Preserving Biological Evidence

Preserving Biological Evidence
The collection of biological evidence at a crime scene is vital to the success of the overall case. Biological evidence is extremely sensitive
and requires handle with care during its collection. Preserving biological evidence is also a significant task as well, and attention must be
taken to ensure the preservation of any and all biological evidence in the exact state from its original collection location. Many types of
biological evidence can be found at a crime scene and in this essay, we will discuss many different types, the necessary process of collection
and preservation, and what procedures are to ensure the safety of each sample.
One of the most common biological forms of evidence found at a crime scene is hair. Often found in a variety of crime scenes is hair. ...
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Before an investigator begins the gathering of evidence, they must keep in mind that they must treat the site in a professional manner.
Biological evidence must go through the photographic process first. The location and its relativity to the crime scene must first go through
the process of photographs, sketches, and notes before it receives disruption. Different positions and shapes of bloodstains can provide
additional information to the crime. Furthermore, an immediate evaluation of any blood evidence is may be necessary. Only an expert
should be called to perform an on–site overview of the crime scene to predict the criminal activity and movements of the persons involved.
It is not acceptable to collect blood samples or DNA samples before the expert completes this task. The individual that receives the evidence
must handle all biologically stained materials with care and keep personal contact to a minimum to preserve the evidence and ward off any
contamination. Body fluids may be tainted and should receive treatment as so, which means that wearing gloves and changing them
regularly is a
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Interracial Evidence Challenges
Challenges can come in many forms such as if no search warrant was obtained to support a search and seizure under the Fourth Amendment
to the validity and reliability of scientific evidence and how it was collected and maintained. In such cases, the investigator and lab
technicians are usually called in to testify and explain the authenticity and standards of the procedure before the evidence is submitted
(Swanson, 2012). The expert must be prepared to answer questions according to the Frye or Daubert standard of the states accepted
standards for admissibility of both scientific and testimony evidence (Nierenberg, 2016).
Evidence presented in court includes: testimony, demonstrative, physical, and documentation information to explain matters

Digital Evidence
Digital evidence is any information stored or transited in digital from that a party can use in a court case that proves or disprove allegations
made against an arrestee. Such digital items include pictures, videos, text documents, internet activity, phone numbers, or any other type of
data. The three types of digital evidence are Personal Computers, portable storage media such as universal serial bus (USB) memory sticks,
compact flash cards, XD media, thumb drives and SD cards. The issue with preserving digital evidence is that if the evidence your collecting
could be on a network in multiple locations or even a different part of the state or another state all together an officer would have to obtain
another warrant then if it's out of state ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Photograph surrounding area prior to moving any evidence 3rd if computer is found "off" do not turn "on" 4th If computer is found "on" and
something is displayed on the monitor, photograph the screen 5th If the computer "on" and the screen is blank, move mouse or press space
bar (this will display the active image on the screen) after image appears photograph the screen. 6th unplug power cord from back of tower.
7th If the laptop does not shutdown when the power cord is removed locate and remove the battery pack. The battery is commonly placed on
the bottom, and there is usually a button or switch that allows for the removal of the battery. Ones the battery is removed, do not return it to
or store it in the laptop removing the battery will prevent accidental start–up of the laptop. 8th Diagram and label cords to later identify
connected devises. 9th Disconnect all cords and devises from tower 10th package components and transport/store components as fragile
cargo 11th Seize additional storage media 12th keep all media including tower away from magnets radio transmitters and other potentially
damaging elements. 13th collect instruction manuals documentation and notes 14th document all steps involved in the seizure of a computer
and

Trace Evidence
Trace or transfer evidence can be any small, and to the untrained be a seemingly insignificant piece of material, whether man–made or
natural, that has been left at a crime scene. Edmond Locard, founder of the Institute of Criminalistics at the University of Lyon, France,
developed what has become known as Locard's Exchange Principle. This states that every contact leaves a trace (Trace Evidence). Trace
evidence can consist of just about anything. Some types of trace evidence include but are not limited to hair, blood and other body fluids,
paint, glass, and residues. Throughout the years, trace evidence has become very important in the conviction and even the exoneration of
those accused of certain crimes.
In 1910 Locard founded the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Sperm or semen evidence at a crime scene is usually evidence of a suspected sexual assault. As with bloodstain evidence, semen evidence
can also help in identifying perpetrators. Saliva evidence cannot usually be seen from visual examination. Saliva evidence is usually
retrieved from another piece of evidence such as cigarette butts, gummed surfaces of envelopes, chewing gum, bite marks, ski and/or nylon
masks. Saliva evidence can also be useful in helping to find a suspect. Once it is determined that bio evidence is present, if the object
containing the biological fluid can be taken in whole to be processed, it is bagged and labeled as usual. However, if the evidence is on
something that cannot be transported, then a swab is taken to gather a sample.
The proper gathering, handling and processing of trace evidence is a vital part of any investigation. Because not all cases are cut and dry, the
criminals are not caught in the act, having the proper evidence can speak volumes. As stated previously, hair, fingerprints, and biological
fluid stains are just some of the common types of trace evidence however, as technology continues to push forward, more and more evidence
and ways of testing is coming to light.
Bibliography
Locard 's Exchange Principle." World of Forensic Science. . (2005). Retrieved from Encyclopedia.com:

Evidence Tracking
Evidence Tracking
Properly handling evidence is critical to crime solving, improper deviations to the handling can make it impossible to prosecute using the
evidence collected. This paper will outline will track the evidence from a chosen crime scene through all the proper handling processes. This
paper will describe the chosen crime scene scenario, describe the collected evidence and proper collection, recording of the evidence, chain
of evidence, processing, interpretation methods, preservation of the evidence, proper presentation methods for different types of evidence,
and the consequences of mishandling the evidence collected.
The Crime and Processing Protocols
The chosen crime scene scenario is a sexual assault; the first ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Wet evidence should be air–dried to prevent molding. Packages must be sealed with evidence tape, not staples; someone could cut
themselves on the staples and contaminate the evidence (National Institute of Justice, n.d.). Evidence can be lost be storing it in the wrong
materials or exposed to too much light, heat, or bacteria (Osterburg & Ward, 2010). Evidence should only be stored in clean and leak–proof
containers and kept in a cool place. Evidence should be delivered to an evidence facility as soon as possible (Osterburg & Ward, 2010).
Keeping evidence too long can be harmful for prosecution (Osterburg & Ward, 2010).
Chain of Evidence
According to the National Institute of Justice, the fewer people handling the evidence, the better; there is less chance of contamination and a
shorter chain of custody for court admissibility hearings (n.d.). The chain of custody of the evidence should include a list of all persons who
have had physical possession of the evidence as well as the time period they carried the evidence, starting with the responding officer who
was in charge up to this point. The evidence should be tracked from the responding officer's hands or medical examiner, whoever recovers
the evidence, to the processing and examination and preservation, to the presentation in court.
Recording Evidence
It can be beneficial for investigators to use a tape or digital recorder for the observations of the crime scene,

Evidence Integrity And Evidence Continuity Essay
Evidence Integrity and Evidence Continuity
Introduction
The foundation of all Forensic practice is in practicing, maintaining and protecting integrity and continuity of evidence as it establishes
credibility and reliability in court and makes certain that any fabrication, misunderstanding, bias's or even mistakes, have not occurred.
Defining Evidence Integrity and Evidence Continuity
Evidence integrity demonstrates that evidence has been handled correctly, honestly and responsibly. Therefore, evidence integrity is the
protection of potential evidence from the perception of evidence being lost, substituted, contaminated, deteriorated or tempered with to
ensure its prevented from being introduced into the area in question (Sutton et al. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
2009, 'Integrity, 'Continuity and contamination', in Crime scene management: scene specific methods, Wiley, Wolverhamptom, ENG, pp.
51–54.
Civil aviation safety authority 2016, 'Gathering evidence and handling exhibits', Government, AUS, pp. 2–10.
Morris 2003, Maintaining system integrity during forensics, viewed 3 April 2017,
Pierce and Chambers, Continuity evidence in criminal cases a somewhat defence perspective, viewed 1 April 2017,
John, D et al. 2015, Continuity of evidence and remediation advice for investigators, viewed 31 March 2015, <
http://www.cirl.ca/files/cirl/john_cliffe_and_john_clark–en.pdf>
Wells 2017, Gordon Wood: witness had motive to convict while writing book on caroline byrne's death, court hears, viewed 3 April 2017, <
http://www.abc.net.au/news/2017–02–20/gordon–wood–sues–state–of–nsw–for–malicious–prosecution/8285392>
McGraw 2002, Chain of custody, viewed 4 April, < http://medical–dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/_/cite.aspx?
url=http%3A%2F%2Fmedical–
dictionary.thefreedictionary.com%2Fchain%2Bof%2Bcustody&word=chain%20of%20custody&sources=Segen,MGH_Med,wkHP,davisTab>
John Tan. "Forensic Readiness.", What is Logged? 1.3

Evidence Collection Guidelines
Evidence Collection Guidelines
This document provides evidence collection guidelines for the following types of evidence. Your agency 's policies may vary. Please check
with your supervisor if you have any questions.
Contents
Blood Stains Seminal Stains Hair Fibers and Threads Glass Paint Flammable Liquids Firearms Evidence Tool Marks ws Questioned
Documents Latent Fingerprints
In all cases, evidence must be photographed prior to collection attempts. At least one photo should include a scale for reference, but initial
photos should be free of any markings.
Blood Stains
Blood that is in liquid pools should be picked up on a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These samples are not retained for long periods by the hospital, so it is important to act promptly. Also, make sure that some bloodstained
garment worn by the individual has been air dried and frozen to serve as a secondary standard.
Handling and Storage of Physiological Fluid Evidence
(Obligation under People vs Nation and Hitch that a reasonable and good faith effort be made to preserve perishable evidence) Stains and
Controls 1. Air dry 2. Package in paper 3. Freeze
Consider special handling of non–absorbent items on (metal or plastic). Any condensation from thawing could disturb or destroy such
evidence. Such items should be kept at room temperature and submitted to the lab as soon as possible. Liquids (generally standards) Blood
Refrigerate, do not freeze standards collected in yellow stoppered vacutainers.
Submit to the lab as soon as possible.
Saliva
Collect on a sterile gauze pad or swabs, allow to air dry and package in paper. Do not use plastic containers.
Seminal Stains
Seminal stains are often, but not always, found on clothing, blankets, sheets. Allow any stains to air dry, wrap in paper, and package
evidence in paper bags. Do not use plastic bags.
For sex offense cases, the victim should always be examined by a physician. A Sexual Assault Evidence

Evidence Schulz Summary
In Evidence, by Kathryn Schulz claims "we" form our judgement on evidence that people assume it is true. "We" base our "specific and
formal ideas about evidence [by] – what kind of information qualifies, how to gather it, how to evaluate it" (Schulz, 363) and "form them, as
judges form their opinions and juries reach their decisions, based on the evidence" (Schulz, 363). Schulz emphasize the difference between
"we" humans and computers by providing readers with "easy" multiple choice quiz. Schulz then believed that the readers "found this quiz so
easy that [readers] don't think congratulations are called for. But... this quiz is not easy [,at least for computers]" (Schulz, 365). So "why is
[this quiz] so effortless for a person all but impossible

Evidence Based Instruction Essay example
Evidence–based instruction includes reliable and valuable data obtained from your classroom. When you apply basil tests, unit tests, exit
slips, and acuity assessments you need to collect the data from your classroom to organize your classroom groups. You should also use this
data to decide who needs AIS or tiered interventions for certain areas. Instructional practices include the previously mentioned assessments.
Pretests for all units of instruction can also help you understand what your students already know and who is weak in certain areas. For
example, a unit on main idea and details using passages can be difficult for some students. Running records will help to determine what
reading level your students are on. From this ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Scientific–based instruction is something that teachers use all the time in their classroom. Teachers are consistently assessing and evaluating
students' performance, creating and amending individual education plans, lesson plans, and reflecting on their practices. As teachers, we
should be doing rigorous research and building hypothesis to base further teaching practices on.
During the program that I am in now I've learned that for evidence based practices that you must have the access to evidences based–
practices, be careful with fidelity, and to check the progress of the students. Today many teachers search websites such as google to create
their lesson plans. They do this because many teachers do not have time to sit down and look for the proper research that is needed. These
lesson plans that they are finding may not be considered an evidence based instruction method. There are many websites that have been
made for teachers which have the proper evidence based programs that are needed for teachers. Next we have to be careful with "fidelity",
which refers to accuracy or exactness to details. Teachers want to be sure that their evidence based methods have strong outcomes from the
students. It is important for teachers to not change or leave out any of the steps in the evidence

Disadvantages Of Forensic Evidence
The difficulties I foresee with favoring a certain task force would be many different people in choosing the team, which will also mean that
many different people there will be many different opinions. With different opinions there will be many different favors with any approach.
By waiting and listening to each of the opinions you will receive greater strengths. Sometimes time is crucial make sure all officers are
heard. The real difficulties would be local versus federal investigators knowledge of severity of the crime. By using the more knowledgeable
officers as subject matter experts will bring less knowledgeable officers the confidence they need to keep on working the case. Everybody
helps everybody, therefore the case gets solved, and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Typically, after an explosion there is a fire destroying so much evidence. By the explosion causing fire, this minimizes the amount of
analysis that can be collected. However, in the same hand there can many different types of forensic evidence such as the scene, where it
actually happened, the location of the location. Such as a bathroom within a five–bedroom home. Some details are irrelevant and some can
be used in court to argue strong points. Even if a fire designates investigators can still state whether the explosion as a bomb, or if it was an
accident. The investigators can look into things such a gas leaks, flammable gas any evidence showing actual proof that the explosion was
meant to be done or merely an accident. The investigation for forensic evidence is always lengthy, but when an explosion is being
investigated, it is much lengthier. The steps for forensic evidence seems easy, but it is actually more difficult when it is an explosion being
investigated. Steps for handling forensic evidence are as follows. Identify, collect, preserve, inventory, package and transport evidence to the
evidence room where the evidence will then sit. After the investigators make sure that all physical evidence is collected, then they move onto
analyzing all evidence

Should Innocent People Be Convicted With Only...
I think people should not be convicted with only circumstantial evidence. Most of the time people that are convicted are convicted with
circumstantial evidence are innocent. My three supporting ideas are that circumstantial evidence is not enough it should be direct evidence,
using circumstantial evidence will most likely convict an innocent person, and it does not point to one person or party.
If the evidence is not accurate an innocent person will be convicted of a crime they did not commit. For example, in the Brain Banks article
Brain was convicted of a crime that never happened, he was convicted with only circumstantial evidence. After Brain Banks served his six
years in prison Wanetta Gibson confessed that Brain Banks never rapped her. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Another example would be The Crucible. In The Crucible Abigail was doing witchcraft and was caught. Abigail and her friends were being
accused of witchcraft and in order to save their own lives Abigail and her friends lied and named many innocent people. The innocent people
Abigail named were hanged with only circumstantial evidence, because it was all they had. Innocent people can be executed by using
circumstantial instead of direct evidence. (Source: The Crucible, Pg,19–21)
In the TedTalk Francisco Carrillo was convicted of murder, but all they had was photo of Francisco Carrillo. Many eyewitnesses identified
Francisco as the shooter this took place late at night. The judge decided to go where the murder took place to only find out that it was not
possible to see the shooter because of how dark it was no matter how close the car was the judge still could not see the shooter. Francisco
Carrillo was not convicted because the evidence they had was not enough to be able to convict Francisco. (source: TedTalk Pg,

Evidence Hair Investigation
Analysis:
3 different samples of hair was extracted from 3 suspects of the murder and were compared to a hair left at the crime scene of Mr Mowder
(Evidence Hair). The Evidence Hair had a blonde color to it with a slight shade of light brown. It's dimension was thin and had no presence
of medulla. Suspect A's hair sample was also blonde with slight shades of light brown. It's width was thin with no presence of medulla.
Suspect B's hair was Dark Brown with a shading of light brown. The hair was thick and had the presence of medulla. Suspect C's hair was
Blonde like Suspect A's but had a shading of light grey. It was also thin like suspect's A and had no presence of medulla. Among the
suspect's, suspect A and suspect C had the most resemblance to the evidence hair. Suspect B had dark ... Show more content on
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Suspect C had a shading of light grey and was also thin. On the other hand, Suspect A's hair had the similar light brown shading with similar
thickness. During the experiment, a possible source of error occurred when tweezers, used for handling the hair samples, were switched and
possibly contaminated the hairs. The hairs collected could had been switched from its rightful evidence bag, altering the results.
Conclusion:
If each person's hair has different color and width examined on a microscope then the match found between the suspect;s hair and crime
scene hair must be the same person because each person's hair has different set of characteristics.This hypothesis had been accepted, after
comparing each suspect hair with each other. Although some had come close to being similar to each other like Suspect A's hair sample color
and Suspect C's hair sample color, Suspect A's hair had a light shade of brown while Suspect C's hair had a light shade of grey. Even when a
person's hair bears many resemblances to another, there will always be something different about them. This makes each hair unique so the
match between two samples must be the same

Observing Physical Evidence
The procedure should accomplish that each type of physical evidence, whether an intact object, pieces of an object, blood, glass, liquids, or
gasses, must be collected, marked or tagged, packaged, transported, and stored properly to be later admitted in to evidence in court. The
maintaining proper chain of custody is particularly important when the object is one that is not unique or when questions could be raised
about changes in the condition of the object, unique or not. Upon arrival at a crime scene, the officer should first quickly determine if anyone
is injured or needs medical treatment and, if so, summon the health professionals. Then the officer should survey the crime scene, quickly
determine whom to interview, and move nonessential individuals out of the area. The crime scene area should be cordoned off or otherwise
closed to nonessential individuals.
The identification tag should contain the case number, the name of the defendant, the name of the victim, the name of the law enforcement
professional who found the object; the date, time, and place where the object was found; a brief description of the article (this is important in
case the tag becomes detached from the item because some objects cannot be recognized from appearance alone), the signature of the person
finding the object; the person to whom the object was released and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
When objects are to be stored for a considerable period of time, it is advisable to place them in cartons or paper or plastic bags in order to
prevent dirt, dust, and the elements from affecting their appearance. The carton are bags should be sealed and marked with the proper
identifying data on the outside of each package, from which the contents may be easily determined. With such storage it will prevent
unauthorized handling, as well as aid in keeping objects from being soiled or losing their

Blood Evidence Essay
Blood is present at most crimes scenes involving any type of violence (Library). Blood presents investigators with further information to
determine the sequence of events that may have taken place between the victim and the suspect. If there is any evidence collected from the
scene, it should be properly packaged, labeled and sealed before it is sent to the lab for testing. In order for proper laboratory applications
and court usage, there should be accurate labeling. Any item that has to be submitted to the laboratory should include the name or names of
the suspects or victims, a description of the evidence of the package, the location the items were collected, and the investigator's first and last
name along with the date and time that the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These tests are specifically for identifying the presence of human saliva in samples submitted into the laboratory. The Phadebas test comes
to great use when trying to identify the presence of the enzyme alpha–amylase, which is typically present in human saliva. As contrasted to
the Phadebas test, the RSID test checks for the molecule of alpha–amylase in the sample rather than the activity of the enzyme, as it is the
case with the Phadebas test. Apart from these tests a DNA test can also be conducted on the sample to identify the source of the sample and
in such circumstances the suspects or the victim's saliva should also be available for

The Importance Of Physical Evidence
Physical Evidence
Physical Evidence has always been a key factor in solving any crime scene. It is any evidence that could tell the investigators about the
crime being investigated. Physical evidence which is found at the crime scene is good evidence to link the details on what occurred. It is also
good evidence to find the suspect and also the victim in some cases. This paper will discuss a variety of physical evidence like DNA,
firearms and ballistics, and also drug evidence. It will also discuss how they are collected, documented and preserved.
DNA Evidence
DNA is one of the main and important evidence to find in a crime scene. DNA evidence can be anything like blood, bone, hair and body
fluids. Crime scenes that contain this type of evidence comes with an advantage that, "no two people have the same DNA" (Dutelle, 2017).
Therefore, it can be matched to a specific suspect or can also eliminate someone from being involved in a crime. Documenting DNA has a
slight difference on how it is collected, documented and preserved. For example, blood has to be recorded by its physical state and if it is
moist or dried. The amount present has to be recorded, for example, if there is a few drops or a small pool of blood. The shape of the blood
has to be recorded if it is smeared or round drops, the location also needs to be recorded. The pattern of the stains, atmosphere conditions,
date and time observed. Lastly, scaled and unscaled photographs of stains need to be recorded.

Criminal Evidence Analysis
Long again before DNA was founded detectives relied on their own instincts, witnesses, and suspect confession to solve a crime. "The past
decade has seen great advances in a powerful criminal justice tool: deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA. DNA can be used to identify criminals
with incredible accuracy when biological evidence exists. By the same token, DNA can be used to clear suspects and exonerate persons
mistakenly accused or convicted of crimes. In all, DNA technology is increasingly vital to ensuring accuracy and fairness in the criminal
justice system"(justice.gov,2014). In today's world of crimes nothing has been founded more reliable in court than a DNA evidence.
Evidence can include weapons, tape recorder, photographs, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Some evidence needs to "breath"or dry (for example,blood or semen stains), and a paper container will be needed for that evidence . Each
item of evidence must be packaged and preserved separately, so as not to contaminate or confuse.Evidence should never be mixed"
(Buckles,2007). If a CSI is assigned to collect a wet bloodstained clothing from an assault victim who suffered facial lacerations and minor
stab wounds to the torso, the photographs should be taken pictures of the scene before collecting evidence. First, to collect the wet
bloodstained clothing it important to place each item in a clean unused paper, or plastic bag. Moreover, clothing bloodstain should be
packaged in a paper bag or plastic bag to avoid contamination of other items. In addition, transport the package to a secured lab as soon as
possible where the items need to be taken out of the bag to thoroughly air dry and examine. If a CIS can not transport the item to a lab right
away it is very important to place the blood item in a refrigerator until it can be transported to the crime lab. The main purpose of evidence
tag and labeling items found in sence is so that it will be easy to identify later on as the case

Trace Evidence
Crime scenes are known to have many clues left behind. The obvious would be a the body or bodies, clothing, and sometimes even the
murder weapon. While these are great way to solve a case there's another kind of evidence; trace evidence. Trace evidence are small pieces
of evidence that are laying around a crime scene. There are many types of trace evidence some of them include metal filings, plastic
fragments, gunshot residue, glass fragments, feathers, food stains, building materials, lubricants, fingernail scrapings, pollens and spores,
cosmetics, chemicals, paper fibers and sawdust, human and animal hairs, plant and vegetable fibers, blood and other body fluids, asphalt or
tar, vegetable fats and oils, dusts and other airborne ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Glass can also hold fingerprints which can be very valuable to an investigation as the fingerprints can be taken up on tape and then ran
through a database, possibly finding a match and allowing the investigators to find and capture a suspect. Weapons, pray bars, blunt objects,
clothing, and shoes are where paint chips from door, walls, and furniture can be found. In order for paint to chip off there needs to be a
pretty serious struggle or a pretty hard force that will chip away at the paint then causing it to land somewhere that the suspect forgot about.
The Crime Scene labs have about forty thousand different types of paint in their database. The majority of paint chips are from hit and run
cases involving automobiles. Dust and Dirt can determine many things to help an investigation along. It can tell the investigators where a
person has been, where they work, where they live, and if they have pets in the house. Most soil samples will come from the top soil and
only need to be a little bit over a tablespoon to be processed. Pollen is also included in this as it is a subtype of dust and dirt Pollen allows
the investigators to know if they suspect or victim were outdoors, and if so where they could have been. Firearms that are left behind at a
crime scene can be extremely helpful. This evidence includes not only the firearm itself but also the ammunition used in the firearm,
componets that make up the firearms, and the residue that comes out when the

Essay on Trace Evidence
Crime scenes are known to have many clues left behind. The obvious would be a the body or bodies, clothing, and sometimes even the
murder weapon. While these are great way to solve a case there's another kind of evidence; trace evidence. Trace evidence are small pieces
of evidence that are laying around a crime scene. There are many types of trace evidence some of them include metal filings, plastic
fragments, gunshot residue, glass fragments, feathers, food stains, building materials, lubricants, fingernail scrapings, pollens and spores,
cosmetics, chemicals, paper fibers and sawdust, human and animal hairs, plant and vegetable fibers, blood and other body fluids, asphalt or
tar, vegetable fats and oils, dusts and other airborne ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Hair comparisons can not identify a hair as coming from one individual to the exclusion of anyone else. DNA testing can strengthen any
possible association of the hairs." – Locard. Hair is usually found in unusual amounts when there was a struggle or fight between the
victim and suspect or suspects. Hair at a crime scene is usually found on the floor near whatever was used to commit the crime or the point
of impact between the suspect and victim. If a hair is found with the root still intact then DNA can be pulled from it although DNA can also
be found from fingernails, toenails, and skin flakes. Hair can tell the investigators many things. For insance, the race of the person, whether
they dye their hair or not, the natural color of their hair, and if it simply fell out or alot of force was used to pull it out of the scalp. Fibers are
found mostly on clothing, furniture, carpeting, and blankets at a crime scene. The fibers found are usually from either clothing or carpet.
Cross–transfer of fiber evidence usually occurs where person–to–person contact was established. There are well over a thousand known
fibers and a few thousand known dye formulas. Every dye formula is registered and available in the database investigators use to compare
these small pieces of evidence. Glass from doors, decorations, or windows are usually found on clothing and the soles of shoes. It can also
be found on tools, skin, and even the weapon. Different types of

Summary: In The Absence Of Evidence
In the Absence of Evidence On the night of December 23, 2002, Scott Peterson killed his wife, Laci Peterson, and unborn child, Conner, in
cold blood. He then dumped their bodies in San Francisco Bay and returned home (Case 1). At least, that's what the prosecution would want
you to think. Was Scott Peterson proven guilty of his wife's murder beyond reasonable doubt? No, he was not, and here's why. How did the
prosecution prove that Scott had killed Laci? Well the day Laci went missing, at around 10:00 a.m., Scott left for the Berkeley Marina,
located on the San Francisco Bay, to go fishing. Laci and Conner's bodies were found on the shore of the San Francisco Bay. The state's
theory relies on circumstantial evidence that is shaky at best, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
He determined that the fetus had died the 23rd or 24th of December, 2003, in line with the prosecution's theory.
Second, "The state offered testimony from a dog trainer that her trailing dog alerted on Laci's scent at the Berkeley Marina," (Gibbs 5).
Finally, a hydrologist gave testimony that, based on where the bodies washed ashore, the bodies were dumped where Scott had told police he
was fishing. This forensic evidence, however, was false. The fetal expert applied the model for fetal growth incorrectly. In fact, correct use
of the model reveals, "that based on the length of Conner's long bones, Conner did not die on December 24, 2002, the date Laci disappeared,
but lived until as late as January 3, 2003," (Gibbs 8).
The evidence based on the trailing dog was also based in bad technique. The sunglasses used to let the dog identify Laci's scent may have
been contaminated with Scott's scent, and the handler did do a missing member procedure, which let's the dog know not to alert to the
unwanted scent. In fact, another dog handler, Ron Seitz, searched the area, using Laci's slipper, of which there was no evidence Scott had
handled, as opposed to the sunglasses (Gibbs

Circumstantial Evidence
Physical Evidence is evidence that is seen at the crime scene. They are objects that may contain vital information that are laying around the
area of where the crime is committed. These objects are sent to research facilities to see if the objects are useful in finding out what really
happened during the crime. If they are useless, then they will not change the thought of those who wish to know the truth. But if they hold
information that will turn the tide of a court case, then they will be used. Circumstantial evidence is what most prosecutors use in the court
of law. This evidence comes from clues found at the scene that have something very defining about them. For example, no two people have
the same fingerprint. So if one is found at the crime scene, then it may lead to something important. Or maybe not, since it may have been
accidental, but you never know. Testimony is a written sentence or statement that is used to prove a point. If someone is murdered and there
is a note next to the body. What the note says may give away who committed homicide or how the letter is written, like how neat the words
are, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
When they talk about it, they do not mention how it may be false, until the end when they say,"And defense attorneys frequently attack the
validity of forensic evidence by pointing to lapses in the way the evidence was collected or handled." Though, they do mentions that is has
flaws. This means that if the evidence does have some things that don't make sense, then it would be obvious that they were messed with and
then someone could be called out and it may head towards the truth being revealed. And they mention this at the end of the text, which is
suspicious since when someone sees the bottom of the page, they feel relieved and think that they just want to get through the rest and may
not care as much. They may have done this so many people skip over it and think that forensic evidence is more

Evidence Kathryn Schulz
Evidence: The Mind of Oneself
In Kathryn Schulz's essay, "Evidence" numerous analogies were given to describe the impact that Evidence has on one's opinions and
actions. In the opening passage of Schulz' essay, the Evidence was questioned during the witch trial case to find whether or not the evidence
present was useful. The court permitted the "evil spirit visitations" affirmation to be utilized as proof as a part of court. Schulz later
expressed that "what is true within the law is also true far beyond it." (367) This statement shows that legal actions have gradually improved
throughout the years. One of the focal issues Schulz brings up is the idea that we change and contort evidence in light of the fact that it
makes a difference to the person. Shaping our convictions on evidence and the assortment of fields (science, journalism, politics, and
medicine), develops "specific and formal ideas about [it] –– what kind of information qualifies, how to gather it, how to evaluate it" (363).
Yet to Descartes' chagrin, "believing things based on paltry evidence is the engine that drives the entire miraculous machinery of ... Show
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She recognizes the ethically changing impacts of conversion, comparing the past era to the modern age, "truth" all of a sudden gets through
in psychological resistance perspective. After a period of time, humans start to realize the illusion placed on each individual, who now
consider the conversations as a last 'true self.' Our connection to a perspective we have related to as "right" unquestionably includes internal
clash, and the transformative arrival of recognizing our mistake definitely includes the joining of beforehand distanced energies. Such clash
and change just gets to be difficult to intelligibly clarify without building up some sort of plural good brain

The And Criminal Cases Evidence
In both civil and criminal cases evidence is used in order to prove a particular fact about a case. Evidence can either be direct or
circumstantial. Direct evidence establishes a particular fact without the need to make an inference where circumstantial evidence an
inference is needed to be made in order to connect the evidence to a particular fact of the case.
Definition
Circumstantial evidence is defined as evidence which may allow a judge or jury to deduce a certain fact from other facts in which have been
proven. Meaning, the witness or whoever is giving the evidence is describing circumstances to which they observed. It is indirect evidence,
from which then the trier of fact, that could either be the judge or the jury depending on the type of court the matter is being addressed in,
can logically infer the existence of the material fact. From these definitions, it is clear that circumstantial evidence is not straightforward.
There is a chain of facts that need to be followed so that a logical conclusion from a dispute between parties can be made when there is no
direct evidence. Due to the fact that there is no direct evidence, the trier of fact must then make a logical jump or inference to reach their
conclusions about the evidence that has been brought forth. Circumstantial evidence relies heavily on the use of inference to connect the
facts to the conclusion. Meaning, a conclusion is being reached just on the circumstantial evidence that is being brought forth by

Direct Circumstantial Evidence
There are several types of evidence that are direct, circumstantial or real. Evidence may be presented in the form of witness testimony,
written documents, videotapes, magnetic media, photographs, and physical objects. Evidence such as tire marks, ransom notes and
fingerprints are all examples of the physical evidence.
All different types of physical evidence are interesting and play a vital role on a case to prove the defendant's guilt. One of the different
types of physical evidence I find the most interesting are the foot and tires impression that could connect a perpetrator to a crime. The
impressive part of the shoe is that it could prove what size and type of shoes the perpetrator wore during the time of the crime. The tire print
also

Direct Evidence Vs Circumstantial Evidence
The solving of a crime is highly dependent on the evidence gathered by the investigative team. The crime scene will be the place where most
(but not all) evidence will be located. This evidence can range from tiny hair which are hardly visible to the naked eye to the more
conspicuous pieces of clothing left behind by the assailant. Whatever the case, this evidence often may often have a very short life before it
either gets destroyed or is contaminated. Hence it is imperative that it be gathered with utmost care and sincerity so that the evidence can
lead to the solution of the crime.
There are many ways of classifying the evidence. For e.g. Buckles (2007) differentiates between two types of evidence: direct evidence and
circumstantial evidence. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Testimonial evidence is often the most common and sometimes most controversial evidence as well. This involves eyewitness reports about
the crime. But it needs to be remembered that eyewitness accounts are based on memories and these are often subject to distortions. Physical
evidence is objective evidence with specific physical dimensions such as size and shape. This includes fingerprints, hair, blood stains, tyre
marks, and other items. As is clear from the examples, that it may be biological or non–biological in nature. Whatever, the nature of
evidence, all evidence needs to be collected in a scientific manner so that the evidence is uncontaminated. Documentary evidence is in the
form of written documents such as letters, notes, pictures that are found at the crime scene or during the investigation. Demonstrative
evidence demonstrates or "recreates" evidence that has already been presented but needs further explanation. This may include sketches and
photos of the crime scene, diagrams

Qualitative Evidence In Nursing Practice
Evidence is the collection of information and facts that are used to prove or disprove, test the validity and the truthfulness of theories or
beliefs about a certain topic. Evidence is used in everyday situations and is used by everyone and can be categorised in two types of data;
qualitative and quantitative. Qualitative data is the use of worded descriptors such as feelings, emotions and beliefs; unlike quantitative data
which is the use of numerical and empirical based research and data and is less easily falsifiable. Quantitative data is recorded through
specific methodologies that allow for data to be repeated and measured more accurately than that of quantitative date, for example; the use
of bar charts allows for a clear understanding of the data being presented, as it uses numerical values which meanings can be understood by
all. In comparison, qualitative data, or the recording of feelings or emotions, can be easily interpreted by one person but not so easily by
another. Consequently, findings and recordings may become less synonymous to each other and therefore, the outcomes of specific studies
may be miscomprehended and the accuracy of the recordings subsequently compromised. "Because nursing is a practice profession, it is
important that clinical practice be based on scientiﬁc knowledge" ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This means that nurses generally prefer to use qualitative data rather than quantitative, despite the evidence that encompasses the benefits of
using quantitative data over

Three Standards Of Evidence
The three standards of evidence are preponderance of evidence, clear and convincing evidence, and beyond a reasonable doubt. In the
Cruzan case the court stated that they did not have convincing evidence of Nancy's wishes because she did not have a living will. In the
Cruzan case they only had Preponderance of evidence when they first decided they wanted to disconnect Nancy's feeding tube.
Preponderance of evidence means that there is more evidence one way than the other. Preponderance of evidence differs from the first two
evidences because you need little to no evidence to win a case. Most of this evidence is based off who is more believable. In this case the
only evidence the Cruzan family had in the lower court was their testimony of Nancy ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Charles Baron also stated that they were making a mockery out of the case by keeping Nancy alive just because they needed clear and
convincing evidence because she is in persistent vegetative state. Even though physicians were legally against taking Nancy off of the
feeding tube because they were afraid of what would happen if they did in the state of Missouri. This also ties to how much money that was
spent taking care of Nancy through out the years in the hospital because the family was fighting the court. In our text at the end it states the
family would have had more evidence if her friends would have known her maiden name was Cruzan verses Davis. I think that this was
their convincing evidence. However it is sad that it took so long for her friends to recognize that she was in this state for the pass five
months. Once the court received her friends testimony, they legally removed her feeding

Forensic Evidence Paper
Forensic evidence is tangible evidence that is obtained from the crime scene and examined by utilizing various scientific procedures to assist
examiners in cracking a case. This Forensic evidence is obtained at the scene of a crime and transported to a laboratory, where it is handled
by specialists. Three types of forensic and physical evidence are fingerprints, digital evidence and impressions.
When it comes to fingerprints, no two individuals are the same. This is just one of the many reasons to as why fingerprints are so important
when it comes to evidence. In addition, fingerprints are used to assist in capturing the individual, who was at the crime scene when the crime
was perpetrated. Fingerprints are found on surfaces due to the friction ridges that are on each one of our hands (Nolo, 2015). Sweat, body
oils, and dirt are just a few of the things that ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Fingerprints are found on surfaces due to the friction ridges that are on each one of our hands. Sweat, body oils, and dirt are just a few of the
things that these friction ridges hold on to which in turn assists in creating fingerprints on any kind of smooth surface that an individual may
touch. Fingerprints are used to assist in capturing the individual, who was at the crime scene when the crime was perpetrated. In the same
way as fingerprints, impressions are just as vital within a court case. Impression evidence is critical to a case because they could confirm that
a perpetrator was at the location where the crime took place. Furthermore, tire marks are also vital to any case because they can assist in
recognizing the model of vehicle that was at the crime location. Furthermore, digital evidence is data gathered or sent in binary form that
may be depended on in a court proceeding. Digital evidence is latent, quick, as well as accessible, easily alterable, and can be sensitive to

Evidence And Circumstantial Evidence
The collection of evidence, whether it be direct, circumstantial, physical, or testimonial, is very important to a case. Why? Because that
evidence is what the prosecution hopes will end with a conviction. However, sometimes things happen and evidence gets contaminated.
Now, the biggest thing to determine is whether the contamination happened on accident or if someone tampered with it on purpose.
There are four different types of evidence, direct, circumstantial, physical, and testimonial. Direct evidence is evidence that is in the form of
a testimony that someone has seen, heard, or physically touched (Direct evidence, 2008). So that, if believed, proves a fact without inference
or presumptions (Direct evidence, 2008). This is different from circumstantial in the fact that direct evidence erases the questioning and
thinking behind the evidence itself (Direct evidence, 2008). ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is a series of facts that require reasoning and experience (Circumstantial evidence, 2008). The members of the court who are presenting
circumstantial evidence to the jury argues that the series of facts that they are presenting resemble the facts proven so closely that they are
just inferred to be truth and that is what the jury must decide (Circumstantial evidence, 2008). For example, if James sees William shoot
Emily that's direct evidence, but if James see William and Emily go into another room together and hears William say that he was going to
shoot Emily, and then hears a gun shot and William comes out the room holding a gun and Emily is dead, James' testimony would be
circumstantial

Plant Evidence
In courts people can use animal and plant evidence to prove a case. They can use it in four different ways: as scientific evidence for
resolution of court cases involving property dispute, fraud, and matters of legal responsibility or obligation. It could be used as scientific
evidence in criminal cases offered to prove than an alleged crime has been committed. It can also be used in murder, accidental death or
questioned death cases offered in connection with establishing the cause or time of death and offered in connection with identifying the
perpetrator of a crime or establishing the location of the crime.
Animals and humans can leave their footprints across a crime scene by placing their foot/feet into something like mud or something ... Show
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It can show the different colours that are in a pen and show if it is different to another pen used. This is mainly used with cheques as people
can change the numbers on cheques to make the total larger. If this does happen then the pen they used would most likely be a different
brand and could be seen by the different colours that have been used to create the ink.
The plant cycle is fairly simple. It begins with a seed that cracks and a tiny shoot appears, soon the shoot grows up to become the stem and
the roots grow down into the soil. Then the plant gets taller and the stem gets thicker. Leaves begin to grow of the stem and flowers can
begin to grow to. Soon the flower creates a new seed which makes the whole thing begin again. The plant however would need water,
sunlight and air.
Pollen grains can be used at a crime scene as the pollen grains differ in size, shape and texture. Pollen samples can show whether a person
was present at the crime. Fibres can look very different under the microscope so can be compared to those found on the suspects clothing.
The fibres can be matched to the victims clothes or hairs for example to prove that he was present at the crime also if these same fibres are
found at the place of a crime then people know that that is where the crime took place however lots of different pollen grains would have
been left there as other people would have been in that place at one

Types Of Evidence For Instructional Purposes Essay
1. Once you have identified supporting claims, the "grounds" of an argument, then you need to be able to evaluate the evidence that will be
used to prove these claims. Evidence is the most important part of any inductive argument. But it is important to recognize that not all
evidence is reliable. Some types of evidence can 't be trusted at all. And even when good evidence is used, it might not be appropriate for
certain types of claims. Thus, evidence has to be both reliable and logically appropriate, in a word valid, in order to prove a claim true or
false.
2. To oversimplify for instructional purposes, I want to explore nine major types of evidence that are most commonly used in arguments,
starting with the weakest form of evidence and moving forward toward the strongest form. I will briefly explain each type of evidence,
focusing on how reliable it tends to be (strong to weak) and how it could be appropriately used.
Handout: Types of Evidence & Sources
3. The first type of evidence is personal experience, sometimes called testimony or an "eye–witness account." This evidence is based on
what an individual experiences directly or indirectly. Psychologically, we naturally consider this type of evidence to be the strongest because
it is the most immediate and intimately tied to our local world, which we know the best. However, from a sociological perspective, personal
experience is actually the weakest type of evidence.
4. Even when our eyes see clearly

Preservation Of Evidence Analysis
All evidence must be obtained, identified and properly preserved. Evidence in an unprotected crime scene will degrade, diminish, or
disappear over time unless collected and preserved. No matter how carefully done, collecting evidence will result in a post–crime transfer of
material. The Integrity of evidence requires that any item introduced in court must be in the same condition as when it was found at the
crime scene. The document that I would provide would be the chain of evidence also known as the chain of custody. The value of the
evidence can be compromised is the evidence is improperly collected, handled or identified. So I would have a roster that has a number,
description, number of pieces, who collected the item, and where it would

Governing Identification Evidence Analysis
In Chapter thirteen, naming the law of governing identification evidence is introduced. It begins with the evidence needed for criminal
convictions. It states that to convict a person of a crime, the government must be able to prove it. The government must prove that the crime
the person is charged with did indeed happen. The government must also be able to prove that the defendant was committed or was a party
to the crime charged. The evidence can either be direct or circumstantial. Direct evidence is evidence that stands on its own to prove an
alleged fact, such as a testimony of a witness who specifically says he or she saw a defendant pointing a gun at a victim during a robbery.
This means that the defendant must be identified in some sort ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Computers are electronic devices for storing and processing data and that is why they are a rich place for law enforcement to search for
criminal activity. There is a common expectation of privacy when it comes to someone's personal computer, which is why the fourth
amendment applies to any search of a computer. When obtaining evidence from other personal electronic devices there must be a search
warrant in place. Obtaining evidence from the Internet or cyber evidence includes crimes against children, abductions, threats, abductions,
and pornography. Identity theft and computer hacking crimes also fall under this category. There are different types of search warrants; there
is daytime, nighttime, no knock/unannounced, anticipatory, sneak and peek, etc. Wiretapping allows the practice of connecting a listening
device to a telephone line to secretly monitor a conversation. Electronic surveillance is a way of monitoring a home, business, or individual
using a variety of devices. Three techniques of electronic surveillance that are available to law enforcement agencies are pen registers, trap
and trace devices, and interception of the content of the message. There are some situations where a court order was not required like
overheard conversations, statements made to undercover officers, and tape recordings

Evidence Collector Essay
The evidence collector has many roles to play at a crime scene other than just collecting evidence. Photographer, note taker, and scene
sketch artist. As a photographer it is the evidence collectors responsibility to not only take pictures of evidence that has been found. But also
of the whole scene in general. Entrance and exits, whole room, and surrounding areas that may or may not be involved. As the role of note
taker an evidence collector must take detailed notes. Not only noting time of initial call, who made the call, and any facts given during that
call.They must note the time that they arrived at the scene as well as other officers, along with the departure time. . It must also be noted who
is on the scene; along with their movements

Circumstantial Evidence Analysis
Evidence is every considerable type of proof legally presented at a trial it also must be approved by a judge. The reason why we use
evidence is to help convince the judge or jury of supposed facts that relate to the case. Witnesses who testify, an expert who has information
on certain fields of work, paperwork, records, photos etc. are all types of evidence that could be used in a case. Circumstantial evidence is
evidence that aims to come to a conclusion by stating the cause while logically trying to prove the facts. The arguments and statements
lawyers present to the judge and a judge who wants to make a statement can be ruled with an objection therefore it is not consider evidence.
During a testimony a witness must swear under oath to say nothing but the truth that way her testimony can be considered the truth since
they no way of know if it is the truth or not. If they are caught in a lie consequences will be brought down on the witness and in some cases
it can completely throw–out the case. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It has to have the potential to hold in court and must be relevant to the case, can not be immaterial, or must be able to pass all standards
which means no objections if not it is consider inadmissible evidence which is not relevant to the case. On certain occasions a person may
try to present certain evidence that has nothing to do with the case or determining a fact. For example, gory details to prove support a point
or fact may possibly be irrelevant, so it may outweigh its value. Criminal cases that the courts handle are usually much more strict on letting
the jury hear such inappropriate details because of the possibility in "undue prejudice." The court only wants the jury to hear the passive
aggressive version of facts in cases especially those that involved

Evidence And Physical Evidence
INTRODUCTION
Evidence plays a major role usually in trail of a case. Several types of evidence can be used. Evidence can be divided into two categories –
Testimonial evidence and Physical evidence. Physical evidence is one type of such evidence; this evidence can be brought to court room for
observation during trails. This is the most important evidence. Physical evidence is also known as real evidence, they consist tangible article
from tiny microscopic to macroscopic evidence from large building to molecules in air. It can be in solid, gas or liquid form. Advances in
forensic science have increased the use of physical evidence
Physical evidence helps to narrow down a case. This evidence cannot ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Fixed or immovable evidence : The evidence that cannot be moved or removed from crime scene because of its nature, size or shape. This
type of evidence should examine from the crime scene itself or should be lifted using specific techniques. Some of the examples are
– Foot prints
– Tire marks on dust, floor or mud
– Door frame
– Window frame
– Walls
– Telephone poles
Physical evidence has certain physical dimensions like shape, size, width, state, pattern etc. Such evidence can be recorded, collected,
preserved by using different techniques. Physical evidence can be also called as material, indirect, circumstantial evidence based on different
context.
TYPES OF PHYSICAL EVIDENCES
It's impossible to list down the physical evidence because this evidence depends upon the nature, manner and the location of the crime
committed. But few physical evidences r listed out with can be encountered in most of the cases.
1. Body materials
Corpses– This includes mainly the dead body which can be encountered in majority of the crime cases, parts of body, bones, teeth, hair, skin,
tissue, nails, muscle

How Law Enforcement Can Prove Evidence And The Guilty With...
There are different ways law enforcement can prove evidence and the guilty with impression evidence. Latent (invisible) or patent (visible)
prints that are used in criminal investigations are typically collected from crime scene specialists to reveal or extract fingerprints from any
surface or objects with the use of chemical or physical methods. Fingerprints can be shown when they are taken from a crime scene where
the crime was committed. Fingerprints and bite–mark evidence have similar traits to shoe prints and tire tracks that can be used in criminal
investigations. There are a percentage of palm prints that must be left at the scene to make a comparison for valid evidence.
Fingerprints can be taken from a crime scene in various methods. Fingerprints are classified into three categories depending on the surface
they are found. Fingerprints on soft surfaces are most likely to be three–dimensional plastic prints such as soap, wax, wet paint, fresh caulk,
etc. ("A Simplified Guide To Fingerprint Analysis", n.d). The fingerprints on hard surfaces are patent or latent prints including blood, dirt,
ink, paint, etc. transferred from a finger or thumb to a surface ("A Simplified Guide To Fingerprint Analysis", n.d). Patent prints can be
collected using photography. The prints are photographed in high resolution with a forensic measurement scale for the image for reference.
There are multiple methods for discovering and collecting latent prints. Alternate Light Source (ALS) use

Digital Evidence In The Courtroom
The concept I will take from this class that I thought was important, is the concept of admissibility. Admissibility defines how safe is the
evidence collected for trial and presented in front of a jury, and would the evidence be sound enough when making a decision in a case (
Casey, 2011, p.56). How evidence is collected and analyze and stored are some of the factors that can have an influence on the evidence in a
case. The course Book "Digital Evidence and Computer Crime, Chapter 3, Digital Evidence in the Courtroom by Eugene Casey provides an
example of a case that was presented in Maryland. In 2007. The Magistrate was conveying over a case about the legitimacy of email. The
Judge did not allow the emails because in his view these are ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Bayesian network modeling is used to calculate the analysts' judgment on the certainty of evidence (Changwei, Singhal, & Wijesekera,
2014).
Bayesian probabilities ranks the submission of evidence from the highest to lowest degree of certainty;
(1) Beyond any doubt (100%)
(2) Beyond a reasonable doubt (>99%),
(3) Clear and convincing evidence (90–99%)
(4) Clear showing (80–90%)
(5) Substantial and credible evidence (67–80%)
(6) Preponderance of the evidence (50–67%)
(7) Clear indication (33–50%) (8) Probable cause: reasonable grounds for belief (10–33%) (9) Reasonable, articulable grounds for
suspicious (1–10%)
(10) No reasonable grounds for suspicion (<1%)
This second method is a scientific or systematic approach method in analyzing evidence. However, this method is not use in a civil hearing
or a court of law. In conclusion, the course provided many concepts that can be used or introduce in a case–by–case analysis. The one point
that is common throughout the course readings is the extraction of fact from hearsay when determining the integrity of evidence presented in
court or civil

Comparison Of Evidence And Pattern Evidence
Comparison of latent fingerprints found at the crime scene with exemplar prints, comparison of bite marks on a victim, DNA evidence, hair
and fibre matching are some of the example of pattern comparison in forensic science (Coyle, Field & Wenderoth, 2009). Comparison of
pattern evidence in forensic science is to determine whether the same kind of the properties of forensic traces may have come from a
common (or related source) (Found & Edmond, 2012). There are varieties of techniques in forensic pattern evidence that make associations
between physical traces. The association of one or more traces might be helpful in the investigation of a crime that usually can support an
inference (Cole, Berthental & Seelagy, 2016).
Pattern evidence is any item where a mark or impression has been made during criminal activity with the purpose of associating the mark
with the object or implement that made it. Although fingerprints are the most prominent form of forensic pattern evidence, but there are
other types of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Some of the classes are sometimes larger than others. The larger the class, the less discriminating the identification, but all such associations
provide relevant information (Kaye, 2009). Identification is the process of determining a substance's physical or chemical identity of a
substance such as drug analysis, species determination and explosive residue analysis as near absolute certainty as existing analytical
techniques will permit (Saferstein, 2014). These are forms of physical evidence that become crucial to solving a crime. With the use of new
technology, the scientists are able to determine if a known sample of a small fibre, paint chip, or shoe pattern is consistent with the unknown
sample found at the scene. When individual characteristics are determined, the suspect has been linked to the

Preserving Biological Evidence

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