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Protists are a diverse group of eukaryotic microorganisms that do not fit into other kingdoms like plants, animals, fungi, or monera. Traditional classifications divided protists into animal-like protozoa, plant-like protophyta, and fungus-like slime molds and water molds based on superficial similarities. Modern classifications attempt to create monophyletic groups based on ultrastructure, biochemistry, and genetics. Protists exhibit different types of feeding, reproduction both sexually and asexually or through complex life cycles, and some are important pathogens or can be used to fight diseases and reduce insect populations.
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Fungi play important roles as decomposers, mutualists, and pathogens. They break down organic material using hydrolytic enzymes, recycling nutrients, and aid digestion in animals. As decomposers, fungi break down complex molecules into absorbable nutrients. They exist primarily as filaments or single cells strengthened by chitin cell walls. Fungi also form beneficial relationships as endophytes living in plants and breaking down plant material for animal digestion. However, some fungi are pathogens, with 30% of known fungal species infecting plants and a few infecting animals, causing diseases like mycosis.
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Chapter 21 and 22 notes
Protists and fungi are eukaryotic organisms. Protists can be unicellular or multicellular, autotrophic or heterotrophic, and include protozoa, algae, and slime molds. Some protists cause diseases like malaria and African sleeping sickness. Fungi break down organic matter as decomposers and form mutualistic relationships with plants through mycorrhizae and lichens. Both protists and fungi fill important ecological roles.
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Email for inquiries: atifa.ambreen@gmail.com
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Chapter 21 and 22 notes
Protists and fungi are eukaryotic organisms. Protists can be unicellular or multicellular, autotrophic or heterotrophic, and include protozoa, algae, and slime molds. Some protists cause diseases like malaria and African sleeping sickness. Fungi break down organic matter as decomposers and form mutualistic relationships with plants through mycorrhizae and lichens. Both protists and fungi fill important ecological roles.
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Fungi can never be classified in the kingdoms Plantae or Animalia because:
- Fungi are non-motile (lack mobility) unlike animals which are motile.
- Fungi reproduce via spores unlike plants which reproduce via seeds and animals which reproduce sexually.
- Fungi are heterotrophs that absorb nutrients externally from their environment unlike plants which produce their own food via photosynthesis. Animals obtain nutrients internally through ingestion and digestion.
- Fungi lack chloroplasts and chlorophyll for photosynthesis unlike plants. They also lack organized tissues like plants.
- Fungi are more similar to protists in their nutrition and some reproductive characteristics. But they
Vaasu.
Fungi are eukaryotic organisms that possess rigid cell walls containing chitin. They reproduce through spores and have filamentous hyphae that make up their mycelium. Fungi are classified based on their morphology and genetic analysis, with the four main groups being zygomycetes, ascomycetes, basidiomycetes, and glomeromycetes. Certain fungi like Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Candida can be opportunistic pathogens in humans, with Aspergillus causing invasive aspergillosis in immunocompromised individuals and Candida causing infections like oral thrush and invasive candidiasis.
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Fungi get their nutrition by absorbing organic compounds from the environment. Fungi are heterotrophic: they rely solely on carbon obtained from other organisms for their metabolism and nutrition. Fungi have evolved in a way that allows many of them to use a large variety of organic substrates for growth, including simple compounds such as nitrate, ammonia, acetate, or ethanol. Their mode of nutrition defines the role of fungi in their environment.
Fungi obtain nutrients in three different ways:
They decompose dead organic matter. A saprotroph is an organism that obtains its nutrients from non-living organic matter, usually dead and decaying plant or animal matter, by absorbing soluble organic compounds. Saprotrophic fungi play very important roles as recyclers in ecosystem energy flow and biogeochemical cycles. Saprophytic fungi, such as shiitake (Lentinula edodes) and oyster mushrooms (Pleurotus ostreatus), decompose dead plant and animal tissue by releasing enzymes from hyphal tips. In this way, they recycle organic materials back into the surrounding environment. Because of these abilities, fungi are the primary decomposers in forests.
They feed on living hosts. As parasites, fungi live in or on other organisms and get their nutrients from their host. Parasitic fungi use enzymes to break down living tissue, which may cause illness in the host. Disease-causing fungi are parasitic. Recall that parasitism is a type of symbiotic relationship between organisms of different species in which one, the parasite, benefits from a close association with the other, the host, which is harmed.
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1) Microorganisms play an important role in insect physiology through both casual and constant associations. Casual associations involve microbes ingested during feeding while constant associations occur when insects rely on microbes to supplement nutrients deficient in their restricted diets.
2) Microorganisms assist with digestion and nutrition by breaking down plant fibers like cellulose and providing essential nutrients and vitamins. They also provide protection from pathogens through colonization resistance. Some microbes can influence insect reproduction through mechanisms like cytoplasmic incompatibility.
3) Common microorganisms found in insect associations include bacteria, protozoa, yeasts, and actinomycetes. Bacteria can aid digestion of plant materials and fix nitrogen. Protozoa
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Along with bacteria, these are the most important Decomposers in the biosphere. They convert dead, organic matter into its inorganic components. Pathogenic/parasitc fungi have specialized hyphae called haustoria, which are used to invade the host's cells and create a nutrient pathway between fungus and host.
Lichens are very effective at absorbing nutrients directly from the atmosphere, and for this reason are very sensitive to smog.They are important primary producers in harsh environments such as tundra.
Several major taxa of fungi are generally recognized...
Chytridiomycota (the "chytrids")
Zygomycota (the black bread molds)
Ascomycota (the sac fungi)
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Chap 1 classification of fungi
Fungi can never be classified in the kingdoms Plantae or Animalia because:
- Fungi are non-motile (lack mobility) unlike animals which are motile.
- Fungi reproduce via spores unlike plants which reproduce via seeds and animals which reproduce sexually.
- Fungi are heterotrophs that absorb nutrients externally from their environment unlike plants which produce their own food via photosynthesis. Animals obtain nutrients internally through ingestion and digestion.
- Fungi lack chloroplasts and chlorophyll for photosynthesis unlike plants. They also lack organized tissues like plants.
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Fungi are eukaryotic organisms that possess rigid cell walls containing chitin. They reproduce through spores and have filamentous hyphae that make up their mycelium. Fungi are classified based on their morphology and genetic analysis, with the four main groups being zygomycetes, ascomycetes, basidiomycetes, and glomeromycetes. Certain fungi like Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Candida can be opportunistic pathogens in humans, with Aspergillus causing invasive aspergillosis in immunocompromised individuals and Candida causing infections like oral thrush and invasive candidiasis.
Introduction to Microbial Diversity
Introduction to Microbial DiversityNational Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), Faisalabad, Pakistan
Microorganisms come in many forms and play a variety of roles. They can decompose waste, perform photosynthesis, and produce useful products like ethanol and medicines. Microbes also include disease-causing pathogens. There is great diversity among microbes including viruses, bacteria, archaea, fungi, algae, and protozoa. Carl Woese's three domain system classifies life based on cellular organization into Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya which includes protists, fungi, plants and animals. Microbes vary in size and shape and inhabit diverse environments.Micro organisms
Microorganisms are microscopic organisms that include bacteria, archaea, protozoa, fungi, algae, and some animals. They play important roles in environments and processes like decomposition, nutrient cycling, and carbon cycling. There are four main types of microorganisms: bacteria, archaea, protozoa, and viruses. Bacteria are prokaryotic microbes that have diverse shapes and live in many environments. Viruses can only replicate inside host cells and come in different shapes and sizes but are usually 100 times smaller than bacteria. Protozoa are unicellular eukaryotic organisms including some motile species. Microorganisms are also used in food production and have medical applications but some can cause diseases if
Fungal Biotechnology Chapt The course material for fungal bitotechnolog cour...
Fungal biotechnology refers to the utilization of fungi for industrial, agricultural, pharmaceutical, and environmental applications. It involves harnessing the metabolic capabilities of fungi to produce valuable products, enzymes, bioactive compounds, and to perform tasks like bioremediation and biocontrol. Fungi are diverse eukaryotic organisms that include yeasts, molds, and mushrooms. They are found in various environments where they play important roles in nutrient cycling and decomposition. Fungi have several characteristics including obtaining nutrients from dead or living organic matter through absorption, growing as multicellular mycelium, and reproducing both sexually and asexually.
Full mycology (2)
This document provides an introduction to medical mycology and microbiology. It discusses the following key points:
1. Microbiology is the study of microorganisms that are too small to see with the naked eye, including their physiology, reproduction, relationships with other organisms, and significance.
2. Major subdivisions of microbiology include bacteriology, mycology, virology, and protozoology.
3. Fungi are eukaryotic microorganisms that can be unicellular (yeasts) or multicellular (molds) and obtain nutrients through absorption. They play important roles in decomposition and antibiotic production but can also cause diseases.
4. Medical mycology
Biology - Chp 21 - Fungi - PowerPoint
Fungi are eukaryotic heterotrophs that have cell walls composed of chitin. They digest food outside their bodies by absorbing nutrients from decaying matter as decomposers or from hosts as parasites. Fungi are multicellular with thin filaments called hyphae that form a tangled mycelium. They reproduce both sexually, requiring two mating types, and asexually via spores. Fungi play important ecological roles as decomposers, parasites, and in symbiotic relationships with plants and algae.
Entomopathogenic protozoa and spiroplasma
The document discusses various types of pathogens that can infect insects, including viruses, bacteria, fungi, microsporidia, protozoa, and nematodes. It provides details on the major groups within each pathogen type, how they infect insects, their modes of transmission between hosts, and examples of important insect-pathogenic species. The use of insect pathogens for biological control is also summarized, including inundative applications, inoculative releases, and management of naturally occurring pathogens.
Biological classification CLASS11th
This document provides a summary of a biology project on biological classification by Ayush Gupta, an 11th grade student. It discusses the history of classification from Aristotle to Linnaeus and introduces the five kingdom system of R.H. Whittaker that divides organisms into Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia. Key details are provided about each kingdom, including examples of bacteria, protists, fungi, plants, and animals. The document also notes some acellular organisms and lichens that are not classified in the five kingdom system.
Morphology and general and general properties of fungi
Fungi are eukaryotic organisms that are classified in their own kingdom. They differ from plants and bacteria in their cell walls containing chitin. Fungi feed through absorption of nutrients from their surroundings. They grow through hyphae that secrete enzymes to break down their substrate. Most fungi are saprophytes that feed on dead material. Their morphology varies from unicellular yeasts to multicellular molds made of branching hyphae. Fungi are classified based on characteristics like hypha structure and type of reproduction and spore formation. Many fungi are pathogens that can cause superficial infections of the skin or deeper subcutaneous and systemic infections.
Definition and scope of microbiology.pdf
Microbiology is a branch of science that deals with microbes. The term microbiology derives its name from three Greek words mikros [small] bios [life] and logos [study]. Microbiology focus on the occurrence and distribution of microorganisms in nature, their structure, physiology, reproduction, metabolism and classification.
Microbes - Microorganisms are tiny and invisible to naked eye. They can be seen only by magnifying their image with a microscope. Small subcellular or cellular living beings with milli-micron or micron in size and are not visible to our naked eyes are called micro-organisms. Microorganisms include the cellular organisms like bacteria, fungi, algae and protozoa. Viruses are also included as one of the microorganism but they are acellular.
Basic and applied aspects of fungi
The document discusses Pier Antonio Micheli, considered the father of mycology. Some key points:
- Micheli was an Italian botanist in the late 1600s/early 1700s who discovered that fungi reproduce via spores, dispelling myths about their origins.
- He specialized in microfungi and defined several important genera including Aspergillus and Botrytis.
- Micheli's greatest contribution was proving fungi reproduce via spores by observing fungal fruit bodies growing from spores placed on melon slices.
Microbes, diversity, discovery & development
Microorganisms are tiny living things that are too small to see with the naked eye. They include bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, algae, and archaea. The document discusses the diversity of microorganisms and how they have adapted to live in nearly every environment on Earth. It also summarizes some of the major discoveries in microbiology, including the development of the field and techniques like Koch's postulates, recombinant DNA technology, and uses of microorganisms in areas like bioremediation and gene therapy.
Microbial insecticides
This document discusses microbial insecticides as an alternative to chemical insecticides. It describes how single-celled microorganisms like bacteria, fungi, viruses, and protozoa can be produced and formulated similar to insecticides. Key types discussed are the bacteria Bacillus thuringiensis, which produces crystal proteins that kill insect larvae, and fungi like Beauveria and Metarrhizium, which infect insects through the cuticle. Viruses like baculoviruses can also be insect-specific and infect via ingestion. Microbial insecticides offer advantages over chemicals like host specificity and no toxic residues.
FUNGI pptx
A. Protists are a diverse group of unicellular or multicellular eukaryotic organisms that include important pathogens. B. Helminth parasites like roundworms and flatworms are often identified microscopically and can infect the intestines or other tissues. C. Fungi are eukaryotic organisms with chitin cell walls that can be unicellular or multicellular, including medically important molds, yeasts, and dermatophytes. D. Algae include unicellular and multicellular photosynthetic protists used to produce industrial compounds like agar. E. Lichens are a symbiotic partnership between fungi and algae or cyanobacteria that
Microbiology Introduction.microbiology slideshare.pptx
Microbiology is the study of microorganisms that cannot be seen with the naked eye. Robert Koch is considered the father of microbiology for his work demonstrating how anthrax spreads. Louis Pasteur introduced the term microbiology and pioneered work in developing treatments for diseases caused by microbes, such as Paul Ehrlich's discovery of Salvarsan to treat syphilis. Microorganisms that cause disease fall into five major groups: bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, and helminths. Virology is the study of viruses, and parasitology is the study of parasites like protozoa and helminths. Mycology involves the study of fungi and the diseases they cause.
Unit 1 ento.pptx
1. Honeybees are beneficial pollinators. Ladybugs are beneficial predators that control aphids and other pests. Dragonflies are beneficial predators that control mosquitoes and flies. Caterpillars can be harmful crop pests that damage plants. Mosquitoes are harmful disease vectors that transmit illnesses like malaria.
Microbiology-1
The document discusses the hierarchical classification of microbes and their position in the tree of life. It describes Whittaker's five kingdom system and Woese's three domain system. The three domain system divided all life into Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya based on rRNA sequences. This system helped reclassify microbes and changed perceptions of their evolutionary relationships.
LAS 1 Pest Management 12.docx
This worksheet covers identifying pests and their natural enemies according to classification, lifecycle, behavior, signs and symptoms. Students will observe pictures of plant damage and identify the likely causes. They will also explain best prevention practices. The document defines pests and integrated pest management, and explains that natural enemies like predators, parasitoids and pathogens help control pests. It provides details on the lifecycles of different natural enemies and historical uses of pest control methods.
microorganism : friend and foe
comment if you like it
micro, microorganism, friend , foe, science , activity, 8th class
types of microorganism
types of bacteria
fungus protozoa
algae
viruses
diseases
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Presentazione1
- 1. Di Bernabei Federico & Gaddoni Francesco
- 2. Protists are a diverse group of Monera Eukaryotic microorganisms, which includes mostly unicellular organisms that do not fit into the other kingdoms. Plants Animals Organisms Protists Fungi
- 3. The traditional subdivisions is largely based on superficial commonalities: -animal like, protozoa -plant-like protophyta -fungus-like" slime molds and water molds
- 4. -The dispute over the proper divios of the kingdom ERNST HAECKEL
- 5. The classifications of today attempt to present monophyletic groups based on ultrastructure, biochemistry, and genetics.
- 6. Different types of protists have different feeding.
- 7. Some protists are reproduced sexually, some asexually; while others, through complex cycles, are reproduce by both ways.
- 8. Many protists are also important pathoge ns. Some researchers were able toexploit them to fight diseases in plants and reduce the population of harmful insects.