Pressure Reducing Valve or simply PRV is a type of valve which is used to reduce the downstream pressure to the desired level in any piping system. It is generally used where the main line carries the fluid at very high pressure and it is advisable to reduce the pressure in the branch line to save the appliances from getting damaged due to the impact of high pressure. Not only the pressure, it also helps in reducing the water wastages, noise and vibration, water hammering effect thus minimizing the maintenance cost and maximizing the life of the appliances like pipe fittings, taps, water heater etc
Design and analysis of control valve with a multi stage anti cavitation trimnaz4u
Valves are the components in a fluid flow or pressure system that regulate
either the flow or the pressure of the fluid. This duty may involve stopping
and starting flow, controlling flow rate, diverting flow, preventing back
flow, controlling pressure, or relieving pressure.
This document discusses different types of hydraulic pressure control valves. It describes pressure relief valves, pilot operated relief valves, sequence control valves, and other types. Pressure relief valves limit pressure by diverting fluid to the reservoir when pressure reaches a set point. Pilot operated relief valves use a piston or spool controlled by a pilot valve. Sequence valves provide flow to a second actuator after the first reaches a threshold pressure. The document also provides examples of applications for different valve types.
A solenoid valve is an electromechanically operated valve that is controlled by an electric current passing through a solenoid. When current is applied, the solenoid generates a magnetic field that either opens or closes the valve. Solenoid valves are commonly used to control fluid systems and have applications in plumbing, industrial machinery, pneumatic tools, and more due to their fast, reliable switching capabilities.
The document summarizes the key components of a compressed air system and adsorption air dryer. The compressed air system supplies instrument and plant air using four screw compressors, separate piping headers, air filters, receivers, and dryers. It regulates air pressure and has safety features. The adsorption air dryer uses a desiccant to remove moisture from compressed air in cycles of drying, regeneration using heated air, and purging. It has components like towers, valves, heaters and instruments to control the process and ensure dry air output.
The document provides information about pumps, including:
1) Pumps are mechanical devices that use rotation or reciprocation to move fluid from one place to another by converting energy into hydraulic energy.
2) The main purposes of pumps are to transfer fluid from low to high pressure areas, from low to high elevations, and from local to distant locations.
3) There are two main types of pumps - positive displacement pumps which move a fixed volume of fluid with each cycle, and centrifugal pumps which use centrifugal force to move fluid by spinning an impeller.
This Presentation is about working principle of Pumps.Basic Presentation regarding pumps , will definitely help beginners to learn pump types , their working , their parts etc.
- Fire pumps are centrifugal pumps selected to operate between 90-140% of rated capacity and less than 150% to avoid overpressure.
- Pump rooms require 1-hour fire rated separation, emergency lighting, ventilation, and drainage.
- Suction and discharge piping must be sized properly and have the correct fittings like gauges, valves, and relief valves. Jockey pumps maintain system pressure.
- Electric and diesel fire pump controllers prioritize system operation over equipment protection to ensure reliable fire suppression.
This document discusses different types of valves. It defines a valve as a device that regulates the flow of fluid by opening, closing, or partially obstructing passages. The main valve types discussed are globe valves, gate valves, ball valves, needle valves, butterfly valves, diaphragm valves, check valves, and safety valves. Each type is described in terms of its design, function, advantages, and disadvantages.
Design and analysis of control valve with a multi stage anti cavitation trimnaz4u
Valves are the components in a fluid flow or pressure system that regulate
either the flow or the pressure of the fluid. This duty may involve stopping
and starting flow, controlling flow rate, diverting flow, preventing back
flow, controlling pressure, or relieving pressure.
This document discusses different types of hydraulic pressure control valves. It describes pressure relief valves, pilot operated relief valves, sequence control valves, and other types. Pressure relief valves limit pressure by diverting fluid to the reservoir when pressure reaches a set point. Pilot operated relief valves use a piston or spool controlled by a pilot valve. Sequence valves provide flow to a second actuator after the first reaches a threshold pressure. The document also provides examples of applications for different valve types.
A solenoid valve is an electromechanically operated valve that is controlled by an electric current passing through a solenoid. When current is applied, the solenoid generates a magnetic field that either opens or closes the valve. Solenoid valves are commonly used to control fluid systems and have applications in plumbing, industrial machinery, pneumatic tools, and more due to their fast, reliable switching capabilities.
The document summarizes the key components of a compressed air system and adsorption air dryer. The compressed air system supplies instrument and plant air using four screw compressors, separate piping headers, air filters, receivers, and dryers. It regulates air pressure and has safety features. The adsorption air dryer uses a desiccant to remove moisture from compressed air in cycles of drying, regeneration using heated air, and purging. It has components like towers, valves, heaters and instruments to control the process and ensure dry air output.
The document provides information about pumps, including:
1) Pumps are mechanical devices that use rotation or reciprocation to move fluid from one place to another by converting energy into hydraulic energy.
2) The main purposes of pumps are to transfer fluid from low to high pressure areas, from low to high elevations, and from local to distant locations.
3) There are two main types of pumps - positive displacement pumps which move a fixed volume of fluid with each cycle, and centrifugal pumps which use centrifugal force to move fluid by spinning an impeller.
This Presentation is about working principle of Pumps.Basic Presentation regarding pumps , will definitely help beginners to learn pump types , their working , their parts etc.
- Fire pumps are centrifugal pumps selected to operate between 90-140% of rated capacity and less than 150% to avoid overpressure.
- Pump rooms require 1-hour fire rated separation, emergency lighting, ventilation, and drainage.
- Suction and discharge piping must be sized properly and have the correct fittings like gauges, valves, and relief valves. Jockey pumps maintain system pressure.
- Electric and diesel fire pump controllers prioritize system operation over equipment protection to ensure reliable fire suppression.
This document discusses different types of valves. It defines a valve as a device that regulates the flow of fluid by opening, closing, or partially obstructing passages. The main valve types discussed are globe valves, gate valves, ball valves, needle valves, butterfly valves, diaphragm valves, check valves, and safety valves. Each type is described in terms of its design, function, advantages, and disadvantages.
This document discusses different types of control valves. It classifies control valves according to body types and characteristics. The main body types discussed are globe valves, butterfly valves, ball valves, diaphragm valves, and angle valves. Each valve type has distinct construction features and advantages/disadvantages for different applications.
The document provides information on fundamental hydraulic systems and their components. It discusses the basic principles and advantages of hydraulic systems over mechanical systems. It then describes the basic components of hydraulic systems including reservoirs, strainers, filters, accumulators, pressure gauges, flow meters, and pumps. It provides diagrams and explanations of how different types of hydraulic systems and components work.
This document provides an overview of control valves, including applicable standards, types of control valves, leakage classes, characteristics, selection criteria, and noise and cavitation controls. It discusses control valve fundamentals like flow characterization using different cage designs, cavitation and flashing issues, and remedies. The document also summarizes Reliance Petroleum's control valve selection process and installed base of control valves from manufacturers like Fisher, ABB, and CCI.
This document compares different types of flow measuring devices. It discusses differential pressure flow meters like orifice plates, venturi meters, and rotameters that measure flow based on pressure differences. Positive displacement flow meters like gear meters and turbine meters directly measure flow volume. Electromagnetic flow meters measure flow velocity electromagnetically in conductive liquids. Ultrasonic and vortex flow meters use ultrasonic signals or vortex shedding to determine flow velocity. The document provides details on the working principles and applications of these common flow meter technologies.
This document discusses different types of pumps, including their classifications, characteristics, applications, and performance. It describes hydrodynamic/non-positive displacement pumps, which use flow to transfer fluid at relatively low pressure and are generally used for low pressure, high volume applications. It also describes hydrostatic/positive displacement pumps, which have close-fitting components and can create high pressures, making them self-priming. Specific positive displacement pump types like gear, vane, piston and centrifugal pumps are examined in terms of their applications and operating principles. Pump efficiencies including volumetric, mechanical and overall efficiency are also covered.
The document discusses fundamentals of valves including:
1. Definitions of valves and their basic functions of regulating fluid flow.
2. Common classifications of valves based on their motion types like linear, rotary, and quarter turn.
3. Explanations of common valve types like gate valves, globe valves, ball valves and their basic designs and purposes.
The document summarizes the principles and operation of a Venturi tube flow meter. It works by measuring the pressure difference between the upstream inlet and throat of a constricted venturi section. Fluid flowing through the converging cone experiences a drop in pressure and increase in velocity at the throat. Factors like pipe diameter, materials, pressure ratings, and installation styles are considered in the design. Advantages include handling large flows with low pressure drops, while limitations include bulkiness and high installation/usage costs. The document provides details on standards, sizes, materials, and mounting options that Chemtrols Industries offers for venturi tube flow meters and their targeted industrial clients.
This document provides information on various types of safety valves, their purpose, construction, operation, maintenance and testing procedures. It discusses safety valves, relief valves, safety relief valves, vacuum relief valves and their characteristics. The document also outlines requirements for safety valves according to regulations, general sizing guidelines, and procedures for dismantling, overhauling, assembling, testing, maintenance and erection of safety valves.
Valves serve various functions in industrial plants including isolation, control, pressure relief, and preventing backflow. There are several types of valves that can be categorized based on their function, including isolation valves like gate valves, globe valves, and butterfly valves used for on/off service. Control valves like top-guided and cage-guided valves are used for modulating or throttling flow in response to process parameters. Pressure relief valves open automatically to protect against overpressure, while check valves allow flow in one direction and prevent reverse flow using swing check, tilt disc, and lift check designs.
This document discusses different types of air compressors. It describes reciprocating compressors which use pistons driven by crankshafts to compress air in cylinders. It also describes rotary compressors like centrifugal compressors which use rapidly spinning impellers to accelerate and compress air, and axial compressors which use alternating rows of fixed and moving blades to compress air. The document also discusses positive displacement compressors like roots blowers which use interleaving lobes to trap and compress air, and vane compressors which use sliding vanes and an eccentric rotor to vary chamber volumes and compress air.
This document discusses different types of valves used in industrial processes. It defines what a valve is and its main functions, which include starting and stopping flow, regulating flow, preventing backflow, and controlling pressure. The document then covers various classifications of valves based on their mechanical motion and usage. It provides details on common valve types like globe valves, gate valves, ball valves, butterfly valves, and check valves; describing their design, applications, and advantages/disadvantages. Relief valves, flap valves, foot valves are also briefly explained.
Pump, its types and applications presentationziaul islam
This document discusses different types of pumps. It begins by defining a pump as a machine that converts mechanical energy into fluid energy by moving fluid from a region of low pressure to one of high pressure. There are two main types of pumps: positive displacement pumps and rotodynamic pumps. Positive displacement pumps work by trapping a fixed amount of fluid and forcing it into the discharge pipe. Rotodynamic pumps use rotational kinetic energy to increase the fluid's hydrodynamic energy. The document then discusses various sub-types of positive displacement pumps like gear pumps, screw pumps, and reciprocating pumps. It also covers different rotodynamic pump types such as centrifugal pumps, axial pumps, mixed-flow pumps, and turbine pumps. The document
The document discusses control valves, including their purpose, main components, types of actuators (pneumatic, hydraulic, electrical), and types of valves (linear motion like globe valves and rotary motion like ball valves). It provides details on parts of control valves like the actuator, positioner, and body. It also covers topics like valve sizing, flow characteristics, and considerations for control valves like fluid velocity, noise, vibration, and flow direction.
This document provides an overview of control valves, pressure regulators, and solenoid valves. It defines a control valve as a final control element used to manipulate flow for process control. It describes various types of control valves based on control action, flow characteristics, construction, and movement. Pressure regulating valves are designed to maintain a set pressure. Solenoid valves use an electric solenoid to switch ports and are commonly used as control accessories.
Steam jet ejectors provide vacuum using high-pressure steam as the motive fluid, requiring no external power source. They have no moving parts, making them reliable and easy to maintain. Ejectors work by accelerating steam through a converging-diverging nozzle, which entrains the suction fluid and recompresses it at an intermediate pressure through a diffuser. Ejectors can be single or multi-stage, with condensers used to improve efficiency, and are well-suited for applications that require vacuum where steam is readily available such as drying and distillation.
This document discusses hydraulic accumulators. It defines an accumulator as an energy storage device that uses an external force like a spring or compressed gas to apply pressure to a non-compressible fluid. It then describes the main types of accumulators - dead weight, spring loaded, and compressed gas. Compressed gas accumulators are further broken down into bladder, diaphragm, piston, and metal bellow types. The document also covers the functions of accumulators in applications and considerations for accumulator sizing and selection.
1. The document discusses procedures for calculating pressure safety valve (PSV) sizes for various scenarios that could lead to overpressure. It covers scenarios like closed outlets, external fires, control valve failures, hydraulic expansion, heat exchanger tube ruptures, and power or cooling failures.
2. Calculation methods include enthalpy balances for fractionating columns and the use of relief equations specified in codes like API 521. Worst cases are chosen from all possible scenarios to determine the required PSV size.
3. Key scenarios discussed in detail include closed outlets on vessels, external fires, failures of automatic controls, hydraulic expansion, heat exchanger tube ruptures, total and partial power failures, reflux losses,
The document discusses cavitation in high energy pumps. It provides an overview of cavitation, how to detect it, and what causes it. Cavitation occurs when vapor bubbles form in a liquid due to a local pressure drop below the vapor pressure. When these bubbles collapse as pressure increases, it can cause damage to pump components from micro jets of liquid. The document explains factors like net positive suction head (NPSH) required by pumps and available from system components in order to prevent cavitation. It also discusses how cavitation affects pumps and methods for detecting potential damage.
This document discusses cavitation in centrifugal pumps. It defines cavitation as the formation of vapor bubbles when liquid pressure drops below vapor pressure. Cavitation can cause damage, noise, vibration and efficiency losses in pumps. To avoid cavitation, the pump inlet pressure must exceed the net positive suction head required by the pump. Proper pump submergence, suction piping design and avoidance of air in the line can also prevent cavitation. Cavitation reduces pump head and efficiency according to the specific speed of the pump. Higher specific speed pumps are less susceptible to cavitation issues.
This document discusses control valves, including their applications in flow, level, pressure, and temperature control. It defines control valves as valves that are remotely controlled to maintain parameters like flow rate, level, pressure, and temperature. The document then covers classifications of control valves based on actuator and valve action. It also discusses components like the valve body and actuator. Characteristics, plugs, cages, and typical valve types are described. Failure modes and valve leakage classes are defined.
This document discusses automatic recirculation valves (ARVs), which are multi-functional valves installed in centrifugal pump lines. ARVs ensure a minimum flow through pumps to prevent overheating and damage. They incorporate a check valve, bypass valve, and pressure control in one body. The document describes the operating principles of ARVs and provides an overview of common scenarios where ARVs protect centrifugal pumps. It also outlines SchuF Fetterolf's product ranges for ARVs, including standard and custom designs, and provides technical details.
This document contains a user manual for automatic control valves that includes the following sections:
- Section 1 provides information on basic valves including their operation, sizing guides for metal valves, details on plastic valves, and installation instructions.
- Section 2 covers automatic control valves in more detail including their design, operating pressures and velocities, media they can control, control options, and hydraulic performance.
- Section 3 includes operating instructions and a troubleshooting guide.
The manual provides technical specifications and guidelines for proper use of different types of automatic control valves for applications like irrigation, sewage, and industrial processes. It explains the valves' components, operation, pressure and flow characteristics.
This document discusses different types of control valves. It classifies control valves according to body types and characteristics. The main body types discussed are globe valves, butterfly valves, ball valves, diaphragm valves, and angle valves. Each valve type has distinct construction features and advantages/disadvantages for different applications.
The document provides information on fundamental hydraulic systems and their components. It discusses the basic principles and advantages of hydraulic systems over mechanical systems. It then describes the basic components of hydraulic systems including reservoirs, strainers, filters, accumulators, pressure gauges, flow meters, and pumps. It provides diagrams and explanations of how different types of hydraulic systems and components work.
This document provides an overview of control valves, including applicable standards, types of control valves, leakage classes, characteristics, selection criteria, and noise and cavitation controls. It discusses control valve fundamentals like flow characterization using different cage designs, cavitation and flashing issues, and remedies. The document also summarizes Reliance Petroleum's control valve selection process and installed base of control valves from manufacturers like Fisher, ABB, and CCI.
This document compares different types of flow measuring devices. It discusses differential pressure flow meters like orifice plates, venturi meters, and rotameters that measure flow based on pressure differences. Positive displacement flow meters like gear meters and turbine meters directly measure flow volume. Electromagnetic flow meters measure flow velocity electromagnetically in conductive liquids. Ultrasonic and vortex flow meters use ultrasonic signals or vortex shedding to determine flow velocity. The document provides details on the working principles and applications of these common flow meter technologies.
This document discusses different types of pumps, including their classifications, characteristics, applications, and performance. It describes hydrodynamic/non-positive displacement pumps, which use flow to transfer fluid at relatively low pressure and are generally used for low pressure, high volume applications. It also describes hydrostatic/positive displacement pumps, which have close-fitting components and can create high pressures, making them self-priming. Specific positive displacement pump types like gear, vane, piston and centrifugal pumps are examined in terms of their applications and operating principles. Pump efficiencies including volumetric, mechanical and overall efficiency are also covered.
The document discusses fundamentals of valves including:
1. Definitions of valves and their basic functions of regulating fluid flow.
2. Common classifications of valves based on their motion types like linear, rotary, and quarter turn.
3. Explanations of common valve types like gate valves, globe valves, ball valves and their basic designs and purposes.
The document summarizes the principles and operation of a Venturi tube flow meter. It works by measuring the pressure difference between the upstream inlet and throat of a constricted venturi section. Fluid flowing through the converging cone experiences a drop in pressure and increase in velocity at the throat. Factors like pipe diameter, materials, pressure ratings, and installation styles are considered in the design. Advantages include handling large flows with low pressure drops, while limitations include bulkiness and high installation/usage costs. The document provides details on standards, sizes, materials, and mounting options that Chemtrols Industries offers for venturi tube flow meters and their targeted industrial clients.
This document provides information on various types of safety valves, their purpose, construction, operation, maintenance and testing procedures. It discusses safety valves, relief valves, safety relief valves, vacuum relief valves and their characteristics. The document also outlines requirements for safety valves according to regulations, general sizing guidelines, and procedures for dismantling, overhauling, assembling, testing, maintenance and erection of safety valves.
Valves serve various functions in industrial plants including isolation, control, pressure relief, and preventing backflow. There are several types of valves that can be categorized based on their function, including isolation valves like gate valves, globe valves, and butterfly valves used for on/off service. Control valves like top-guided and cage-guided valves are used for modulating or throttling flow in response to process parameters. Pressure relief valves open automatically to protect against overpressure, while check valves allow flow in one direction and prevent reverse flow using swing check, tilt disc, and lift check designs.
This document discusses different types of air compressors. It describes reciprocating compressors which use pistons driven by crankshafts to compress air in cylinders. It also describes rotary compressors like centrifugal compressors which use rapidly spinning impellers to accelerate and compress air, and axial compressors which use alternating rows of fixed and moving blades to compress air. The document also discusses positive displacement compressors like roots blowers which use interleaving lobes to trap and compress air, and vane compressors which use sliding vanes and an eccentric rotor to vary chamber volumes and compress air.
This document discusses different types of valves used in industrial processes. It defines what a valve is and its main functions, which include starting and stopping flow, regulating flow, preventing backflow, and controlling pressure. The document then covers various classifications of valves based on their mechanical motion and usage. It provides details on common valve types like globe valves, gate valves, ball valves, butterfly valves, and check valves; describing their design, applications, and advantages/disadvantages. Relief valves, flap valves, foot valves are also briefly explained.
Pump, its types and applications presentationziaul islam
This document discusses different types of pumps. It begins by defining a pump as a machine that converts mechanical energy into fluid energy by moving fluid from a region of low pressure to one of high pressure. There are two main types of pumps: positive displacement pumps and rotodynamic pumps. Positive displacement pumps work by trapping a fixed amount of fluid and forcing it into the discharge pipe. Rotodynamic pumps use rotational kinetic energy to increase the fluid's hydrodynamic energy. The document then discusses various sub-types of positive displacement pumps like gear pumps, screw pumps, and reciprocating pumps. It also covers different rotodynamic pump types such as centrifugal pumps, axial pumps, mixed-flow pumps, and turbine pumps. The document
The document discusses control valves, including their purpose, main components, types of actuators (pneumatic, hydraulic, electrical), and types of valves (linear motion like globe valves and rotary motion like ball valves). It provides details on parts of control valves like the actuator, positioner, and body. It also covers topics like valve sizing, flow characteristics, and considerations for control valves like fluid velocity, noise, vibration, and flow direction.
This document provides an overview of control valves, pressure regulators, and solenoid valves. It defines a control valve as a final control element used to manipulate flow for process control. It describes various types of control valves based on control action, flow characteristics, construction, and movement. Pressure regulating valves are designed to maintain a set pressure. Solenoid valves use an electric solenoid to switch ports and are commonly used as control accessories.
Steam jet ejectors provide vacuum using high-pressure steam as the motive fluid, requiring no external power source. They have no moving parts, making them reliable and easy to maintain. Ejectors work by accelerating steam through a converging-diverging nozzle, which entrains the suction fluid and recompresses it at an intermediate pressure through a diffuser. Ejectors can be single or multi-stage, with condensers used to improve efficiency, and are well-suited for applications that require vacuum where steam is readily available such as drying and distillation.
This document discusses hydraulic accumulators. It defines an accumulator as an energy storage device that uses an external force like a spring or compressed gas to apply pressure to a non-compressible fluid. It then describes the main types of accumulators - dead weight, spring loaded, and compressed gas. Compressed gas accumulators are further broken down into bladder, diaphragm, piston, and metal bellow types. The document also covers the functions of accumulators in applications and considerations for accumulator sizing and selection.
1. The document discusses procedures for calculating pressure safety valve (PSV) sizes for various scenarios that could lead to overpressure. It covers scenarios like closed outlets, external fires, control valve failures, hydraulic expansion, heat exchanger tube ruptures, and power or cooling failures.
2. Calculation methods include enthalpy balances for fractionating columns and the use of relief equations specified in codes like API 521. Worst cases are chosen from all possible scenarios to determine the required PSV size.
3. Key scenarios discussed in detail include closed outlets on vessels, external fires, failures of automatic controls, hydraulic expansion, heat exchanger tube ruptures, total and partial power failures, reflux losses,
The document discusses cavitation in high energy pumps. It provides an overview of cavitation, how to detect it, and what causes it. Cavitation occurs when vapor bubbles form in a liquid due to a local pressure drop below the vapor pressure. When these bubbles collapse as pressure increases, it can cause damage to pump components from micro jets of liquid. The document explains factors like net positive suction head (NPSH) required by pumps and available from system components in order to prevent cavitation. It also discusses how cavitation affects pumps and methods for detecting potential damage.
This document discusses cavitation in centrifugal pumps. It defines cavitation as the formation of vapor bubbles when liquid pressure drops below vapor pressure. Cavitation can cause damage, noise, vibration and efficiency losses in pumps. To avoid cavitation, the pump inlet pressure must exceed the net positive suction head required by the pump. Proper pump submergence, suction piping design and avoidance of air in the line can also prevent cavitation. Cavitation reduces pump head and efficiency according to the specific speed of the pump. Higher specific speed pumps are less susceptible to cavitation issues.
This document discusses control valves, including their applications in flow, level, pressure, and temperature control. It defines control valves as valves that are remotely controlled to maintain parameters like flow rate, level, pressure, and temperature. The document then covers classifications of control valves based on actuator and valve action. It also discusses components like the valve body and actuator. Characteristics, plugs, cages, and typical valve types are described. Failure modes and valve leakage classes are defined.
This document discusses automatic recirculation valves (ARVs), which are multi-functional valves installed in centrifugal pump lines. ARVs ensure a minimum flow through pumps to prevent overheating and damage. They incorporate a check valve, bypass valve, and pressure control in one body. The document describes the operating principles of ARVs and provides an overview of common scenarios where ARVs protect centrifugal pumps. It also outlines SchuF Fetterolf's product ranges for ARVs, including standard and custom designs, and provides technical details.
This document contains a user manual for automatic control valves that includes the following sections:
- Section 1 provides information on basic valves including their operation, sizing guides for metal valves, details on plastic valves, and installation instructions.
- Section 2 covers automatic control valves in more detail including their design, operating pressures and velocities, media they can control, control options, and hydraulic performance.
- Section 3 includes operating instructions and a troubleshooting guide.
The manual provides technical specifications and guidelines for proper use of different types of automatic control valves for applications like irrigation, sewage, and industrial processes. It explains the valves' components, operation, pressure and flow characteristics.
This document is a user manual for automatic control valves that contains the following sections:
Section 1 discusses basic valves, including how direct-sealing diaphragm valves operate, sizing guides for metal valves, information on plastic valves, and hydraulic properties of water.
Section 2 covers automatic control valves in more detail.
Section 3 provides operating instructions and a troubleshooting guide.
The document provides information on valve types, operating pressures and velocities, media controlled, control media, pressure differentials, pressure losses, cavitation potential, and manual overrides. It also includes sizing tables and discusses hydraulic performance. Plastic valves are introduced as being reliable for corrosive liquids and having advantages like being lightweight
The Merlin is a point-of-use reverse osmosis system that provides continuous, on-demand water for residential and light commercial uses like restaurants and coffee shops. It features a new membrane technology that provides significantly higher flow rates than standard home RO systems, up to 5 times greater. The document provides guidelines for water treatment professionals to determine the best application of the Merlin system based on factors like inlet water pressure and temperature, tubing length and fittings used, and elevation differences that impact system performance and flow rates. Worksheets are included to help estimate flow rates for given installation conditions.
Pressure relief devices are important safety components that protect process equipment from overpressure. Standards like the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code provide guidelines for the proper design, installation, and sizing of relief valves, rupture disks, and other pressure relief devices. These standards help ensure personnel safety and prevent equipment damage in the event excess pressure develops from sources like explosions, fires, or pump failures.
This document discusses pressure reduction in steam systems. It describes several types of pressure reducing valves: direct-acting self-acting bellows and diaphragm valves that reduce pressure proportionally based on downstream pressure; pilot-operated self-acting valves that provide tighter pressure control; and pneumatic control systems that offer highly accurate pressure regulation even at variable flows and pressures. Each type has advantages for different applications based on factors like required pressure control accuracy, expected flows, installation space, and costs.
This document discusses various methods for reducing steam pressure, including self-acting direct operating valves, pilot operated valves, pneumatic controls, electropneumatic controls, and electric controls. It provides diagrams to illustrate common pressure reducing station configurations, such as direct acting, pilot operated, pneumatic, electropneumatic, electric, parallel, and series arrangements. The advantages and disadvantages as well as typical applications are outlined for each pressure control method.
The document provides an overview of general control valves, including:
- Definitions of control valves and their functions
- Common features such as capacity, rangeability, characteristics, and pressure drop
- Types of flow characteristics including linear, equal percentage, and quick opening
- Potential issues like cavitation and flashing
- Examples of control valve classifications and constructions
- Considerations for actuators, bonnets, and accessories
The document serves as an introduction to key concepts for control valves.
This document summarizes different types of backflow preventers used in irrigation systems. It describes atmospheric vacuum breakers, pressure vacuum breakers, reduced pressure backflow preventers, double check backflow preventers, and their applications based on flow rate and installation requirements. Selection of backflow preventers and sizing of mainlines and valves are discussed based on flow demands and allowable pressure losses.
The document provides an overview of general control valves, including:
- Definitions of control valves and their functions
- The four main features of control valves: capacity, rangeability, characteristics, and pressure drop
- The three main types of flow characteristics: linear, equal percentage, and quick opening
- Potential issues like cavitation and flashing
- The components and construction of common control valve types like globe, ball, butterfly, and diaphragm valves
- Actuator types, bonnet designs, and other accessories
- Considerations for valve sizing, selection, and installation
Jual,Harga,Distributor Water Heater Pemanas Air Ariston Toko Jakarta,Bekasi,Tangerang Electrik Harga Murah Ekonomis Bergaransi Cv Fikri Mandiri Jaya 082113812149
This document discusses pressure reducing valves (PRVs) and their installation. It provides an agenda that covers an introduction to PRVs, code requirements, types of PRVs including piston operated and diaphragm operated valves, sizing PRVs based on flow requirements and operating pressures, installation configurations such as single regulator and two-stage serial reduction, and common questions about PRVs. The presentation aims to explain how PRVs work to reduce water pressure and protect plumbing systems, and provide guidance on selecting, installing and maintaining PRVs.
This document provides information on various types of pumps and piping systems. It describes the main types of pumps as centrifugal, rotary, reciprocating, and deep well pumps. It also discusses the classification and basic operating principles of centrifugal and reciprocating pumps. Additionally, it covers topics such as pipe sizes, fittings, valves, head losses, cavitation, affinity laws, and equations for calculating pump parameters.
air evacuation system and lrpv (liquid ring vacuum pump) Rhitesh Gupta
The document describes air evacuation systems used in industrial processes. It discusses the components and working principles of single-stage and two-stage liquid ring vacuum pumps. A single-stage pump uses suction and compression to pull a vacuum and return gas to atmospheric pressure in one revolution. Two-stage pumps are more efficient at higher vacuums and for handling solvents as they spread the temperature rise across two stages. The document also outlines common problems with liquid ring vacuum pumps like reduced capacity, noise, overheating and vibration and their potential causes.
Vivasat Ventures manufactures orifice plates for measuring fluid flow rates. An orifice plate works by creating a constriction in a pipe that causes the fluid velocity and pressure to change according to Bernoulli's principle. Different types of orifice plates like concentric, eccentric, and segmental plates are used depending on the fluid properties and application. Factors like installation quality, plate precision, and fluid characteristics impact the accuracy of flow measurements using an orifice plate. Vivasat Ventures aims to minimize errors and maximize measurement precision through high-quality manufacturing and design of their orifice plates.
Cold Water Supply Distribution In BuildingVan Heina
The document discusses the operating principle of air pressure water distribution systems. It begins by explaining that air is compressible while water is not, allowing air pressure in a tank to reach 15 psi and lift water up to 10.5 meters. It notes the ideal pressure range is 20-40 psi. Automatic controls regulate air compressors to maintain adequate pressure. Advantages include low cost while disadvantages include electricity dependence. The document also examines direct upfeed and triplex pump systems as well as factors affecting water pressure and sizing water pipes.
A Control Valve is the most commonly used
final control element used to regulate fluid flow in
a process. In a process, normally it is the only
controllable element residing in the loop.
Ø This is a device used to modulate flow of
process fluid in pipe lines by creating a variable
area in the flow path.
Ø The flow path is varied with respect to the
control signal received from the controller
towards the required flow modulation.
This document provides information about common control valve components and types. It discusses how positioners have advanced to take input from sensors, alter control functions, modify valve movements, and interface with communication systems. It then focuses on the most widely used control valve types for industrial fluids: globe valves, rotary valves like ball valves and butterfly valves, and their characteristics. Key factors in valve sizing like system definition, allowable pressure drop, valve characteristic, preliminary selection, and minimum flow are also covered.
This document discusses control valves and their components. It provides details on common valve types including globe valves, ball valves, butterfly valves, and plug valves. It describes the basic components of each valve type as well as their typical applications, advantages, and disadvantages. It also discusses factors to consider when selecting and sizing a control valve for a given application.
The document discusses pressure and vacuum relief valves for low-pressure tanks. It defines key terms related to relief valve design and operation. It describes potential causes of overpressure and vacuum in tanks and outlines strategies for relief system design, including using direct-load or emergency relief valves and considering valve type like proportional or full-lift. It also addresses leakage concerns, highlighting the need to minimize escapes and outlining relief valve design features and leak testing procedures.
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2. Do You Think?
● Reducing Pressure is the only output of a Pressure Reducing Valve?
● Pressure Reducing Valves are installed in Series, only?
● Cavitation can be avoided only by maintaining Pressure Ratio of 2.5?
● PRV maintains constant Outlet pressure with fluctuations in Inlet Pressure?
● Temperature has no effect on Cavitation?
● Pressure Reducing Valve is a Pressure Control Valve?
● The maximum working temperature is 80 degree C
● Spring force is the only factor behind reducing the pressure?
● Unlimited numbers of PRV can be installed in Series?
● PRV reduces water hammering and noise in the pipeline?
● PRV saves lot of water from wasting?
● It is not recommended for Oil application?
2
3. Pressure Reducing Valve (PRV)
PRV is a device used for reducing the
pressure of water in the pipeline to the
desired level at its actual point of use and
thereafter, regulating it continually, on its
own.
Uses:
● To keep the pressure of the water constant in
the distribution network
● To avoid excessive wastage of water
● To keep the water pressure constantly below
the maximum value allowed
First Pressure Reducing Valve was developed in the
year 1876 by Watt Industries 3
4. Types of PRV
1. Direct Acting
○ Piston type
○ Diaphragm type
2. Pilot-Operated
○ Internally Pilot-Piston Operated
○ Externally Pilot Operated
4
5. Types of PRV contd..
Direct Acting Pilot Operated 5
6. 6
Types of PRV contd..
Direct Acting PRV
Used for small loads where extremely close
pressure control is not needed.
● Pros: Compact size, low price, easy to
install.
● Cons: Higher droop (variation from set
pressure) than Pilot-operated PRV
Direct-operated valves are used when loads are
small and some downstream pressure
variations may be accepted. They are generally
used in light load services
Pilot Operated PRV
Used for larger loads where close pressure
control is required
● Pros: Close pressure control, fast response
to load variation, may be used across a
broader range of flow rates than the direct
acting types.
● Cons: Larger size, higher price.
Pilot-operated pressure reducing valves can
respond quickly to varying load conditions
while maintaining stable secondary pressure
where precise pressure control is needed. They
are generally intended for larger load
applications.
7. Working Principle
Piston Type PRV is based upon principle of Venturi Effect
and Equilibrium of Forces.
There are three forces acting on the fluid (water) between
the Inlet and the Outlet Ports. These Forces are:
1. Reduced Pressure (after Seat),
2. Back Pressure (acting on the underside of the piston)
3. Spring Force
Three Steps are involved:
● Pressure is reduced due to reduction in the cross
sectional area (bore) and amount of opening of the disc
(higher the opening higher the Outlet Pressure)
● Back Pressure tends to close the seat
● Spring Force which tends to open/close the Seat w.r.t
Pre-Set condition
7
8. Working Principle contd..
PRV's are factory preset to specific pressure
output ranges but can be adjusted further by
increasing or reducing the tension on the
spring using an adjustment screw nut.
PPressure Drop
= PReduced
- PBack Pressure
+/- PSpring
Force
POutlet
= PInlet
- PPressure
Drop
Venturi Effect 2
8
Venturi Effect 1
9. Key Benefits
Maintains Constant
Downstream Pressure at
desired level
Reduces Water Wastage
Reduces Water Hammering
and Noise
Reduces Maintenance Cost
Saves Energy. Saves Money
9
10. Facility provided to install
pressure gauge
Single Valve for wide range of
pressure (25 Bar max Inlet to 0.5 Bar
min outlet
Easy to install
Requires less maintenance
Noiseless
Salient Features of Piston Type PRV
Piston Operated, having long life as
piston is of forged brass
Needs less space to install
Easy Pressure setting
Cost Economic
Rugged body, compact in design
Most of the critical working components
have a distinct edge of being hot brass
forged
All 'O' rings of superior food grade
material, hence ensuring absolute
zero health hazard
Suitable only for water application, due to Rubber O’Rings, limited range of temperature and chemical reactivity (Oil etc)
10
11. Key Benefits cont...
Reduces Water Wastage
Reducing the pressure from 7
Bar to 3.5 Bar will result in a
saving of approximately 1/3
because 1/3 less water flows at
this lower pressure.
A moderate savings would result
if your supply pressure was
reduced to 5.5 Bar However, even
at this lower pressure, savings
with a PRV would be 20%
A tap running for 10 minutes 11
12. Key Benefits cont...
Reduces Water
Hammering & Noise
The abrupt stoppage of high speed
water causes a “bounceback” of the
water and is called Water Hammer,
causing banging pipes, noisy systems
and damage to appliance.
Using a PRV can control the water
hammering effect and reduces the
maintenance & replacement cost.
PRV reduces maintenance cost of piping and fittings
Water Hammering
12
13. PRV for Buildings
Solution: install a pressure
reducing valve at the input of
each flat.
Therefore, if you install a single
central pressure reducing valve
at the bottom of the building
adjusted to 3 bar, the first
storeys will be supplied at the
right pressure, but the more you
go up the storeys, the more the
pressure will drop.
*consider a height of 3 metres for each storey and a load loss per storey of 0.3 bar.
Case No. 1: 6-storey building - « Normal » water mains pressure: 6 bar - Desired pressure in each flat: 3 bar.
13
14. PRV for Buildings contd...
Solution: In the case of a
residential building where the
mains water pressure is very
high, you are advised to
install on the main inlet a
pressure reducing valve of a
larger diameter, which will
firstly reduce the pressure to 6
bar, and a pressure reducing
valve adjusted to 3 bar at the
entry of each flat.
*consider a height of 3 metres for each storey and a load loss per storey of 0.3 bar.
No PRV is required at the top floors as the pressure is
more or less the same as required
Case No. 2: Building of more than 6-storeys - « High » water mains pressure: 10 bar - Desired pressure in
each flat: 3 bar.
14
15. PRV for Buildings contd...
In this case, the installation of a
pressure booster is necessary.
This will be adjusted to a value
of 5 or 6 bar, the purpose being
to obtain adequate pressure at
all floors. It is therefore
necessary to install the same
pressure reducing valve,
adjusted to 3 bar, at the entry
of each flat.
For very high buildings, the highest storeys do not require the installation of a pressure reducing valve
when the pressure is less than 3 bar.
Case No. 3: Building of more than 6-storeys - « Low » water mains pressure: 3 bar. Desired pressure in each
flat: 3 bar.
15
17. Cavitation
If the differential of pressure between the upstream
and the desired downstream is too large, then it will
be necessary to reduce the pressure in several
stages by installing a series of pressure reducing
valves. A high inlet pressure and a low downstream
pressure can cause a deterioration of the valve by
Cavitation.
In simple words Cavitation is a phase that is
characterized by a liquid-vapour-liquid process, all
contained within a small area of the valve and within
microseconds. Minor cavitation damage may be
considered normal for some applications, which can
be dealt with during routine maintenance. If
unnoticed or unattended, severe cavitation can limit
the life expectancy of the valve. Temperature has
almost no effect on Cavitation Cavitation
17
19. The cavitation diagram shows the three operating
zones of the pressure reducing valve in function to
the inlet and outlet pressures:
ZONE 1: Cavitation Zone: The cavitation phenomena
is clearly evident in this zone. It is recommended to
refrain from using pressure reducing valve under
such pressure differential conditions.
ZONE 2: Critical Zone: The possible occurrence of
cavitation phenomena inside the pressure reducing
valve is evidenced. It is recommended to avoid using
the pressure reducing valve at these pressures
differential conditions.
ZONE 3: Safe operating zone: Here the pressure reducing valve operates in optimum conditions
and there is no cavitation in this Zone. This is the optimum interval of pressure values for the
operation of the pressure reducing valve.
Cavitation Diagram
19
20. Selection of PRV (A Typical Example)
PRV in Series
For Example:
Inlet Pressure = 13 Bar
Outlet Pressure = 3 Bar
It falls in Cavitation Zone (as depicted in Cavitation Diagram)
Solution: Use two PRV’s in series to achieve the desired
pressure differential.
PRV - 1
Inlet Pressure = 13 Bar
Outlet Pressure = 6 Bar (pressure ratio: 13/6 = 2.17 < 2.5)
PRV - 2
Inlet Pressure = 6 Bar
Outlet Pressure = 3 Bar (pressure ratio: 6/3 = 2.0 < 2.5) 20
21. Installing PRV’s in Parallel connection
Parallel installation is
recommended for
applications with a wide
variation of reduced
pressure requirements and
where a continuous water
supply must be
maintained. Parallel
installations offer the
advantage of providing
increased capacity beyond
that provided by a single
valve and improve valve
performance for widely
variable demands.
Parallel Connection with Smaller Size
Valves or Same Size Valves
21
22. Size and type of pipe
Maximum inlet pressure
Minimum required downstream pressure
“While selecting a PRV, the pipe size alone is not necessarily the determining factor.
The above factors must be considered”
Pressure Reducing
Valve (PRV)
Selection
Water demand in amount (e.g. LPM)
22
23. PRV Installation
Zoloto pressure reducing valves may be installed in any positions.
❏ Horizontal
❏ Vertical
❏ Bottom side up
❏ Inclined
Generally installed in high rise buildings at inlet of each floor 23
25. ● Install the PRV on the pipe as shown in the layout diagram
and open the cap (part no. 14)
● Release the adjusting ring by rotating it, anti-clockwise with
the help of a screwdriver so that the PRV comes in fully closed
position.
● Set the inlet pressure you want to feed into the PRV and check
the same on Pressure Gauge-1
● In order to adjust the outlet pressure, close the valve ‘Y' and
open the valve 'X'. Now turn the adjusting ring (part no. 13) in
clockwise direction slowly until you see the needle of pressure
gauge-2 showing a rise in pressure & stop rotating it just
before the desired outlet pressure is attained.
● Now open the valve 'Y' to release the pressure once and close
it again.
Pressure Setting of PRV contd..
25
26. Pressure Setting of PRV contd..
● Watch the Pressure Gauge-2. The needle of the gauge should point to the set
pressure, if there is any deviation+/_ please adjust the same by moving the
adjusting ring accordingly in clockwise or anticlockwise direction, until the desired
pressure is achieved.
● Please remember that the rotational movement of adjusting ring in clockwise
direction increase the outlet pressure and anticlockwise direction decreases the
same, on the outlet side.
● When the outlet pressure is adjusted to the desired level, please close the cap
(part no. 14)
● Plug-1 is only a cover to protect the thread provided for installation of 1/4" BSP
sized pressure gauge.
26
27. Precautions
❏ Although Pressure reducing valves needs no maintenance but
the rubber “O” rings inside the PRV are very sensitive to scale,
impurities, or any foreign particles so it's always recommended
to flush the line thoroughly and install a strainer in the main
line.
❏ In the case of a residential building, it is advisable to install a
pressure reducing valve at the input of each flat, and not a
centralized pressure reducing valve at the bottom of the
building.
27
28. Troubles in PRV
● Foreign particles (sand, dust, welding splinters) accumulated inside PRV which
damaged the 'o' ring.
● PRV installed in reverse direction of arrow marked.
● Strainer is not provided before the PRV.
● Too much variation in inlet pressure.
● User not aware about that how to set the pressure.
● Bye pass line not provided.
● Lack of knowledge for inlet pressure.
● PRV installed in such a position i.e very near to the wall, where it cannot be
serviced.
28
30. ● Flush the pipe lines before installing the PRV
○ This is recommended to avoid the foreign particles / dust passing through the PRV.
These particles obstruct the PRV’s smooth functioning causing damage/blockage
of the seating surface.
● Install a strainer in the main line before the PRV
○ The strainer serves to filter out the dust and dirt particles from the pipeline and
ensures smooth operation of PRV's.
Troubleshooting contd..
30
31. Correct Sizing of PRV
In order to avoid cavitation phenomena, it is recommend to:
❖ Utilize the “CAVITATION DIAGRAM”
➢ This diagram helps to understand about Cavitation Zones and to select the
correct size of the valve
❖ Use correct Pressure Ratio
➢ The ratio between the maximum inlet pressure and the regulated pressure
should not be more than 2.5
❖ Install more numbers of Pressure Reducing Valves
➢ To achieve the desired pressure differential, use more numbers of pressure
reducing valves in series or parallel connections
❖ Choose Optimum Speed value of the Fluid
➢ Select the diameter of the PRV (valve size) so that speed (velocity) of the fluid
passing through it is between the recommended values (V= 0.7 - 1.5 m/s for residential
use and V= 1 - 3.5 m/s for industrial use)
31
32. Pressure Drop vs Flow Rate
For Example:
Inlet Pressure: 4.8 Bar
Outlet Pressure: 3.0 Bar
Size of PRV: 40 mm (1½”)
Pressure Drop (Head Loss) =
Inlet Pressure - Outlet Pressure
= 4.8 - 3.0 = 1.8 Bar
Flow Rate (Discharge) will be 3.1 Litre per sec (186 LPM) as calculated from the above diagram
32
36. Quick Learning Points
● Apart from reducing pressure, PRV reduces noise, water hammering and water wastage
● PRV can be installed in Series as well as Parallel connections
● Cavitation can be controlled by maintaining Pressure Ratio of 2.5, selection larger size PRV and
reducing fluid velocity within the recommended limits
● PRV maintains constant Outlet pressure with uptp 10% fluctuations in Inlet Pressure?
● Temperature has negligible effect on Cavitation?
● Pressure Reducing Valve is not a Pressure Control Valve as it can not increase pressure
● The maximum working temperature is 90 degree C instead of 80 degree C
● Spring force and Back Pressure are important factors to reduce pressure apart from design
● The minimum Outlet Pressure is 0.5 Bar. It restrict installing more numbers of PRV in series
● PRV saves appx. 30% of water from wasting
● It is not recommended for Oil application as Oil deteriorates rubber O’Rings
36