This document outlines a student project on foreign policy and wars. The project aims to understand foreign policy, India's foreign policy since independence, and the relationship between neighboring countries. It will cover principles of Indian foreign policy like panchsheel, non-alignment, and factors that influence foreign policy like national interests and international challenges. Specific events discussed include the 1965 war between India and Pakistan and the subsequent Tashkent Agreement. The document provides sources of information and leaves spaces for marks and feedback.

1. PRELIMINARY INFORMATION
Name of the Unit: Emerging political trend
Title of the project : Foreign policy and wars
Type of Project :
Nature of project :
Duration :
Date of Project Assigned :
Date of Project Submission :
INTRODUCTION:
Foreign policy can be defined as a state's set of actions in dealing with its
external environment-including the national, international, and regional
environment.

3. • India’s foreign policy shaped different segments of the nation, including economy,
geography, history, and culture. The first Prime Minister of India, Jawaharlal Nehru,
helped shape the country’s policy at a crucial time. At this time, while implementing
foreign policies, India aimed at preserving certain objectives like world peace,
independence for Afro-Asian nations and disarmament.
• AIM OF THE PROJECT:
• The main aim of the project to understand the foreign policy and wars and also to
understand the relationship between neighboring countries and not to aligned with
super power blocks.

4. Collection of material and data:
• Principles of Indian Foreign Policy
• Preservation of national interest, disarmament, achievement of world peace, and
independence for Afro-Asian nations have been important determinants of Indian foreign
policy.
• The principles on which India’s foreign policy since independence is built include the
panchsheel principles, anti-colonialism, non-alignment, anti-racism, and anti-imperialism.
•

6. 1.Panchsheel
• Jawaharlal Nehru was a true believer in world peace and emphasised on friendly relations
with all countries, especially the powerful ones as well as India’s immediate neighbours.
He called this objective ‘Panchsheel’. This included the following principles:
1.Mutual respect for territorial sovereignty and integrity.
2.Non-aggression pact.
3.Mutual non-interference in each other’s internal affairs.
4.Mutual benefit.
5.Peaceful coexistence.

7. 2.Non-alignment Movement
• An essential element of India’s foreign policy since independence has been non-
alignment. The non-alignment movement intended to retain national independence in
international affairs by refusing to join any military alliance created after WWII by the
United States and the Soviet Union. Non-alignment did not promote isolationism. It was a
fluid idea that meant not committing to any military alliance and instead adopting an
independent stance on foreign affairs based on the needs of the situation and the need
for development.
• The non-alignment movement approach attracted many adherents in developing nations
because it allowed them to defend their sovereignty while maintaining their freedom of
action during the tense Cold War period.
• India was instrumental in the formation of the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM). The notion
of NAM developed through time. In 1947, Nehru was the driving force behind the Asian
Relations Conference in New Delhi. In 1955, 29 Asian and African countries convened in
Bandung (Indonesia). This was the first gathering of its sort, with participants vowing to
collaborate for colonial freedom, peace, cultural, economic and political collaboration.

9. • The Various Determinants Of Foreign Policy:
• Size of the State Territory:
• A state’s size, which comprises both people and non-human resources, is crucial for
determining its foreign policy.
• Nations with many human and non-human resources are usually big powers, and they
have a better possibility of becoming influential powers in the international community.

10. • Geographical Factors:
• The geography of a country is one of the most constant and steady determinants of its
foreign policy.
• The key geographical factors that determine foreign policy are location, the topography of
the land, climate, and fertility.
• National Interests:
• Every country conducts its foreign policy in the pursuit of national interest. Some national
interests have remained constant over time, while others have changed. Everything is
dependent on a country’s level of development.
• In general, every country strives to improve its economic and social development to
ensure the prosperity of its population. Every country is at a different stage of
development, so policies must be adjusted accordingly.
• India relies heavily on local consumption and international investment to meet its
development goals. India’s foreign policy since independence aligns with these
development goals as well.

11. • International Challenges for India
• The foreign policy must constantly adjust to the changing external environment. For
example, the disintegration of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) and the
dissolution of the socialist bloc resulted in significant changes in practically every
country’s foreign policy.
• The issue of the new international economic order, the problem of international resource
distribution, the energy crisis, the protection of human rights, the issue of nuclear
proliferation, the elimination of international terrorism, and other issues

12. • Tashkent Agreement 1965
• In the war of 1965, Pakistan attacked the armed area of Rann of Kutch in the state of
Gujarat. It was a contentious battle that took place in various regions. However, the
hostilities ended when the UN intervened as soon as the Indian army reached Lahore.
Although afterwards, the then Indian Prime Minister, Lal Bahadur Shastri, and Pakistan’s
General Ayub Khan signed the Tashkent agreement in 1965. It is to be noted that the war
of 1965 added to India’s ongoing economic situation.
• Conclusion
• India follows certain basic principles in its foreign policy from which it has not deviated
much. The primary objectives of India’s foreign policy since Independence are sought to
be accomplished through some principles viz. Panchsheel; anti-colonialism, non-
alignment movement, anti-racism principles in the UN, and anti-imperialism. Expanding
these principles would be beneficial for the entire world. Some of its basic features, like
the non-alignment movement, remain relevant.

14. • Thanks giving:
• I would like to thank my Social teacher for giving me project and making me to understand me
about the Foreign policy and wars and help to bring Peace and good relationship internationally
not to have any world wars.
• Sources:
• Library books, NCERT, Social text book, Internet,google etc.

16. TOOLS MARKS
PREPARATION OF PROJECT :
PREPARATION OF REPORT:
PRESENTATION:
TOTAL MARKS: