This document provides an overview of a talk on future trends in 5G and 6G wireless technology. It discusses the evolution from 1G to 5G mobile networks and the key capabilities of 5G such as speeds up to 1 Gbps. 6G is envisioned to enable holographic communication, be integrated with AI, and support a wide range of new applications through delivering ultra-high reliability and low latency. Critical research areas for 6G include new spectrum bands, advanced physical layer techniques like holographic radio, and achieving the key performance targets needed for services like telepresence.

1. A talk at
ISTE approved One Week STTP
on
“Future Trends in 5G and 6G: Challenges, Architecture
and Applications”
Next Generation 5G & 6G: Shaping
the Future of Connectivity
Presented by
Suhas Kakade
17/08/2023

2. Outline
• Introduction
• Evolution of Wireless Communication
• 5G Technology
• 6G Technology
• AI and 6G
• Holographic communication
• Ethical and Social Considerations
• Future Implications and Impacts
• Conclusion

3. Evolution from 1G to 5G
1G
2G
3G
4G
5G

4. 1G
 Developed in 1980s & completed in
early 1990s
 Based on analog system
 Speed up to 2.4 kbps
 AMPS (Advance Mobile Phone System) was launched
by the US & it was the 1G mobile system
 Allows user to make voice calls in 1 country

5. 2G
 Developed in late 1980s & completed in
late 1990s
 Based on digital system
 Speed up to 64 kbps
 Services such are digital voice & SMS with more clarity
 Semi global facility
 2G are the handsets we are using today, with 2.5G
having more capabilities

6. 3G
 Developed between late 1990s & early 2000s until
present day
 Transmission speed from 125 kbps to 2 Mbps
 Superior voice quality
 Good clarity in video conference
 E-mail, PDA, information surfing, on-line
shopping/ banking, games, etc.
 Global roaming

7. 4G
 Developed in 2010
 Faster & more reliable
 Speed up to 100 Mbps
 High performance
 Easy roaming
 Low cost

8. 5G
 Next major phase of mobile telecommunication &
wireless system
 10 times more capacity others
 Expected speed up to 1 Gbps
 More faster & reliable than 4G
 Lower cost than previous generations

9. Evolution of Wireless Communication

10. Evolution of Wireless Communication

11. What is 5G?
• 5G Wireless: 5th generation wireless technology.
• Complete wireless communication with almost no
limitations.
• Can be called REAL wireless world.
• Has incredible transmission speed.
• Concept is only theory not real.

12. What does it offer?
• Worldwide cellular phones
• Extraordinary data capabilities
• High connectivity
• More power & features in hand held phones
• Large phone memory, more dialing speed, more clarity
in audio & video

13. Key concepts
 Real wireless world with no more limitations with
access & zone issues
 Wearable devices
 IPv6, where a visiting care of mobile IP address is
assigned according to location & connected network
 One unified global standard
 Smart radio
 The user can simultaneously be connected with several
wireless access technology
 Multiple concurrent data transfer path

14. (OTP)
(OWA)

15. Open Wireless Architecture (OWA)
• OSI layer 1 & OSI layer 2 define the wireless technology
• For these two layers the 5G mobile network is likely to
be based on Open Wireless Architecture (OWA)
• Physical layer + Data link layer = OWA

16. Network Layer
 All mobile networks will use mobile IP
 Each mobile terminal will be FA (Foreign Agent)
 A mobile can be attached to several mobiles or wireless
networks at the same time
 The fixed IPv6 will be implemented in the mobile
phones
 Separation of network layer into two sub-layers:
(i) Lower network layer (for each interface)
(ii) Upper network layer (for the mobile terminal)

17. Open Transport Protocol (OTP)
• Wireless network differs from wired network regarding
the transport layer
• In all TCP versions the assumption is that lost segments
are due to network congestion
• In wireless, the loss is due to higher bit error ratio in the
radio interface
• 5G mobile terminals have transport layer that is
possible to be downloaded & installed – Open
Transport Protocol (OTP)
• Transport layer + Session layer = OTP

18. Application (service) Layer
• Provides intelligent QoS (Quality of Service)
management over variety of networks
• Provides possibility for service quality testing & storage
of measurement information in information database in
the mobile terminal
• Select the best wireless connection for given services
• QoS parameters, such as, delay, losses, BW, reliability,
will be stored in DB of 5G mobile
• Presentation layer + Application layer = Application

19. Hardware & Software of 5G
5G Hardware:
• Uses UWB (Ultra Wide
Band) networks with
higher BW at low energy
levels
• BW is of 4000 Mbps,
which is 400 times faster
than today’s wireless
networks
• Uses smart antenna
• Uses CDMA (Code Division
Multiple Access)
5G Software:
• 5G will be single unified
standard of different
wireless networks,
including LAN
technologies, LAN/WAN,
WWWW- World Wide
Wireless Web, unified IP &
seamless combination of
broadband
• Software defined radio,
encryption, flexibility,
Anti-Virus

20. Features of 5G
• High resolution for crazy cell phone users
• Bi-directional large BW
• Less traffic
• 25 Mbps connectivity speed
• Enhanced & available connectivity just about the world
• Uploading & Downloading speed of 5G touching the
peak (up to 1 Gbps)
• Better & fast solution

21. Features (Conti…)
 High quality service based on policy to avoid error
 Support virtual private networks
 More attractive & effective
 Provides subscriber supervision tools for fast action

22. Advantages of 5G
• Data BW of 1 Gbps or higher
• Globally accessible
• Dynamic information access
• Available at low cost

23. Applications of 5G
 Wearable devices with AI (Artificial Intelligence)
capabilities
 Pervasive (Global) networks
 Media independent handover
 Radio resource management
 VoIP (Voice over IP) enabled devices
 With 6th sense technology

24. 6G Sub-networks Classification

25. 6G Sub-networks Classification

26. Objectives

27. Potential technologies to technology requirements mapping

28. Why 6G?
•Today- 5G is a strong technology intensively developed; however it has limitations w.r.t. future needs
• 6G Vision for 2030: the society will be data driven, served by near instant, unlimited wireless connectivity
• 6G goals:
• meet novel network demands (e.g., ultra-high reliability, high capacity and efficiency, and low latency) in a holistic
fashion, answering the new needs of economic, social, technological, and environmental context of the 2030 era
• integration of the space, aerial, terrestrial, and maritime communications into a robust network
• large range of applications and services:
• AR/VR, Holographic tele-presence (teleportation), eHealth, pervasive connectivity, Industry 4.0 and robotics,
unmanned mobility, new devices replacing smart phones
• Telepresence -high resolution imaging and sensing, wearable displays, mobile robots and drones, specialized
processors, distributed AI, haptic communication
• Autonomous connected vehicles , massive URLLC (mURLLC), human-centric services, bio-Internet of things (B-
IoT), nano-Internet of things (N-IoT), mobile broadband reliable and low-latency communication
• Open research issues related to 6G networking and connectivity :
- what candidate architecture and technologies : lower layer (physical, L2, L3 ) and also higher layers?
28
NexComm Congress 18-22 April 2021, Porto, Portugal
6G networking and connectivity

29. 3GPP viewpoint : Roadmap to 2030 ; SEVO, MEVO, LEVO, 6G – Short, medium, long term evolution , 6G
29
NexComm Congress 18-22 April 2021, Porto, Portugal
6G networking and connectivity
Source: A. Mourad et al., "A Baseline Roadmap for Advanced Wireless Research Beyond 5G“, Electronics 2020, 9, 351; doi:10.3390/electronics9020351
www.mdpi.com/journal/electronics
AI – Artificial Intelligence
C-Plane – Control Plane
KPI- Key Performance
Indicators
Li-Fi -Light Fidelity
NR- 5G New Radio
NPN-5G Non-Public Network
NTNs - Non-Terrestrial
Networks
ML – Machine Learning
PHY- Physical Layer
RAN – Radio Access Network
UE- User Equipment
U-Plane - User Plane
URLLC- Ultra Reliable Low
Latency Communication
V2X – Vehicle to Everything
6G networking and connectivity

30. 6G networking and connectivity
30
NexComm Congress 18-22 April 2021, Porto, Portugal
Source: M. Giordani, et al., "Toward 6G Networks:Use Cases and Technologies", IEEE Communications Magazine , March 2020
6G proposes significant
innovative architectures
versus 5G
6G Architectural innovative aspects
6G networking and connectivity

31. 6G networking and
connectivity
31
NexComm Congress 18-22 April 2021, Porto, Portugal
Source: T.Huang, et al., "A Survey on Green 6G Network: Architecture and Technologies", IEEE Access,
VOLUME 7, 2019, https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=8922617
Integrated Space Aerial,
Terrestrial and Undersea
Network
Ubiquituous 3d coverage
LEO- Low Earth Orbit
MEO- Medium Earth Orbit
GEO- Geostationary Earth Orbit
HAP- High Altitude Platforms
UAV- Unmanned Aerial Vehicle
Source: 6G FlagShip, "WHITE PAPER ON BROADBAND CONNECTIVITY
IN 6G“, 6G Research Visions, No. 10 June 2020, Univ. of Oulu
6G networking and connectivity

32. KPIs for some use
cases – comparison
5G/6G
- significant
improvements with
respect to 5G
32
NexComm Congress 18-22 April 2021, Porto, Portugal
Source: M. Giordani, et al., "Toward 6G Networks:Use Cases and Technologies", IEEE Communications Magazine , March 2020
6G networking and connectivity

33. 6G Spectrum, physical layer features
• 5G : sub-6 GHz and 24.25 to 52.6 GHz
• 6G: expansion to potential new bands from
low-bands to low THz and visible light region
Enablers at the Infrastructure Level
• Ultra-Massive MIMO and Holographic Radio
• Beamforming beyond the Beam-Space
Paradigm
• Holographic Radio
• Intelligent Reacting Surfaces
• User-Centric and Scalable Cell-Free
Networking
• Integrated
• Access and Backhaul
• Space and Terrestrial Networks
• Broadcast and Multicast Networks
.
33
NexComm Congress 18-22 April 2021, Porto, Portugal Source: N.Rajatheva et al., "White Paper on Broadband Connectivity in 6G- Research Visions",
https://arxiv.org/pdf/2004.14247.pdf
Potential spectrum
regions for 6G.
6G networking and connectivity
6G networking and connectivity

34. • Increased hardware complexity
• Low power circuits with high-performance processing capabilities
• Intelligent wireless energy harvesting
• Seamless coexistence of multiple RATs, AI-based adaptive transceivers
• Dynamic radio resource allocation
• Pre-emptive scheduling in massive connectivity
• Security and Privacy- distributed models
• Flexible network slicing
• Intelligent cell-less architecture
• Integration of space, air, terrestrial and maritime communications
• AI-based management and control
34
6G networking and connectivity – some
research challenges

35. • Virtual reality and mixed reality.
• IoT to improve efficiency in agribusiness.
• Video transmission from drones.
• Metaverse.
• Network slicing applied to industry 4.0 in the 6G context.
• Using LiDAR for object location and mapping.
• Content distribution on integrated mobile and satellite networks.
35
Applications and Use Cases

36. Expanding the coverage area of wireless networks:
Use of drones to expand the coverage area of Wi-Fi networks and collect information from IoT sensors along
crops.
36
Applications and Use Cases

37. • AI for identifying elements in rural areas:
• Use of computer vision and machine learning algorithms to identify crops, pests and animal tracking in rural
areas through video feeds provided by drones.
• Partial version already available and working, but other improvements are still under development.
37
Applications and Use Cases

38. • Telesurgery
38
Applications and Use Cases

39. Bharat 6G

40. Bharat 6G

41. Conclusion
 3G- Operator Centric,
4G- Service Centric whereas
5G- User Centric
 We have proposed 5G wireless concept designed as an
open platform on different layers
 The new coming 5G technology will be available in the
market at affordable rates, high peak future & much
reliability than preceding technologies

42. • The 6G network will go beyond communication, integrating a set of features never
seen in previous generations.
• With new demands, new challenges and opportunities arise.
• The Brasil 6G transceiver will address complex and defying use cases not covered by
the current 5G network.
• Our transceiver will integrate disruptive technologies in a unique framework for 6G
testbeding.
• Training of researchers/professionals able to collaborate with the development of
6G Networks.
42
Conclusion

43. References
1. M. Giordani,et al., "Toward 6G Networks:Use Cases and Technologies", IEEE Communications Magazine, March 2020
2. A. Mourad et al., "A Baseline Roadmap for Advanced Wireless Research Beyond 5G“, Electronics 2020, 9, 351;
doi:10.3390/electronics9020351 www.mdpi.com/journal/electronics
3. N.Rajatheva et al., "White Paper on Broadband Connectivity in 6G- Research Visions",
https://arxiv.org/pdf/2004.14247.pdf
4. T.Huang, et al., "A Survey on Green 6G Network: Architecture and Technologies", IEEE Access, VOLUME 7, 2019,
https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=8922617
5. Y.Zhao, et al., A Comprehensive Survey of 6G Wireless Communications INTERNET OF THINGS JOURNAL, 2020,
arXiv:2101.12475v1 [cs.NI] 29 Jan 2021
6. Matti Latva-aho, Kari Leppänen, "KEY DRIVERSAND RESEARCH CHALLENGES FOR 6G UBIQUITOUS WIRELESS
INTELLIGENCE", 2019, http://jultika.oulu.fi/files/isbn9789526223544.pdf
7. M.H. Alsharif et al., "Sixth Generation (6G)Wireless Networks:Vision, Research Activities, Challenges and Potential
Solutions", https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/12/4/676
8. K.B. Letaief, et al., "The Roadmap to 6G:AI Empowered Wireless Networks", IEEE Communications Magazine , August
2019
9. B.Aazhang, P.Ahokangas, et al., "Key drivers and research challenges for 6G ubiquitous wireless intelligence (white
paper)",
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/336000008_Key_drivers_and_research_challenges_for_6G_ubiquitous_wirel
ess_intelligence_white_paper

44. THANK YOU !