have a summary knowledge of what bursitis is and it can also help students in their assignments and or course works. It contains what bursae are, what bursitis means, causes, risk factors, common sites, clinical features, how to diagnose bursitis, other conditions that can mimic bursitis, how to prevent bursitis and management.
Eczema - A Case Presentation (by Dr. Julius King Kwedhi)Dr. Julius Kwedhi
Eczema: Come from the Greek name for boiling, a reference to the tiny vesicles (bubbles) that are commonly seen in the early acute stage of the disease
An immune-mediated inflammation of the skin arising from an interaction between genetic (e.g. epidermal barrier function, immune system) and environmental factors (foods, airborne allergens, Staphylococcus aureus colonization on skin due to deficiencies in endogenous antimicrobial peptides, topical products)
The eczemas are a disparate group of diseases, but unified by the presence of itch and, in the acute stages, of oedema (spongiosis) in the epidermis
This document discusses deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE). It defines DVT as a blood clot forming in the deep veins and PE occurring when part of the clot breaks off and lodges in the lung arteries. Common signs of DVT include swelling, pain with exercise. Risk factors include age, obesity, surgery, cancer, smoking. Treatment involves anticoagulants to prevent further clots and restore vein function.
Urticaria is characterized by itchy red wheals or plaques on the skin that resolve over hours without marks. It can involve superficial or deep swellings in the dermis or subcutaneous tissues. Urticaria includes common conditions like acute or chronic hives, as well as physical, contact, and vibratory urticarias. Potential triggers include drugs, foods, infections, stress, and systemic diseases. It is a heterogeneous group of disorders distinguished by the transient appearance of wheals that come and go over periods of less than or greater than six weeks.
This document presents a case study of a 42-year-old female factory worker presenting with swelling, redness, cracks and scaling on her feet for 2 months. Her symptoms include burning pain and itching. Her medical history and examination are documented. Differential diagnoses considered include atopic dermatitis, contact dermatitis, xerotic eczema and stasis dermatitis. After analyzing her symptoms according to Kent's approach, the totality of symptoms points toward a picture of Sulphur. Sulphur 30 along with Rub. Met. 30 twice daily for 2 weeks was prescribed, with coconut oil for itching. At follow up after 2 weeks, burning and itching showed slight reduction.
Atopic dermatitis is a chronic inflammatory skin disease associated with respiratory allergies. It is characterized by recurrent eczematous lesions and intense itch. Genetic factors like filaggrin mutations cause skin barrier defects allowing allergens and microbes to trigger immune responses. The disease involves type 2 immunity cytokines activating neurons to produce itch. Staphylococcus aureus colonization exacerbates inflammation. Clinical features include erythematous patches and plaques with lichenification in chronic cases.
This document discusses pressure ulcers, including their definition, staging, epidemiology, pathophysiology, presentation, assessment, and management. Pressure ulcers are lesions caused by unrelieved pressure that damage underlying tissue. They are commonly staged from I to IV based on depth of tissue damage. Risk factors include immobility, incontinence, and nutritional deficiencies. Treatment involves reducing pressure, managing infection, debridement, dressing wounds, and surgery in some cases.
This document discusses itching (pruritus) from a dermatological perspective. It defines pruritus as an unpleasant sensation that causes the desire to scratch. It explores the potential mechanisms of itch including nerves, chemicals, and external factors. It describes how to evaluate patients with itching through history, examination, and considering possible skin, systemic, or psychological causes. Finally, it outlines approaches to treating the cause of itching and treating the itch itself through topical agents, systemic medications, and psychological interventions.
Acne vulgaris is the most common skin condition affecting teenagers, characterized by inflammatory and non-inflammatory lesions on the face, neck and upper trunk. It peaks in late teens and usually stops by age 25. Factors like hormones, stress, and certain foods can aggravate acne. Treatment involves topical medications for mild to moderate acne and oral antibiotics or hormones for more severe cases. Complications may include scarring. Proper long-term treatment and management is important to prevent recurrence and worsening of acne over time.
This document discusses pruritus (itching) by defining it, listing common causes such as dry skin, skin conditions, systemic diseases, nerve disorders, allergic reactions, drugs, and psychological factors. It describes the pathophysiology of the itch-scratch cycle and classification of pruritus. Diagnosis involves history, physical exam, and potential lab tests. Management includes topical corticosteroids, oral antihistamines, antidepressants, treating underlying causes, phototherapy, and nursing interventions like moisturizing and distraction techniques. Complications can be skin injury, infection, and scarring if scratching is not prevented.
Wound care presented by abdulsalam mohammed nursing officer, reconstructive ...Abdulsalam Mohammed Daaru
Anatomy of the skin
wound healing
Wound care as a concept
Wound Dressing vs. Wound care
Nursing management
Treatments of wounds
Challenges and recommendation
conclusion
Pressure ulcer prevention and care.pptxaneettababu3
This document discusses pressure ulcers, including their definition, risk factors, stages, signs and symptoms, prevention, and treatment. It defines pressure ulcers as injuries to the skin and tissue caused by prolonged pressure. Risk factors include impaired mobility, nutrition, hydration, age, and medical conditions. Prevention focuses on reducing pressure, moisture, friction, and shearing forces on the skin. Treatment involves cleaning wounds, applying dressings, managing pain and infection, dietary interventions, and sometimes surgery.
Pressure ulcers, also known as bedsores or decubitus ulcers, are localized areas of tissue necrosis that occur when soft tissue is compressed between a bony prominence and an external surface for a prolonged period. They are commonly staged from Stage 1 to Stage 4 based on depth of tissue damage. Key risk factors include immobility, moisture, malnutrition, and aging. Prevention focuses on risk assessment, pressure relief, skin care, and nutrition. Treatment involves debridement, dressings, management of bacterial infection, and surgery for advanced cases. Complications can include infection, osteomyelitis, and rarely, cancer.
Objectives of learning pressure ulcer
evaluate the strengths and limitations of pressure ulcer guidelines; discuss the challenges related to clinical trials in the domain of pressure ulcers; discuss methods and educational strategies for implementing pressure ulcer prevention and treatment protocols in practice.
Pressure ulcers, also known as bedsores or decubitus ulcers, are localized injuries to the skin and underlying tissue that are usually over bony prominences. They develop as a result of prolonged unrelieved pressure. The document defines pressure ulcers and their stages, identifies risk factors, discusses prevention and treatment methods, and outlines the nurse's role in prevention and management. Key points include the four stages of pressure ulcers based on depth of tissue destruction, common risk factors like friction, shear, and malnutrition, and prevention through frequent repositioning, skin inspection, nutrition, and use of pressure-relieving devices.
The document discusses pressure ulcer prevention and treatment for individuals with spinal cord injuries. It notes that 32-40% of individuals with SCIs develop pressure ulcers during initial hospitalization, with sacral ulcers being the most common. Prevention focuses on frequent repositioning, pressure redistribution, and skin inspections. Treatment involves wound staging, debridement, dressings, and surgery if needed. Factors like nutrition, moisture, shear and friction forces can impact wound healing.
WOUNDS and Dressings
Joel Arudchelvam
MBBS (COL), MD (SUR). MRCS (ENG)
Consultant Vascular and Transplant Surgeon
Definition
Anatomy
Stages of healing
Causes for non-healing ulcers
Treatment for chronic ulcers
Wound dressings
Ideal dressing
What to avoid
Bed sores, also known as pressure ulcers, develop due to prolonged pressure on certain areas of the skin. They are typically diagnosed through visual examination and classified into four stages based on their severity. Treatment aims to reduce pressure, care for wounds, prevent infection, and maintain nutrition. This involves repositioning the patient, using support surfaces, cleaning and dressing wounds, removing damaged tissue, managing pain, and surgery for severe cases. Common areas for bed sores are bony prominences like the tailbone, heels, shoulders, and elbows.
Pressure sore or bed sore or decubitus ulcer pptProf Vijayraddi
This document provides information about pressure sores (also called bedsores or decubitus ulcers). It defines pressure sores as injuries to the skin and underlying tissue caused by prolonged pressure. Key risk factors include immobility, lack of sensation, poor nutrition, and medical conditions affecting blood flow. Pressure sores are staged from 1 to 4 based on severity, with stage 4 being the most severe. Treatment focuses on reducing pressure, cleaning wounds, applying dressings, removing damaged tissue, pain management, and infection treatment. Prevention emphasizes frequent repositioning and using support surfaces to relieve pressure.
this topic is on bed sores. discusses the definition, etiology , pathophysiology of bed sore development as well as prevention and managemene of pressure sores
WOUNDS AND DRESSINGS
Definition
Skin Anatomy
Wound healing
Primary intention,Secondary intention,Tertiary intention
Non healing ulcers / chronic ulcers
Causes for non-healing ulcers
Treatment for chronic ulcers
Wound dressings
When to change dressings
Things to Avoid in chronic wounds
The document defines different types of wounds, the wound healing process, factors that affect healing, wound care and dressing, and care of drainage from wounds. It provides detailed descriptions and classifications of open and closed wounds, the typical 4 phases of wound healing, and guidelines for dressing changes and maintaining sterile technique when caring for wounds.
The document discusses wound healing principles and treatment. It begins by defining wounds and describing the different types, such as acute and chronic wounds. It then explains the four phases of normal wound healing: inflammation, proliferation, maturation, and remodeling. It discusses factors that can delay or prevent healing, leading to chronic wounds. The document also covers wound bed preparation principles like debridement and infection control. It provides details on various wound dressing types and their indications and contraindications.
Wounds can be classified in several ways, including by depth of tissue involvement. Superficial wounds only affect the epidermis, partial-thickness wounds also affect part of the dermis, and full-thickness wounds involve the epidermis and dermis with potential damage to underlying tissues. Wound healing involves inflammation, proliferation, and maturation phases. Factors like age, dehydration, infection, and poor circulation can affect wound healing. A thorough wound assessment should document characteristics of the wound bed, surrounding skin, and underlying factors.
Prevention of Bed Sore Injuries in ICU patients.pptxanjalatchi
What is meant by bed sore?
Bedsores — also called pressure ulcers and decubitus ulcers — are injuries to skin and underlying tissue resulting from prolonged pressure on the skin. Bedsores most often develop on skin that covers bony areas of the body, such as the heels, ankles, hips and tailbone.
Dressing Surgical Wounds, Abrasion and LacerationsGianne Gregorio
The document discusses various types of wounds and their treatment. It defines acute and chronic wounds, and methods of wound healing including primary intention, delayed primary intention, and secondary intention. It also describes different types of injuries that break the skin like cuts, lacerations, abrasions, and their varying degrees. The ideal characteristics of wound dressings are outlined, and various specific dressing types are explained like hydrocolloid dressings, low adherent dressings, hydrogels, semipermeable films, and foam dressings.
Micro teaching on Bed Sore / Pressure ulcer / Decubitus ulcers . The lesson plan covers the topics :
Define Pressure Ulcer
Sites of Pressure Ulcer.
Causes and predisposing factors of Pressure Ulcer
Braiden scale of Pressure Ulcer
Stages of bed sores
Preventive Measures
Management
Complications
This document discusses negative pressure wound therapy (NPWT), also known as vacuum-assisted closure (VAC). It begins by introducing NPWT and how it works to promote wound healing through applying negative pressure to the wound surface. It then lists common indications and contraindications for NPWT. The document outlines advantages of NPWT such as moisture control, removal of excess fluid, and increased granulation. It also discusses monitoring NPWT application and potential side effects. Finally, it explores considerations for using NPWT in special populations such as obese, geriatric, and pediatric patients.
This document provides information on pressure ulcer prevention and management. It defines pressure ulcers and lists objectives of prevention such as assessing risk and providing skin care guidelines. It describes signs and symptoms, risk factors, causes related to pressure, shear and friction. Stages of pressure ulcers from Grade 1 to 4 are defined. Prevention strategies are outlined such as repositioning, nutrition, managing moisture and proper support surfaces. Wound assessment, documentation and staff education are also discussed.
Pressure ulcer assessment and managementFurqan Khan
This document provides information on pressure ulcer assessment and management. It defines pressure ulcers and describes the common sites where they occur. It also outlines the classification system for staging pressure ulcers from Stage I to IV, as well as categories for suspected deep tissue injury and unstageable ulcers. For each stage and category, the document details approaches for assessment, wound cleaning, debridement if needed, dressing selection, and offloading of pressure. It lists causative factors for pressure ulcer development and nursing interventions for prevention.
2. Mrs. Siegel Says: This may help you visualize pressure ulcers and other wounds! Don’t print this up! Save paper! Watch this as a slide show! Then read the information in the notes section to help you better understand the nursing care of wounds!
32. I hope this helped you understand the role of the nurse when caring with patients with wounds! See Mrs. Siegel if you have any questions or comments!
33.
Editor's Notes
This presentation is just to help you visualize some of the wounds in your self leaning module and reinforce the information. You will not be tested on this content, but examples and explanations of wounds and various dressings are important for you to understand what is happening in clinical and why some dressings are indicated or contraindicated! Depending upon where you have your clinical experiences you may or may not get to see these dressings but you may see other types of wound care treatments- if you do- stop by and share with me what you have seen in clinical!
In addition to systemic factors there are local factors that can be barriers to wound closure Mechanical stressors - inadequate reduction in pressure, friction and shear. Edema - increased fluid in the interstitial space can interfere with the diffusion of oxygen, which is essential for collagen synthesis, and contributes to the amount of exudate. This can be a major factor in patients with Chronic Venous Insufficiency and is the rationale for using compression therapy. Wound temperature - changes in temperature can cause capillary constriction which in turn may cause decreased perfusion, reduced phagocytic activity and altered cellular mitosis. Cytotoxic agents - can have a detrimental effect on cells necessary to support healing, for example fibroblasts. Excess exudate - wound fluid from chronic wounds has been shown to have a number of deleterious effects on the healing process. Dry wound bed - optimal cellular division and migration only occur in a moist environment. If the wound is allowed to dry out this will contributes to delayed healing. Devitalized tissue - the presence of necrotic tissue in the wound bed significantly impairs healing. This tissue needs to be removed or DEBRIDED- there is many ways to do this- surgically, with medications, or with new types of wound dressings (autolytic). Heavy bioburden - the burden resulting from heavily colonized wounds can impair healing Infection - wounds that are infected cannot heal.
If anyone could do a full and complete assessment, registered nurses would not be needed! This is an important area of nursing practice that we should never neglect or delegate to ancillary personnel.
Partial thickness wounds heal by process of migration of epithelial cells from the edges of a wound as well as from around the remaining hair follicles, and contraction of wound edges partial thickness wounds go down to but not completely through the dermis.
The first picture is a stage II pressure ulcer- over a bony prominence (sacrum) – it looks much like a blister that burst- you are looking at the dermis here. This needs pressure relief and occlusive dressings. The second picture is incontinence related skin damage which resulted in partial thinking skin loss (by the arrow). Look at the surrounding skin- it looks like very bad diaper rash. This is from urine/stool stripping away the epidermis. This is treated much differently from a pressure ulcer. This needs anti-fungal medication and skin protection with barriers such as zinc oxide. Occlusive dressings make this worse!!! Therefore nurses need to know the difference between these 2 problems.
This process will take many weeks to months to complete. Wounds that heal by secondary intention are filled with scar tissue and covered with a thin layer of epidermis.
Before topical therapy can be selected, all of these assessments are important!
Red = beefy granulation tissue Pink- new epithelial cell growth Yellow- slough, necrotic tissue or can also be from dried drainage
Picture one=eschar that is dry and leather like Picture two= necrotic tissue that is softening with an underlying abscess- this patient is septic and needs immediate surgical debridement.
“ bruising under intact skin” Remember this is a deep wound, and can develop in seriously ill patients! Frequent skin assessment might prevent or ensure early detection!
Examples
We used to believe that full thickness wounds were pain free- nothing could be further from the truth. Patient report burning, aching pains from full thickness wounds therefore pain management is imperative!
Yikes- no gloves!!!! Sharp debridement is the removal of necrotic tissue by surgical instruments- it is best when immediate debridement is needed for an infected wound. Patients should be given a local anesthetic and pain medication prior to this. Usually performed by surgeons but specially trained nurses can also do this procedure.
There are so many nursing diagnoses: take some time now and list some that you believe may be relevant Remember: Not all of our patient’s wounds may heal- it depends upon many factors. If the patient is at the end of life, the goal is to keep the wound as clean as possible and to prevent complications- healing may be impossible!
A local wound environment that mimics healthy tissue by providing hydration and maintaining normal temperature and pH. You can use this in your own life- an abrasion heals best when covered with a band-aid. When we let it “scab over” the new tissue needs to tunnel under the scab before the wound can close. If we protect and cover it, the moisture under the band-aid allows the new cells to “swim” and begin to close the wound.
When we teach you this semester about a moist saline dressing or a dry sterile dressing (DSD), this is different from a “wet to dry” dressing. Years ago before we had new topical therapy, the only way to debride (or remove necrotic tissue) was by mechanical debridement or actually “ripping off” the necrotic tissue. Not very pleasant for our patients (or us!) and we really shouldn’t be doing it anymore. So, if a physician orders a “wet to dry” dressing, you need to clarify what is meant because often what they mean is a moist saline dressing. Dry gauze is fine for a closed wound or to protect a surgical wound for a few days, however, not indicated for long term use in full thickness wounds.
A wonderful dressing for many uses- Op-site is just one example but it was the first. It is now used less often for wound care and more for IV sites but it is still a good option for wound care in some situations. It is great to place over other products in area that are prone to moisture (perineum, sacrum) to protect the wound from urine or stool As stated above, it should never be used in fragile geri-skin as it have a strong adhesive and makes skin tears worse.
Remember the names of the dressing are just examples- there are many hydrocolloids on the market. One of the oldest dressings now, but still an excellent choice in many situations.
Hydrogels- there are so many – and so many delivery systems- tubes, gel sheets, gel impregnated gauze. One of the most versatile dressing available. When in doubt a hydrogel is often the best selection. Only real concern is if used in heavily draining wounds as it does not absorb any drainage.
Next time you are at the Jersey Shore, take a look around at the seaweed at your feet and you will see where this dressing came from! A wonderful dressing for wounds with copious amounts of drainage! It is also good for wounds that tend to bleed often as it helps control bleeding.
There are many of these products available- there are wonderful dressings to help prevent pressure ulcers in high risk areas! This is a SMART dressing, by that I mean it “knows” when the wound needs more or less moisture less acts accordingly!
This is a medication that comes from the pharmacy; it is used frequently in home care and long term care.
Look for these dressings on your clinical units-as nursing students we don’t expect you to be experts at applying this modality but it is very interesting to see in action. Make sure you watch the nursing staff or wound care nurses apply these to wounds. These dressings are changed three times each week and the goal is absorption of drainage, stimulation of granulation tissue and wound closure. Patients now go home with portable units and are taught (by nurses!) how to care for and change this type of dressing.