The presentation by Amandeep Singh explains how Google works through processes like crawling, indexing, and displaying search results, using complex algorithms that ensure users receive high-quality and relevant content. Various algorithms such as Panda, Penguin, Hummingbird, Pigeon, and PageRank are discussed, emphasizing their roles in improving website visibility and combating low-quality sites. The presentation also outlines strategies to recover from algorithm penalties, including removing spammy links and adhering to Google's quality guidelines.