2. Cardiovascular system
• A constant
circulation of
blood is
maintained
throughout the
body by the
heart & blood
vessels
3. Cardiovascular system
Primary functions of the CVS
• To supply of O2, nutrients & hormones
to various tissues in the body
• To remove the waste products from the
tissues
12. Types of blood vessels
Arteries
Carry the blood away from the
heart
Arterioles Smaller arteries
Capillaries
Exchange of water & chemicals
between blood & tissues occurs
Venules Smaller veins
Veins
Carry blood from the capillaries
back towards the heart
14. Aorta
• Largest artery in
the body
• Carries
oxygenated
blood from the
left ventricle &
distributes it to
all parts of the
body
15. Parts of aorta
• Aorta, arising from
the left ventricle,
runs upwards
{ascending aorta},
arches to the left
{arch of the aorta} &
then descends
{descending aorta)
16. Aortic knob / knuckle
• The arch of
aorta is seen
in x-ray
chest as a
projection
beyond the
left margin of
the heart
shadow
{Aortic knob
/ knuckle}
17. Parts of aorta
Descending aorta is
divisible into:
• Thoracic aorta
(part above the
diaphragm)
• Abdominal aorta
(part below the
diaphragm)
19. Common iliac arteries
• Division of
abdominal aorta
vertebra into
right & left
common iliac
arteries is in
front of the
body of the L4
vertebra
20. Common iliac arteries
• Common iliac arteries
pass downwards &
laterally
Divides in front of the
sacroiliac joint into:
• External iliac artery
• Internal iliac artery
24. Veins
• Veins return blood from various tissues
to the heart
• The smallest veins {venules} unite to
form larger veins
• Veins carry deoxygenated blood (low in
O2 content) except the pulmonary veins
(which carry oxygenated blood from
the lungs to the heart)
25. Major veins
Two major veins in the body are:
• Superior vena cava
• Inferior vena cava
26. Major veins
Two major veins in the body are:
• Superior vena cava
• Inferior vena cava
27. Superior vena cava (SVC)
Returns blood from all
the structures above
the diaphragm (except
heart & lungs) to the
right atrium
28. Major veins
Two major veins in the body are:
• Superior vena cava
• Inferior vena cava
29. Inferior vena cava (IVC)
• Returns blood from the lower limbs,
most of the abdominal wall & the
abdominopelvic viscera
30. Inferior vena cava (IVC)
• Begins anterior
to the L5 vertebra
by the union of
the 2 common
iliac veins
31. Common iliac veins
• Common iliac
veins are formed
by the external
iliac & internal
iliac veins
• They drain blood
from the pelvis
& lower limbs
32. Inferior vena cava (IVC)
Passes through
the diaphragm
& enters the
right atrium of
the heart
34. Coronary circulation
• Coronary circulation is the circulation
of blood in the blood vessels that
supply the heart muscle (myocardium)
& other components of the heart
35. Coronary arteries
• Two coronary
arteries (right
& left) supply
oxygenated
blood to the
heart muscle
& other
components
of the heart
36. Coronary arteries
• The coronary
arteries
originate at the
beginning of
aorta (just after
aorta exits left
ventricle)
37. Coronary veins
• Coronary veins return deoxygenated
blood from the myocardium back to the
right atrium
41. Systemic circulation
• Oxygenated blood from the lungs
(Through the pulmonary veins) Left
atrium Left ventricle Blood
pumped into aorta
42. Systemic circulation
• Aorta branches into
smaller arteries
• These arteries
branch & rebranch
to form arterioles
• Arterioles further
divide to form
capillaries
44. Systemic circulation
• In the tissues, exchange of O2, CO2,
nutrients & waste products takes place
• Capillaries drain into venules
• Venules unite to form veins
57. Blood
• The unique fluid nature of this tissue is
ideal for its function of transport of
substances from one part of the body
to another
• In the body of an adult male (of 70 kg
weight) there will be about 5600 ml of
blood
58. Blood coagulation / clotting
• Blood (though fluid in circulation) has a
tendency to solidify when taken out of
the body
• This process {coagulation / clotting}
• This property helps to prevent
excessive loss of blood from the body
66. Hemoglobin (Hb)
• The red color of the blood is due to the
presence of hemoglobin (Hb) in the
RBCs
• When Hb combines with O2 (in the
lungs), oxyhemoglobin is formed
• When the oxyhemoglobin is exposed to
the tissues with low O2 pressure,
oxyhemoglobin readily decomposes &
O2 is liberated
75. WBCs
• Normal total WBC count (TC) is 4000 -
11000 / mm3
• The differential count means the
relative number of the different types of
WBCs
• 100 WBCs are counted & the
percentage of each type of WBC is
determined (e.g., lymphocytes 20%)
80. Hemostasis
When there is a small injury to the blood
vessel:
• Vasoconstriction takes place at the site
of injury
81. Hemostasis
• Circulating platelets get adhered to the
injury site in large numbers, forming a
platelet plug
• The platelets also secrete certain
substances which cause local
vasoconstriction
82. Hemostasis
• The loosely aggregated platelets in the
temporary plug are converted into a
definitive clot. This process
{coagulation / clotting}
84. Functions of blood
• Transport of O2 & CO2:
Hemoglobin in the RBCs carries O2
from the lungs to the tissues (for
oxidation of food & production of
energy)
CO2 is carried from the tissues to the
lungs
85. Functions of blood
(Contd.)
• Nutritional function:
The end products of digestion
[glucose, amino acid & lipids] are
absorbed from the digestive tract and
transported to various tissues (for
growth & supplying energy)
86. Functions of blood
(Contd.)
• Excretory function:
Various waste products are carried
from the tissues to the excretory
organs [kidneys, skin & lungs]
• Transport of hormones:
Blood carries the hormones to their
target organs
87. Functions of blood
(Contd.)
• Protection / defense:
WBCs in the blood can attack the
disease causing organisms [bacteria,
virus, fungus etc.]
88. Functions of blood
(Contd.)
• Temperature regulation:
Blood helps in easy dissipation of heat
from warmer to cooler parts of the
body, thus helping to keep the
temperature of the body constant
(Normal body temperature is 98.40 F /
370 C)
89. Hematology
• Branch of science that deals with the
study of blood & blood forming tissues
91. Arterial blood pressure
• Defined as the lateral pressure exerted
by the column of blood on the walls of
the arteries
• Expressed in mm of Hg
• Systolic BP is the maximum pressure
produced during the systolic phase of
cardiac cycle
92. Arterial blood pressure
• Diastolic BP is the minimum pressure
produced during the diastolic phase of
cardiac cycle
• Normal BP is 120/80 mm of Hg
• When the BP 140/90 mm of Hg, the
condition {hypertension}
94. Blood groups
• Blood group of a person is genetically
determined
• The common systems of classification
of the types of blood are ABO system &
Rh (Rhesus) system
