2. CENTO
Overview:
C.E.N.T.O (Central Treaty Organization)
Modeled After NATO (Military Alliance)
Formed at Urge of UK and USA
-To stop Soviet Incursions
-Rout Out Communism
-Improving Mutual Relations
Ineffective
3. • History:
• Signed as Baghdad Pact on 24 Feb 1955
• By 4 Countries Iran , Iraq , Britain , Turkey
• To Form METO (Middle East Treaty Organization)
• Pakistan Joins On 23 Sept 1955 (US Pressure)
• Headquarters set in Baghdad , Iraq
• USA does not become official member
• USA becomes associate and improves individual relations with
METO members
• Originally formed to help USA in dethroning USSR as a
superpower
• To stop USSR from invading oil rich regions in Middle East
• To help USA and UK in possible Cold War Against Russia
4. • Pakistan’s Purpose To Join:
• To Obtain help from US and UK in conflicts with India
• To Gain Western Support And Favor
• Start Of Downfall:
• Arab-Israeli Conflicts
• Egyptian Ruler Jamal Abdul Nasser captures Suez Canal
• Israel Attacks Sinai Peninsula
• British Forces Intervene and Britain loses influence and
power
• Central Asian/Middle Eastern Wars Weaken Unity , Egypt-
Syria Union , Lebanese Civil Unjust
• Less Attention of US fails to attract more members
• No productive results for METO members
5. Withdrawal Of Iraq:
• 4 years pass by Anti-Soviet Iraqi
Monarchy Is Overthrown.
• Iraq-US relations decline.
• 24 March 1959 Iraq Withdraws
as permanent member.
6. Re-Formation As CENTO:
• Headquarters Shifted To Ankara , Turkey
• 4 Members Left ( Pak , Iran , Turkey , UK )
• Reformed as CENTO
• Notable Projects:
• CENTO funded railway across London To Tehran ( Partially
Completed )
• • CENTO Conferences on Teaching Public Health and Public
Health Practice
• • CENTO Cultural Works Program
• • CENTO Institute of Nuclear & Applied Science
• • CENTO Scientific Coordinating Board
• • CENTO Scientific Council
• • CENTO Symposia on Rural Development
7. • Further Decline:
• Unlike NATO , a CENTO military command is not set up by members
• CENTO becomes more political and economic than military
• UK and US give more importance to Turkey due to direct borders with USSR
• Iran-US relations weaken
• CENTO , collectively as alliance fails to assist USA and UK properly
• Pakistan Loses Interest:
• Pakistan helps US in ongoing Cold War
• US and UK do not help Pakistan In 1965 and 1971 wars against India
• No form of Development for Pakistan
8. • Final Events Of Decline:
• No benefits to members
• Turkey loses American Trust due to Cold War
• USSR fails to fight of US alliances
• Soviet Union starts to decline and lose its status
• Iranian Revolution Occurs in 1979
• Shah Of Iran Muhammad Reza Overthrown in mid 1979
• Iran Withdraws from CENTO on 11 March 1979
• Following Iran , Pakistan Also Withdraws on 12 March 1979
• 16 March 1979 , CENTO gets dissolved completely after 24
years
9. NATO
North Atlantic Alliance Is an Inter
Governmental military alliance between 31
member states. [29 European and
Two North
American states]
• Signed in Washington [ 4 April, 1949].
• It’s secretary general is Jens Stoltenberg.
• It’s main headquarters are located in
Brussels, Belgium.
10. • Role of Pakistan:
• Official status:
• •Partner across the globe
• •Major non-NATO ally
• 2. Areas of Cooperation:
• •Intelligence sharing
• •Military Training
• 3. Challenges and concerns:
• •Afghanistan
• •Salala Incident
11. .
UNESCO
• Founded: UNESCO, the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural
Organization, was founded on November 1, 1945.
• Founding Location: UNESCO's constitution was adopted in London, United Kingdom, during the
United Nations Conference for the Establishment of an Educational and Cultural
Organization (ECO).
• Linkage to the United Nations: UNESCO is a specialized agency of the United Nations (UN). It
operates as a part of the UN system.
• Headquarters: UNESCO's headquarters is located in Paris, France. The organization's global
presence extends to field offices and centers worldwide, allowing for effective international
cooperation.
12. • UNESCO's Core Areas of Focus
• Education: UNESCO works to ensure inclusive and
quality education for all, promoting lifelong learning
opportunities.
• Science: Fostering international scientific cooperation
and promoting the advancement of knowledge for
sustainable development.
• Culture: Safeguarding cultural heritage, promoting
creativity, and fostering the diversity of cultural
expressions.
13. UNESCO's GLOBAL IMPACT
• World Heritage Sites: UNESCO protects cultural and natural heritage sites of
outstanding universal value.
• Global Literacy: UNESCO supports literacy programs worldwide, emphasizing
the importance of literacy for sustainable development.
• Media Freedom: Advocating for press freedom and media literacy to ensure
free and open access to information.
• Gender Equality: UNESCO is committed to advancing gender equality in
education, science, and culture.
14. • UNESCO WORLD HERITAGE SITES
• UNESCO World Heritage Sites are landmarks or areas recognized by UNESCO for their
cultural, historical, scientific, or natural significance. These sites are considered to be of
outstanding value to humanity.
• Great Wall of China (China):
• A series of fortifications made of stone, brick, tamped earth, and other materials.
• It was built to protect against invasions and raids.
• Taj Mahal (India):
• A white marble mausoleum in Agra, India.
• Built by the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan in memory of his wife Mumtaz Mahal.
15. • Mohenjodaro:
• Located in the Sindh province,
Mohenjodaro is an ancient
archaeological site of the Indus Valley
Civilization.
• Known for its well-planned urban
layout and advanced drainage system.
•
17. SEATO
Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO)
• SEATO was established on September 8, 1954,
in Manila, Philippines(like NATO but for asia).
• Also known as Manila pact.
• Formed in response to the growing threat of
communist expansion in Southeast Asia during
the Cold War.
18. Objectives of
SEATO
• Collective Defense: SEATO aimed to provide a collective
defense against external aggression in the Southeast Asia
region.
• Containment of Communism: One of the primary goals
was to contain the spread of communism in the region.
• Promotion of Regional Stability: SEATO sought to promote
stability and prevent the further spread of communism
through diplomatic and military means.
