The document provides information about the Intel 8085 microprocessor architecture. It describes the accumulator, general purpose registers, program counter, stack pointer, flags register, and hardware model. The accumulator is an 8-bit register used to store results of arithmetic/logic operations. The 8085 has six 8-bit general purpose registers and two 16-bit registers for the stack pointer and program counter. It uses flags to indicate results like zero, carry, and overflow. The hardware model shows the ALU, registers, and buses connecting internal and external components.
This document discusses storage management and disk structure. It covers mass storage structure including magnetic disks, disk platters, tracks, cylinders, sectors, and read/write heads. It then discusses disk structure in operating systems and concepts like surfaces, tracks, cylinders, and read/write heads. Finally, it covers scheduling and management techniques like long term, short term, and medium term schedulers as well as RAID structures and their benefits like increased reliability and performance.
The document describes the roles of sequencers and drivers in UVM. It explains that sequencers generate stimulus data and pass it to drivers for execution. Drivers drive data items to the DUT following the interface protocol. Sequencers and drivers communicate through TLM ports, with the driver fetching items from the sequencer and signaling when items are done. Sequences contain multiple data items that together form a scenario or pattern, while arbitration ensures only one sequence accesses the driver at a time.
In these slides the registration organization and stack organization have discussed in detail. Stack organization is discussed with the aid of animation to let the user understand it in a better and easy way.
SPI is a serial bus standard established by Motorola and supported in silicon products from various manufacturers.
It is a synchronous serial data link that operates in full duplex (signals carrying data go in both directions simultaneously).
Devices communicate using a master/slave relationship, in which the master initiates the data frame. When the master generates a clock and selects a slave device, data may be transferred in either or both directions simultaneously.
Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI) is an interface bus commonly used to send data between microcontrollers and small peripherals such as shift registers, sensors, and SD cards.
The document describes the pins of the 8086 microprocessor. It operates in either minimum or maximum mode depending on the state of the MN/MX pin. The AD0-AD15 pins are used for the lower 16-bits of addressing or data. The upper 4 address lines are multiplexed with status signals. The BHE/S7 pin is used for bus high enable during instruction execution.
This document discusses ARM embedded systems and microprocessors. It covers ARM's RISC design philosophy, instruction set, and embedded system hardware and software components. The hardware components include the ARM processor, controllers, peripherals, and bus architecture. The software components include initialization code, operating systems, and applications. It also describes ARM registers, the program status register, pipelining, exceptions, interrupts, and the instruction set states.
The document provides information about the Intel 8085 microprocessor architecture. It describes the accumulator, general purpose registers, program counter, stack pointer, flags register, and hardware model. The accumulator is an 8-bit register used to store results of arithmetic/logic operations. The 8085 has six 8-bit general purpose registers and two 16-bit registers for the stack pointer and program counter. It uses flags to indicate results like zero, carry, and overflow. The hardware model shows the ALU, registers, and buses connecting internal and external components.
This document discusses storage management and disk structure. It covers mass storage structure including magnetic disks, disk platters, tracks, cylinders, sectors, and read/write heads. It then discusses disk structure in operating systems and concepts like surfaces, tracks, cylinders, and read/write heads. Finally, it covers scheduling and management techniques like long term, short term, and medium term schedulers as well as RAID structures and their benefits like increased reliability and performance.
The document describes the roles of sequencers and drivers in UVM. It explains that sequencers generate stimulus data and pass it to drivers for execution. Drivers drive data items to the DUT following the interface protocol. Sequencers and drivers communicate through TLM ports, with the driver fetching items from the sequencer and signaling when items are done. Sequences contain multiple data items that together form a scenario or pattern, while arbitration ensures only one sequence accesses the driver at a time.
In these slides the registration organization and stack organization have discussed in detail. Stack organization is discussed with the aid of animation to let the user understand it in a better and easy way.
SPI is a serial bus standard established by Motorola and supported in silicon products from various manufacturers.
It is a synchronous serial data link that operates in full duplex (signals carrying data go in both directions simultaneously).
Devices communicate using a master/slave relationship, in which the master initiates the data frame. When the master generates a clock and selects a slave device, data may be transferred in either or both directions simultaneously.
Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI) is an interface bus commonly used to send data between microcontrollers and small peripherals such as shift registers, sensors, and SD cards.
The document describes the pins of the 8086 microprocessor. It operates in either minimum or maximum mode depending on the state of the MN/MX pin. The AD0-AD15 pins are used for the lower 16-bits of addressing or data. The upper 4 address lines are multiplexed with status signals. The BHE/S7 pin is used for bus high enable during instruction execution.
This document discusses ARM embedded systems and microprocessors. It covers ARM's RISC design philosophy, instruction set, and embedded system hardware and software components. The hardware components include the ARM processor, controllers, peripherals, and bus architecture. The software components include initialization code, operating systems, and applications. It also describes ARM registers, the program status register, pipelining, exceptions, interrupts, and the instruction set states.
The document describes the specifications and operations of Double Data Rate (DDR) SDRAM memory. It details features like double data rate architecture, burst lengths, CAS latencies, commands like read, write, refresh, and initialization procedures. It provides timing diagrams for different memory operations.
The document provides an overview of embedded systems and ARM processors. It discusses key aspects of ARM processors including the pipeline, memory management features like cache, TCM, MMU and TLB. It also summarizes the AMBA specification and differences between operating in ARM and Thumb states. The document is intended as lecture material for an embedded systems course covering ARM architecture.
This document discusses topics related to signed number arithmetic, string operations, memory interfacing, and 8255 I/O programming in microprocessors and microcontrollers. It provides details on signed number representation and arithmetic, string manipulation instructions, memory addressing decoding, and programming the 8255 parallel I/O port. Code examples are given to demonstrate signed number operations, finding average temperature and lowest value, and transferring data between memory blocks using string instructions.
Instruction codes and computer registersSanjeev Patel
The document discusses instruction codes and computer registers. Instruction codes are made up of an opcode and address that tell the computer what operation to perform. Computer registers store important data and instructions, including the program counter, address register, instruction register, temporary register, data register, accumulator, input register, and output register. These registers perform functions like holding memory operands, instructions, temporary data, addresses, and input/output characters.
The 8086 microprocessor has an architecture that includes a Bus Interface Unit (BIU) and Execution Unit (EU). The BIU fetches instructions and data from memory and computes addresses, while the EU decodes and executes instructions using its 16-bit Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU). The 8086 has fourteen 16-bit registers for data, addresses, status flags, and pointers that support its operations. It also has an instruction queue that allows the BIU to pre-fetch up to six bytes of upcoming instructions to improve performance.
This document discusses processor organization and design. It introduces the topic and explains that it will cover choosing general characteristics of a processor like memory model, data and instruction bit width, and register file implementation. It will not cover detailed impacts of these choices or the physical realization of a processor. The document then provides background on what a processor is, common instruction set architectures, and von Neumann and Harvard computer architectures before exploring the main design decisions around memory model, data widths, instruction widths, and register files.
The control unit (CU) is a component of a computer's central processing unit (CPU) that directs the operation of the processor. It tells the computer's memory, arithmetic/logic unit and input and output devices how to respond to a program's instructions.
This document provides an introduction to the 8086 microprocessor registers. It defines a register as a small data holding place within the CPU that can store instructions, addresses, or data. The 8086 has several categories of registers including general purpose, pointer, index, segment, and flag registers. General purpose registers are AX, BX, CX, and DX. Pointer registers include BP, SP, and IP. Index registers are SI and DI. Flag registers store status information like carry, zero, and sign flags. The document outlines the role and purpose of each register type used by the 8086 microprocessor.
The document discusses cache coherence in multiprocessor systems. It describes the cache coherence problem that can arise when multiple processors have caches and can access shared memory. It then summarizes two primary hardware solutions: directory protocols which maintain information about which caches hold which memory lines; and snoopy cache protocols where cache controllers monitor bus traffic to maintain coherence without a directory. Finally it mentions a software-based solution relying on compiler analysis and operating system support.
The document discusses the SPI protocol used in the LPC2148 microcontroller. It describes the SPI communication modes of master and slave. It explains the various SPI registers used for configuration - SPCCR for clock settings, SPCR for control settings like CPHA and CPOL, SPDR for data transfer, and SPSR for status. It provides steps for initialization and data transfer in both master and slave modes. The document also discusses factors like clock frequency, data length, and interrupt handling related to SPI communication using LPC2148.
The document describes the instruction set of the 8086 microprocessor. It discusses the different types of instructions including data transfer instructions like MOV, PUSH, POP, XCHG, IN, OUT, and XLAT. It also covers addressing modes, instruction formats, and the various registers used by the 8086 microprocessor like the stack pointer and flag register. In total there are 14 different data transfer instructions described that are used to move data between registers, memory, ports, and the flag and stack pointers.
This presentation discusses logic and shift/rotate instructions in assembly language. It defines logic instructions like AND, OR, XOR and NOT and shows their truth tables. It explains how to use masks with these instructions to modify selective bits. It also covers shift/rotate instructions like SHL, SHR, ROL and ROR and how they manipulate bits by shifting them left or right in different ways. Examples are given to demonstrate how to use these instructions to clear, set or toggle bits using masks, as well as how shift/rotate instructions modify registers and flags.
The document discusses the five main units of computer hardware: input, storage, operation, control, and output. It describes each unit's function and role, which is analogous to parts of the human body. The storage unit is divided into main storage and auxiliary storage. The document also provides details on integrated circuits, semiconductor memory including RAM and ROM, and different types of RAM and ROM.
Linux Kernel Booting Process (1) - For NLKBshimosawa
Describes the bootstrapping part in Linux and some related technologies.
This is the part one of the slides, and the succeeding slides will contain the errata for this slide.
Basic Computer Organization and Design
.....................................................................
The basic computer design represents all of the major concepts in CPU design without overwhelming students with the complexity of a modern commercial CPU.
The document provides an overview of the responsibilities and functions of the Genie-PCIe data link layer. The data link layer is responsible for reliable transmission of transaction layer packets (TLPs) between the physical and transaction layers. It handles flow control initialization, sequencing, buffering, error detection and recovery for transmitted TLPs using ACK/NAK protocols and data link layer packets (DLLPs). The data link control state machine manages the link status and ensures proper initialization and maintenance of the link.
The 8086 microprocessor is a 16-bit CPU launched by Intel in 1978. It has a 16-bit data bus and 20-bit address bus, allowing it to access up to 1MB of memory. The 8086 architecture partitions the CPU logic into two functional units - the Bus Interface Unit which handles external transactions, and the Execution Unit which performs decoding and execution. This separation improves processing speed by allowing parallel instruction fetching and execution via pipelining. The 8086 uses memory segmentation to access more memory than its 16-bit registers allow, dividing the 1MB address space into 64KB segments addressed using segment and offset registers.
The document describes the architecture and functional units of the Intel 80486 microprocessor. It discusses the following key points in 3 sentences:
The 80486 contains various functional units like the BIU, code prefetch unit, instruction decoding unit, execution unit, FPU, segmentation unit, paging unit, and cache unit. It has register organizations like general purpose registers, segment registers, instruction pointer, and flag registers. The 80486 also includes special purpose registers like segment descriptor cache registers, system level registers, FPU registers, debug registers, and test registers that control various functions.
The document describes the specifications and operations of Double Data Rate (DDR) SDRAM memory. It details features like double data rate architecture, burst lengths, CAS latencies, commands like read, write, refresh, and initialization procedures. It provides timing diagrams for different memory operations.
The document provides an overview of embedded systems and ARM processors. It discusses key aspects of ARM processors including the pipeline, memory management features like cache, TCM, MMU and TLB. It also summarizes the AMBA specification and differences between operating in ARM and Thumb states. The document is intended as lecture material for an embedded systems course covering ARM architecture.
This document discusses topics related to signed number arithmetic, string operations, memory interfacing, and 8255 I/O programming in microprocessors and microcontrollers. It provides details on signed number representation and arithmetic, string manipulation instructions, memory addressing decoding, and programming the 8255 parallel I/O port. Code examples are given to demonstrate signed number operations, finding average temperature and lowest value, and transferring data between memory blocks using string instructions.
Instruction codes and computer registersSanjeev Patel
The document discusses instruction codes and computer registers. Instruction codes are made up of an opcode and address that tell the computer what operation to perform. Computer registers store important data and instructions, including the program counter, address register, instruction register, temporary register, data register, accumulator, input register, and output register. These registers perform functions like holding memory operands, instructions, temporary data, addresses, and input/output characters.
The 8086 microprocessor has an architecture that includes a Bus Interface Unit (BIU) and Execution Unit (EU). The BIU fetches instructions and data from memory and computes addresses, while the EU decodes and executes instructions using its 16-bit Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU). The 8086 has fourteen 16-bit registers for data, addresses, status flags, and pointers that support its operations. It also has an instruction queue that allows the BIU to pre-fetch up to six bytes of upcoming instructions to improve performance.
This document discusses processor organization and design. It introduces the topic and explains that it will cover choosing general characteristics of a processor like memory model, data and instruction bit width, and register file implementation. It will not cover detailed impacts of these choices or the physical realization of a processor. The document then provides background on what a processor is, common instruction set architectures, and von Neumann and Harvard computer architectures before exploring the main design decisions around memory model, data widths, instruction widths, and register files.
The control unit (CU) is a component of a computer's central processing unit (CPU) that directs the operation of the processor. It tells the computer's memory, arithmetic/logic unit and input and output devices how to respond to a program's instructions.
This document provides an introduction to the 8086 microprocessor registers. It defines a register as a small data holding place within the CPU that can store instructions, addresses, or data. The 8086 has several categories of registers including general purpose, pointer, index, segment, and flag registers. General purpose registers are AX, BX, CX, and DX. Pointer registers include BP, SP, and IP. Index registers are SI and DI. Flag registers store status information like carry, zero, and sign flags. The document outlines the role and purpose of each register type used by the 8086 microprocessor.
The document discusses cache coherence in multiprocessor systems. It describes the cache coherence problem that can arise when multiple processors have caches and can access shared memory. It then summarizes two primary hardware solutions: directory protocols which maintain information about which caches hold which memory lines; and snoopy cache protocols where cache controllers monitor bus traffic to maintain coherence without a directory. Finally it mentions a software-based solution relying on compiler analysis and operating system support.
The document discusses the SPI protocol used in the LPC2148 microcontroller. It describes the SPI communication modes of master and slave. It explains the various SPI registers used for configuration - SPCCR for clock settings, SPCR for control settings like CPHA and CPOL, SPDR for data transfer, and SPSR for status. It provides steps for initialization and data transfer in both master and slave modes. The document also discusses factors like clock frequency, data length, and interrupt handling related to SPI communication using LPC2148.
The document describes the instruction set of the 8086 microprocessor. It discusses the different types of instructions including data transfer instructions like MOV, PUSH, POP, XCHG, IN, OUT, and XLAT. It also covers addressing modes, instruction formats, and the various registers used by the 8086 microprocessor like the stack pointer and flag register. In total there are 14 different data transfer instructions described that are used to move data between registers, memory, ports, and the flag and stack pointers.
This presentation discusses logic and shift/rotate instructions in assembly language. It defines logic instructions like AND, OR, XOR and NOT and shows their truth tables. It explains how to use masks with these instructions to modify selective bits. It also covers shift/rotate instructions like SHL, SHR, ROL and ROR and how they manipulate bits by shifting them left or right in different ways. Examples are given to demonstrate how to use these instructions to clear, set or toggle bits using masks, as well as how shift/rotate instructions modify registers and flags.
The document discusses the five main units of computer hardware: input, storage, operation, control, and output. It describes each unit's function and role, which is analogous to parts of the human body. The storage unit is divided into main storage and auxiliary storage. The document also provides details on integrated circuits, semiconductor memory including RAM and ROM, and different types of RAM and ROM.
Linux Kernel Booting Process (1) - For NLKBshimosawa
Describes the bootstrapping part in Linux and some related technologies.
This is the part one of the slides, and the succeeding slides will contain the errata for this slide.
Basic Computer Organization and Design
.....................................................................
The basic computer design represents all of the major concepts in CPU design without overwhelming students with the complexity of a modern commercial CPU.
The document provides an overview of the responsibilities and functions of the Genie-PCIe data link layer. The data link layer is responsible for reliable transmission of transaction layer packets (TLPs) between the physical and transaction layers. It handles flow control initialization, sequencing, buffering, error detection and recovery for transmitted TLPs using ACK/NAK protocols and data link layer packets (DLLPs). The data link control state machine manages the link status and ensures proper initialization and maintenance of the link.
The 8086 microprocessor is a 16-bit CPU launched by Intel in 1978. It has a 16-bit data bus and 20-bit address bus, allowing it to access up to 1MB of memory. The 8086 architecture partitions the CPU logic into two functional units - the Bus Interface Unit which handles external transactions, and the Execution Unit which performs decoding and execution. This separation improves processing speed by allowing parallel instruction fetching and execution via pipelining. The 8086 uses memory segmentation to access more memory than its 16-bit registers allow, dividing the 1MB address space into 64KB segments addressed using segment and offset registers.
The document describes the architecture and functional units of the Intel 80486 microprocessor. It discusses the following key points in 3 sentences:
The 80486 contains various functional units like the BIU, code prefetch unit, instruction decoding unit, execution unit, FPU, segmentation unit, paging unit, and cache unit. It has register organizations like general purpose registers, segment registers, instruction pointer, and flag registers. The 80486 also includes special purpose registers like segment descriptor cache registers, system level registers, FPU registers, debug registers, and test registers that control various functions.
Uno dei molti vantaggi del Sistema Operativo Linux è che il suo “interno” è aperto a tutti. Il kernel Linux è un corpo grande e complesso di codice. I drivers di periferica, sono distinte “scatole nere” che fanno sì che un particolare pezzo di hardware risponda ad un interfaccia di programmazione ben definita. Le attività dell’utente sono effettuate tramite una serie di chiamate standardizzate indipendenti dal driver specifico. Quindi i driver possono essere costruiti separatamente dal resto del kernel e “inseriti” a runtime quando necessario.
1. Microprocessore:
• CPU (CU, ALU)
La Motherboard è
parte essenziale
del calcolatore
elettronico, poiché
ne contiene e
supporta i
componenti
principali.
2. Il microprocessore, ovvero la
cosiddetta CPU (central
processing unit), rappresenta
l’elemento fondamentale
della struttura di un computer
nel modello di Von Neumann.
Curiosità
Questi «piedini» sono fatti in oro
3. Svolge tutte le funzioni fondamentali di processamento dei dati, come la
lettura da memoria e scrittura in memoria. La struttura interna (architettura)
è suddivisa in questo modo :
Control Unit (CU)
Arithmetic-Logic Unit (ALU)
Registri
Cache interna
Bus Interno
C
Microprocessore
4. Coordina e gestisce le operazioni interne dei vari blocchi in base ai segnali ricevuti
dall’esterno e alle istruzioni da eseguire, utilizza principalmente tre fasi:
FETCH (preleva)
DECODE (decodifica)
EXECUTE (esegue)
La CU determina il tipo
di istruzione che deve
essere eseguita.
La CU preleva
un’istruzione dalla
memoria. Il codice
operativo viene copiato
nel registro detto
Instruction Register.
La CU esegue l’istruzione (se
l’istruzione è aritmetica o
logica, è stata eseguita dalla
ALU).
CPU
5. É l'unità digitale preposta all'esecuzione di operazioni
aritmetiche o logiche. L'ALU è un elemento
fondamentale dei moderni microprocessori, ogni
microprocessore contiene almeno un'unità ALU al suo
interno. Le moderne CPU e GPU sono dotate di unità
ALU molto sofisticate, un singolo processore spesso
contiene più ALU. La CU gestisce l'ALU tramite segnali
di controllo che attivano le unità contenute dell'ALU. Le
ALU sono in grado di eseguire operazioni basilari come:
Operazioni aritmetiche su numeri interi;
Operazioni logiche (AND, OR, XOR);
Operazioni di scorrimento binarie tramite registri a
scorrimento.
A B
F D
R
CPU
Classico simbolo di un'ALU:
A e B sono gli operandi in
ingresso, R è il risultato, F
sono i segnali provenienti
dall'unità di controllo e D
sono i segnali di stato
dell'unità
6. Registro di stato
Segnala il verificarsi di
determinati eventi durante
la esecuzione del
programma. Ciascun bit
del registro è associato
ad un evento la cui
occorrenza è segnalata
dal valore assunto dal bit.
I bit del Registro di Stato
sono detti FLAG proprio
per la loro funzione di
segnalazione di eventi.
Altri flag:
Riporto, Overflow, Segno.
Sono utilizzati dalla CU
nelle operazioni di lettura
e scrittura dalla memoria
(che avvengono tramite il
Bus di Sistema)
Il Registro Dati contiene il
dato che deve essere
depositato o che è stato
prelevato dalla memoria.
Il Registro Indirizzi
contiene l’indirizzo della
locazione di memoria da
cui prelevare o su
cui depositare il dato.
Segnala l’eventuale
occorrenza di una condizione
di interruzione. Le
interruzioni sono particolari
eventi per cui il normale
flusso di esecuzione di un
programma viene interrotto.
Quando avviene un
interruzione questo registro
invia un segnale chiamato
Interrupt che avvia la
procedura di salvataggio dei
dati in modo che la CPU
possa riprendere il proprio
lavoro da dove era stato
interrotto.
Registri Dati e Indirizzi Registro delle Interruzioni
(Interrupt Register)
I registri sono piccole aree di memoria molto veloci e sono i seguenti 4:
CPU
7. Area di memoria nella quale sono inserite le istruzioni successive a quella in
corso di esecuzione; in questo modo si velocizzano le operazioni. È organizzata
su più livelli( L1,L2,ecc.) in base alla velocità di accesso e alla frequenza d’uso.
CPU
8. Collega tra loro le varie unità
funzionali (la CPU, la memoria e le
varie interfacce di I/O).
In ogni istante, il bus collega 2 unità
funzionali.
Il bus è sempre sotto il controllo
della CPU . Esistono 3 tipi di Bus :
Bus dati (bidirezionale);
Bus degli indirizzi (unidirezionale);
Bus di controllo (bidirezionale).
Parametri
10. Numero di impulsi inviati dal generatore di clock a tutti i
dispositivi collegati alla scheda madre. Il clock è un
circuito presente sulla scheda madre che fornisce una
sequenza di impulsi. Tali impulsi servono a
sincronizzare tutti i dispositivi presenti sulla scheda
madre. Ogni volta che il microprocessore riceve un
impulso esegue un’operazione semplice o parte di
un’operazione più complessa e anche i dispositivi
esterni al microprocessore eseguono operazioni in
modo sincronizzato tra loro e con il microprocessore.
Spesso si associa la velocità di clock espressa in
Megahertz(MHz) o Gigahertz(GHz) alla velocità del
microprocessore; la misura corretta è ips ( istruzioni
per secondo o Mips)
Parametri
11. Numero di bit di dati che possono essere letti
o ricevuti in una singola operazione. Per
esempio il primo microprocessore poteva
eseguire operazioni su 4 bit in un solo
passaggio, quindi se, un’operazione
prevedeva dati su 8 bit, il microprocessore
prelevava 4 bit alla volta, eseguiva
l’operazione conservando il risultato,
prelevava gli altri 4 bit eseguiva una nuova
operazione e poi forniva il risultato finale
elaborando insieme i due blocchi da 4 bit.
Attualmente i microprocessori lavorano con
parallelismo fino a 64 bit.
Parametri
Questo è l’Intel 4004
costruito nel novembre del
1971.Aveva velocità 0,74
MHz. Il suo progettista fu un
italiano: Faggin Federico.
12. Numero di core dentro alla CPU. In base
al numero di core cambia anche il nome
e la potenza.
Dual core (2)
Esacore (6)
Optocore(8)
Dodecacore(12)
Questo qui è L’INTEL i7
5960x ed è un optocore
Parametri