This document provides information about population in India. It defines what a population is and discusses India's share of the world's population. India has a total population of over 1.2 billion as of 2011, making it the second most populous country. Uttar Pradesh is the most populated state while 8 states have under 1 million people. Nearly half of India's population lives in 5 states. The population growth rate has declined to 17.64% between 2001-2011. Other topics covered include population distribution, population growth rates, birth rates, death rates, age composition, sex ratios, literacy rates and the adolescent population in India. The national population policy aims to address issues like contraception access and aims for replacement level fertility by
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Can you imagine a world without human beings? Who would have utilised resources and created the social and cultural environment? The people are
important to develop the economy and society.
The people make and use resources and are
themselves resources with varying quality. Coal is but a piece of rock, until people were able to invent technology to obtain it and make it a ‘resource’. Natural events like a river flood or Tsunami becomes a ‘disaster’ only when they affect a crowded village or a town. Hence, population is the pivotal element in social studies. It is the point of referance from which all other elements are observed and from which they derive significance and meaning.
‘Resources’, ‘calamities’ and ‘disasters’ are all meaningful only in relation to human beings. Their numbers, distribution, growth and characteristics or qualities provide the basic background for understanding and appreciating all aspects of the environment.
Chapter - 6, Population, Geography, Social Science, Class 9Shivam Parmar
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Chapter - 6, Population, Geography, Social Science, Class 9
INTRODUCTION
POPULATION SIZE AND DISTRIBUTION
TOTAL POPULATION
TOTAL AREA
INDIA'S POPULATION DENSITY
WORKING AGE
SEX RATIO
LITERACY RATES
OCCUPATIONAL STRUCTURES
HEALTH
ADOLESCENT POPULATION
NATIONAL POPULATION POLICY
Every topic of this chapter is well written concisely and visuals will help you in understanding and imagining the practicality of all the topics.
By Shivam Parmar (PPT Designer)
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Can you imagine a world without human beings? Who would have utilised resources and created the social and cultural environment? The people are
important to develop the economy and society.
The people make and use resources and are
themselves resources with varying quality. Coal is but a piece of rock, until people were able to invent technology to obtain it and make it a ‘resource’. Natural events like a river flood or Tsunami becomes a ‘disaster’ only when they affect a crowded village or a town. Hence, population is the pivotal element in social studies. It is the point of referance from which all other elements are observed and from which they derive significance and meaning.
‘Resources’, ‘calamities’ and ‘disasters’ are all meaningful only in relation to human beings. Their numbers, distribution, growth and characteristics or qualities provide the basic background for understanding and appreciating all aspects of the environment.
Chapter - 6, Population, Geography, Social Science, Class 9Shivam Parmar
I have expertise in making educational and other PPTs. Email me for more PPTs at a very reasonable price that perfectly fits in your budget.
Email: parmarshivam105@gmail.com
Chapter - 6, Population, Geography, Social Science, Class 9
INTRODUCTION
POPULATION SIZE AND DISTRIBUTION
TOTAL POPULATION
TOTAL AREA
INDIA'S POPULATION DENSITY
WORKING AGE
SEX RATIO
LITERACY RATES
OCCUPATIONAL STRUCTURES
HEALTH
ADOLESCENT POPULATION
NATIONAL POPULATION POLICY
Every topic of this chapter is well written concisely and visuals will help you in understanding and imagining the practicality of all the topics.
By Shivam Parmar (PPT Designer)
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Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
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Target Audience
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Learning Objectives
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2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
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Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
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4. INTRODUCTION
What Is population ?
• A population is all the organisms that both
belong to the same group or species and live in
the same geographical area. In ecology the
population of a certain species in a certain area
is estimated using the Lincoln Index. The area
that is used to define a sexual population is
such that inter-breeding is possible between any
pair within the area and more probable than
cross-breeding with individuals from other
areas. Normally breeding is substantially more
common within the area than across the border.
In sociology, population refers to a collection
of human beings. Demography is a social
science which entails the statistical study of
human populations. This article refers mainly
to human population.
•
6. Population Distribution
Density
by
Uttar Pradesh is the most populous state in India with a
population of more than 166 million, which is more than
the population of India, the sixth most populous country in
the world. Nineteen states of India have a population of
over ten million. On the other hand there are eight states
and union territories in the country that have a
population of less than one million. Almost half of India's
population lives in five states, namely, Uttar Pradesh,
Maharashtra, Bihar, West Bengal, and Andhra Pradesh.
7. Populationgrowthin
India
•India’s population growth rate has decelerated to
17.64 per cent in the decade 2001-11, the slowest rate
of growth this past century, according to the first
results of Census 2011 put out by the registrar-general
of census.
•India’s population in 2011 is estimated to be 1.21
billion, comprising 624 million males and 587 million
females. While the gender imbalance in population
remains, the preliminary census figures show that
India’s female population grew by 18.12 per cent over
the past decade against 17.19 per cent for males.
•India’s literacy rate has gone up from 64.83 per cent
in 2001 to 74.04 per cent in 2011. Literates constitute
74 per cent of the total population aged seven and
above. The sex-ratio, that is number of females per
1,000 males, has improved to 940 from 933 a decade
ago.
10. What is Birth rate ?
Crude birth rate is the nativity or childbirths per
1,000 people per year (in estimation review
points). Another word used interchangeably with
"birth rate" is "natality". When the crude death
rate is subtracted from the crude birth rate, it
reveals the rate of natural increase (RNI).This
number is equal to the rate of population change
(not factoring in migration). It is important to
distinguish between a total or crude birth rate,
which uses all births, typically indicated as births
per 1000, versus an age-specific rate which is
typically indicated as the number of births per
1 000 persons in this age group. The first known
use of the term "birth rate" in the English
language was in 1859. The birth rate is typically
the main variable in assessing the rate of
population growth.
12. What is Death Rate ?
Mortality rate is a measure of the number
of deaths (in general, or due to a specific cause) in a
population, scaled to the size of that population, per
unit time. Mortality rate is typically expressed in
units of deaths per 1000 individuals per year; thus, a
mortality rate of 9.5 in a population of 100,000
would mean 950 deaths per year in that entire
population, or 0.95% out of the total. It is distinct
from morbidity rate, which refers to the number of
individuals in poor health during a given time
period (the prevalence rate) or the number of newly
appearing cases of the disease per unit of time
(incidence rate). The term "mortality" is also
sometimes inappropriately used to refer to the
number of deaths among a set of diagnosed hospital
cases for a disease or injury, rather than for the
general population of a country or ethnic group.
This disease mortality statistic is more precisely
referred to as "case fatality".
15. Age Composition
•Children :- They are economically
unproductive and need to be provided with
food, clothing, education and medical care.
•Working Age :- They are economically
productive and biologically reproductive.
They comprise the working population.
•Aged :- They are economically productive
though they and may have retired. They may
be working voluntarily but they are not
available for employment through
recruitment.
16. Sex Ratio
Sex ratio is the ratio of males to females in
a population. The primary sex ratio is the ratio at
the time of conception, secondary sex ratio is the
ratio at time of birth, and tertiary sex ratio is the
ratio of mature organisms.
The human sex ratio is of particular interest to
anthropologists and demographers. In humans the
secondary sex ratio is commonly assumed to be
105 boys to 100girls (which sometimes is shortened to
"a ratio of 105"). In human societies, however, sex
ratios at birth may be considerably skewed by
factors such as the age of mother at birth, and
by sex-selective abortion and infanticide. The CIA
estimates that the current world wide sex ratio at
birth is 101 boys to 100 girls. In 2010, the global sex
ratio was 986 females per 1,000 males.
18. What Is Literacy ?
Literacy has been described as the ability to read for
knowledge and write coherently and think critically about
the written word. Literacy can also include the ability to
understand all forms of communication, be it body
language, pictures, video & sound (reading, speaking,
listening and viewing). Evolving definitions of literacy
often include all the symbol systems relevant to a
particular community. Literacy encompasses a complex set
of abilities to understand and use the dominant symbol
systems of a culture for personal and community
development. In a technological society, the concept of
literacy is expanding to include the media and electronic
text, in addition to alphabetic and number systems. These
abilities vary in different social and cultural contexts
according to need and demand. Within a highly idealist
modern context, individuals must be given lifelong
opportunities to move along a continuum that includes the
reading, and writing, critical understanding and decision-
making abilities they need in their community. In an
historical context, literacy has always been a difficult
19. Literacy Rate In India
Literacy in India is key for socio-economic
progress, and the Indian literacy rate grew to
75.06% in 2011 from 12% at the end of British
rule in 1947. Although this was a greater
than six fold improvement, the level is well
below the world average literacy rate of
84%, and India currently has the
largest illiterate population of any nation on
earth. Despite government programs, India's
literacy rate increased only "sluggishly," and
a 1990 study estimated that it would take
until 2060 for India to achieve universal
literacy at then-current rate of progress. The
2011 census, however, indicated a 2001-2011
decadal literacy growth of 9.2%, which is the
slower than the growth seen during the
previous decade.
21. Adolescent Population
In India
•India has the largest population of adolescents
in the world being home to 243 million
individuals aged 10-19 years, Assam governor
J B Patnaik said on Saturday. Releasing the
UNICEF's flagship `The State of the World's
Children' report at the Raj Bhavan in
Guwahati, Patnaik said, the
•country's adolescents constituted 20 per cent
of the world's 1.2 billion adolescents.
•Stating nine out of ten among the 1.2 billion
adolescents live in the developing world, the
governor said, Assam was home to an
estimated 6.5 million adolescents, comprising
21.3 per cent of the state's population.
22. National Population
Policy
The National Population Policy (NPP) hopes to
address the unmet need for contraception, and
provide health infrastructure, personnel and
integrated service delivery for basic reproductive
and child health, bring the total fertility rate to
replacement level by 2010, and achieve a stable
population by 2045. Besides more general directives
such as making school education free and
compulsory and promoting delayed marriage for
girls, the policy advocates an “integrated package
of essential services”, which seems to consist of
providing contraceptives, treating some
reproductive infections and implementing some
communicable disease programmes. Shortfalls in
the government’s services are to be made up by
involving the voluntary and private sectors.