The document discusses various types of special needs among children, including physical, emotional, intellectual, and sensory impairments, with specific case studies illustrating each type. Examples presented include visual impairment, conduct disorder, introversion, speech disorders, anxiety disorders, hearing impairment, Down syndrome, and dyslexia. Each case study outlines the child's background, symptoms, challenges, and suggested interventions to support their development and learning needs.

1. Special Needs
Children with
Reference to Child’s
Case Study

2. 🟣 Special Needs
 According to the dictionary, special needs are areas where individuals may require
accommodations or specialized services to participate in everyday activities.
 The special needs definition encompasses physical, emotional, intellectual and
sensory impairments.
 The special needs meaning can also include impairments in communication,
behavior, self-care (sometimes referred to as activities of daily living), social
interaction, and cognition.
 There are many types of special needs. One example is hearing impairment or
deafness. People with hearing impairment or deafness may communicate using
American Sign Language, which includes letters like these.
 Students with learning disabilities can receive accommodations such as extra time
for testing, assistance with note-taking, and additional reading or math instruction.
 An individual with special needs may need help with: Communication, Movement,
Self-care and Decision-making .

3.  Other types of special needs include:-
1. Autism 11. Pervasive Development Disorders
2. Hearing Impairment 12. ADHD
3. Visual Impairment
4. Learning Disorder
5. Downsyndrome
6. Speech Impairment
7. Emotional Disturbances
8. Traumatic Brain Injury
9. Reading and Learning Disabilities
10. Epilepsy
So, with this, we will now see some of the special needs with the
reference to Child’s Case Study.

4. 🔸VISUAL IMPAIRMENT
A Visual Impairment is any visual condition that impacts an individual’s ability to complete
the activities of everyday life. It is based on two factors:-
1. Visual activity
2. Visual field
The snellen chart is used to measure visual
activity. It is invented by Herman Snellen in 1962.
🔹 TYPES OF VISUAL IMPAIRMENT
1.Loss of Central vision
2.Loss of Peripheral Vision
3.Blurred Vision
4.Extreme Light Sensitivity
5.Night Blindness

5. 🔹 CAUSES OF VISUAL IMPAIRMENT
1.Genetic Cause 3.Perinatal Cause
2. Prenatal Cause 4.Post-natal Cause
🔹 CASE STUDY OF A CHILD
◻️General Information:-
Name - Vijay Singh Bhatti DOB – 24th November, 2011 Sex – Male
Class – 6th Father’s Name:- Narayan Singh Bhatti Father’s Occupation – Labourer
Mother’s Name:- Taaro Devi No.of Siblings - 3
History of Blindness – Since Birth
◻️Nature and Degree of Impairment-Vijay is 40% visual disable. He has Anterior staphy loma-
Right Eye Glucomatous optic dile Copping round scar , 0.6 C.D Ration, temporal dile mark of
size 0.2 cm*0.2 cm on the left side (enter of forehead Pallor left eye). His present health
condition is good.
◻️ Relationship with People around him:- Child behaviour with teachers, parents and peer
groups is good.

6. ◻️ Achievements of a Child:-
1. 2nd prize in singing
2. 3rd prize in Speech
3. 3rd prize in quiz◻️
◻️ Barrier in Students Performance
1.Low eyesight 2. Unable to read books
3. Writing down of answers in examinations through proxy writers.
◻️ Abilities:- Good speaker and good knowledge.
◻️ Suggestions:- Parebts and teachers should encourage him to use more visual aids
(magnifier, glasses, big print books, etc.

7. 🔶 CONDUCT DISORDER
Q. What is Conduct Disorder in children?
Ans:- Conduct disorder is a type of behaviour disorder. It’s when a child has antisocial behaviour.
He or she may disagreed basic social standards and rule. He or she may also:-
1.be irresponsible
2.skip school or run away(deliquent behaviour) etc.
Q. What causes conduct disorder in a child?
Ans:- Experts believe that many factors play roles in Conduct disorder.
*They are:- 1. Drain damage 3. Genes
2. Atramatic events. 4. Child’s Abuse
◻️ Risks of Conduct Disorder:- 1. Mood or anxiety disorders
2. Post-traumatic stress disorders (PTSO)
3. Substance abuse
4. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
5. Learning problems

8. Q. How is Conduct disorder diagnosed in a child?
Ans:- A child psychiatrist or qualified mental health experts can diagnose a conduct
disorder. He or she will talk with parents and teachers about the child’s behaviour or
may observe the child. In some cases, child may need mental health testing.
Q. How is conduct Disorder treated in a Child?
Ans:- Treatment is depend on child’s symptoms, age and general health. It will also
depend on how severe the condition is.
⚫ Treatment for Conduct disorder may include:-
◻️ Cognitive-behavioral therapy:- A child learns how to better solve problems,
communicate and handle stress. He or she also learns how to control impulses and
anger.
◻️ Family Therapy:- This therapy helps make changes in the family. It improves
communication skills and family interactions.
◻️ Peer-group Therapy:- A child develops better social and interpersonal skills.
◻️ Medicines:- They are not often used to treat conduct disorder but a child may
neem them for others symptoms, disorders such as ADHD.

9. 🔹 CASE STUDY:-
• Kundan is a18 years boy and student of class 12th. His residendence is
Nangloi New Delhi who has conduct disorder which appear tough and
confident. Kundan who have conduct disorder are often insecure and
inaccurately. It may believe that people are being aggressive or threatening
toward them. Presently Kundanhas those symptoms:- intimidating, bullying
and physically harming others, aggressive and destructive behaviour, lying,
skipping school, running away from home, alcohol use and sexual behaviour
at a very young age. There is no family history of psychiatric illness. Family
history was diagnosed and that was completely normal. Kundan is the only
one in his family who is facing this issue to have conduct disorder.

10. 🔶 INTROVERT
 An introvert is basically a calm and quiet person or a child who prefer to spend time alone
rather then often being with others and avoid social situations and interacting. The term
given by *Carl Jung* - swiss psychiatrist states that introvert tend towards their inner self,
thought and feeling, live more reserved, quiet and usually prefer to work alone
🔸 Types of introvert*
1. Social Group- They are like small group and quite sittingg over crowd.
2. Thinking Introvert- They are they Dreamer and spend lot of time in thought and
imagination
3. Anxious Introvert- They seekout alonge time because they like it and often feel awkward
and shy around people
4. Restrained Introvert- These people think before they act and take longer time to take
action.

11. 🔸SYMPTOMS OR SIGN OF INTROVERT
1. Self-aware 4. Take time to decide
2. Have a few friendship day dreamer 5. Don’t like teamwork
3. Deep thinker
🔹 CASE STUDY
▪️ I have done case study on a child whose name mayank Chand .He is student of class 4 and
he is taking tution from me . He is very quiet and introvert and never give response
immediately or take long time to response. His family is quite disturb with his behaviour.
Because he never express himself even he is suffering from sickness and any social situations
and it is very difficult to get reason of this behaviour.
It is very difficult to me handling such a child because he is so quiet and calm in nature. I
cannot scold him and never give me feedback of what he learn today. But being a teacher or
responsible person this is my duty to give my best way to make him comfortable and a good
student.

12. 🔶 SPEECH DISORDER
Q. What is a Speech Disorder?
Ans:- Children acquire speech and language skills during the course of their normal growth
and development. However, some children may have problems in developing.
🔸 Types of Speech Disorder
1. Apraxia:- A motor disorder where the child has difficulty in making voluntary movements of
the tongue, lips or jaws to make speech sounds. The child knows what they want to say but
the brain cannot cordinate the muscle movements to form words.
Q. What is not a Speech Disorder?
Ans:- जब बच्चे हकलाहट से ना बोलते हैं, तो वह Speech Disorder नह ींहोता।
🔸 Signs or symptoms of Speech Disorder
- The number of symptoms and their severity may vary from one child to another.
Sometimes, the symptoms may be too mild to identify. Such mild forms of speech problems
tend to disappear on their own.

13. 🔹 CHILD’S CASE
Name:- Krish Class:- 4th Sex:- Male
Category:- Schedule Tribe (ST) Religion:- Hindu
Married/Unmarried:- Unmarried
Educational Status:- Not good
Rural/Urban:- Rural
School:- Nagar Nigam Prathamik Bal Vidyalaya
Monthly Income:- 15500
Date:- 17th November, 2022

14. 🔶 ANXIETY DISORDER
◻️ Anxiety is a normal emotion. It’s our brain’s way of reacting to stress and alerting of
potential danger ahead. There are group of mental illness that cause constant and
overwhelming anxiety and fear. The excessive anxiety can make you avoid work, school, family
get-togethers and other social situations that might trigger or worsen your symptoms.
◻️ With treatment, many people with anxiety disorders can manage their feelings.
◻️ There are several types of anxiety disorders.
◻️ The main symptoms of anxiety disorders is excessive fear or worry. Researchers don’t
know exactly what brings on anxiety disorders.
◻️ There are many and different causes of anxiety disorders.
◻️ There are many treatments to reduce and manage symptoms of anxiety disorders.
🔸 ANXIETY DISORDERS OUTLOOK-
- It can be challenging and frustrating to live with an ancient disorders. The constant worry
and fear can make you feel tired and scared.

15. 🔶HEARING IMPAIRMENT
 The term hearing Impairment is used for a person who cannot hear at a level that is
optimal for Communication or for the activities of daily life.
 The Individuals with the Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) uses defines hearing
impairment as any decrease in hearing, whether fluctuating or permanent, that
interferes with a child’s activities to perform in an educational settings.
 The impairment can lead to failure in schools, teasing by peers, social isolation and
emotional difficulties.
 It is estimated that by 2050 over 700 million people or one in every ten people will
have disabling hearing loss.
 A hearing loss can happen when any part of the ear or auditory (hearing) system is not
working in the usual way.

16. Diagram of an ear

17. 🔸 CAUSES OF HEARING IMPAIRMENT
▪️ Loud noise is one of the most common cause of hearing loss as it damages inner ear.
▪️ There are various causes due to which a child looses his/her hearing power:-
1.Pre-Natal Cause:- a) Genetic factor
b) Intrauterine infections (Rubella)
2.Peri-Natal Cause:- a) Birth Asphyxia c) Perinatal Morbidities
b) Hyperbilirubinemia d) Low birth weight
3.Childhood and Adolescence:- a) Chronic ear infections
b) Collection of fluid in the ear
c) Meningitis
🔸 TYPES OF HEARING LOSS
- According to the American Speech Language Hearing Association, there are three types of hearing loss:-
1. Conductive Hearing Loss
2. Sensorineural Hearing Loss
3. Mixed Hearing Loss

18. 🔸 DEGREE OF HEARING LOSS
- Degree of hearing loss indicates the severity of the loss.
- According to the Centres for Diseases Control and Prevention, degrees of hearing loss
are categorised into four and they are:-
1. Mild Deafness or Mild Hearing Impairment
2. Moderate Deafness or Moderate Hearing Impairment
3. Severe Deafness
4. Profound Deafness
🔸 SYMPTOMS OF HEARING LOSS IN CHILDREN
▪️ The child keeps saying ‘what?’ or ‘pardon?’.
▪️ The child talks in a very loud voice.
▪️ When child speaks, their utterances are not clear.
▪️ The child is behind other’s among their age group.
🔸 TREATMENTS:- 1. Use of Hearing Aids- a) behind-the-ear hearing aid)

19. b) in-the ear hearing aid c) in-the-canal hearing aid d) completely-in-the-canal hearing aid
2. Cochlear Implants
3. Sign Language and Lip-Reading
🔹 CHILD’S CASE STUDY
Name of the Child:- Rohit Kumar Age:- 18 Years Sex:- Male
Caste:- Yadav Urban/Rural:- Urban Class- 10th Standard
Father’s Occupation:- Army Mother’s Occupation:- Housewife
Income of the family:- 35,000/month
Numbers of Brothers and Sisters:- 1 brother and 2 sisters Postion of the child in family:- 3rd
◻️ I have taken the case study of Rohit who is hearing impaired and the degree of his Impairment is
Profound as he cannot hear anything at all and he understands language through sign Language. He have to
be dependent on his sisters who explain him everything using sign language. He is an introvert child.
Because of his disability, he could not understand languages and he faces difficulty to interact with people
around him. He always get panicked when some random and new person tries to talk and communicate
with him.
He uses the hearing aid but it does not help him that efficiently.

20. ◻️ Hobbies and Interests:- Rohit is quite a talented guy in other field. He draws and sketch
very well. He is an artist of his place and everyone knows him. He also have interest in
doing electrical works and he always make corrections in electricity in his home.
◻️ Achievement and Participation: Rohit has got lots of prizes for his art work and his
creativity.
1. National level champion in Art Competition
2. Every year, he participates in Art Mahotsav which held in Bihar and for that he also
got prizes and certificates
3. Infact, he earns his own income through his art work. He earns 10,000 to 15,000 per
month .
4. He wanted to become a famous artist.
Unfortunately, his brother is also hearing impaired and they have to face many difficult
situations because of this as they are not openly accepted by their society.
◻️ His family members always tries to give best to their sons despite having lots of
tensions. His family support him in his capabilities and encourage him to participate more
in the field in which he have his interests.

21. 🔶 DOWNSYNDROME
▪️ Down syndrome is a genetic condition that causes mild to serious physical and
developmental problems. It is a lifelong condition and it can’t be cured, doctors know more
about it now than ever. 2
▪️ For most people, each cell in your body has 23 pairs of chromosomes. One chromosome in
each pair comes from your mother and the other comes from your father. But with Down
syndrome, something goes wrong and you get an extra copy of chromosome 21. That means
you have three copies instead of two, which leads to the symptoms of Down syndrome.
▪️ It’s not common, but it is possible to pass Down syndrome from parent to child.
Sometimes, a parent has what experts call “translocated” genes. That means some of their
genes aren’t in their normal place, perhaps on a different chromosome from where they’d
usually be found.
🔸 SYMPTOMS
People with Down syndrome tend to have certain physical features in common. These may
include:
1. Eyes that slant up at the outer corner 2. Small Ears 3. Flat noses, protuding tongue

22. 4. Tiny white spots in the coloured part of the eyes
5. Short neck 8. Loose joints
6. Small hands and feet 9. Weak muscle tone.
7. Short stature
🔸Treatment
There’s no specific treatment for Down syndrome. But there is a wide range of physical
and developmental therapies designed to help people with Down syndrome reach their
full potential i.e.
1)Physical, occupational, and speech therapy,
2)Specialized education services
3)Social and recreation activities
4)Programs that offer job training and teach self-care skills.

23. 🔹 CHILD’S CASE STUDY
Shlok kumar is a 10 year old boy with down syndrome. In addition he has
been diagnosed with heart problem and hearing loss and due to this
syndrome the relationship between parents and child is sometime tense
but they also care for their child and visit doctor for their child’s therapies
by which he can also create and increase his intellectual, emotional and
physical level. Down syndrome generally demands care of the child. When
we talk about his moral and social values then it is average and in the case
of intellectual, religious, and aesthetic values then his involvement is low.
In my views, with support and treatment, child with down syndrome live
happily and productive lives.

24. 🔶 DYSLEXIA:- LEARNING DISORDER
Learning Disorders are disorders that affect the ability to understand or use spoken or
written language, do mathematical calculations, cordinate movements or direct
attentions.
🔹 CHILD’S CASE STUDY
Name of the Child - Rahul Age - 10 years Sex - Male
Father’s Name - Mukesh Sharma
Mother’s Name - Minta Devi Class – 6th Standard
Father’s Qualification - Graduate Father’s Occupation - Clerk (govt. job)
Mother’s Qualification - 10th Pass Mother’s Occupation – Housewife
Income of the family - 30,000 above/month
Economic Status – Middle-class family
Numbers of brother and sister - 1 brother Position in the family - 2nd

25. Temperament of parents:- Father - Aggressive
Mother - Kind behaviour
Family atmosphere:- Tensed
Nuclear/Extended Family:- Nuclear Family
Role of family members:- Positive Personality of the child:- Introvert
◻️ Achievement of the Child:- Winner of drawing competition
Case:- Rahul suffers from dyslexia learning disability. He is very poor in reading, writing and
learning. He is not very good in studies. He is little bit different from other children in his
classroom. He does not remember new words and letters. He faces difficulty in learning
rhymes. His class teacher noticed this problem in Rahul and discuss it with his parents. His
teacher said that Rahul needs extra support, care, attention and encouragement from the
teachers, parents and society.

26. 🔶 CHILD DEVELOPMENT DISORDER
Child development disorder often known as developmental disorders which refers to a
range of problems characterised by impairment in physical, learning, language or
behavior areas. These conditions usually begin during childhood, have an impact on day
to day functioning and usually last for the rest of a person’s life. They may occur as the
result of injury, trauma or other medical factors.
🔸 Types
▪️ Autism spectrum disorder
▪️ Learning disorder
▪️ ADHD
▪️ Fetal disorder
▪️ Language disorder
▪️ Physical disorder

27. 🔹 CASE STUDY
Case study is a research strategy and an empirical injury that
investigates a phenomenon within its real life contest. Case studies are
analysis of person’s, group event decision, political, institutions or
other system that are studies holistically by one or more methods.
The case study is about a boy of 11 years old whose name is Rahul
who is emotional very week and he can’t handle any situation and
didn’t take any stand or make decisions quickly because he is
emotional week.

28. 🔶 DISSOCIATIVE IDENTITY DISORDER
Q. What is Dissociative Identity Disorder?
Ans:- Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID) is a mental health condition. People with DID
have two or more separate identies. These personalities control their behaviour at
different times. Each identity has its own personal history, traits, likes and dislikes. It is
used to be called Multiple Personality Disorder or Split Personality Disorder.
Q. What causes Dissociative Identity Disorder(DID)?
Ans:- DID is usually the result of sexual or physical abuse during childhood. Sometimes, it
develops in response to a natural disaster or other traumatic events like cobat. The
disorder is a way for someone to distance or detach themselves from trauma.
Q. What are the signs and symptoms of DID?
Ans:- A person with DID has two or more distinct identities. The “core” identity is the
person’s usual personality. “ Alters” and the person’s alternate personalities. Some
people with DID have upto the alters.

29. *Alters tends to be very different from one another. The indenties might have
different gender, ethnicities, interests and ways of interacting with their environment.
🔸 Some common signs and symptoms of DID
1. Anxiety
2. Delusions
3. Depression
4. Memory Loss
5. Suicidal thoughts or self- harm
🔸 Treatments
▪️ Identifying and working through past trauma or abuse.
▪️ Managing sudden behavioural change.
▪️ Merging separate identities into a single identity.

30. ▪️ Dissociation is an experience that many adults and adolescents experience.
However, in children and teens dissociation tends to look a little different. This
article will explore the differences in dissociation between childhood,
adolescence, and adulthood as well as compare the types of dissociation from
mild to severe.
◻️Teen Dissociative Disorder
According to the International Society for the Study of Trauma and Dissociation
(ISSTD), the intensity of a dissociative experience can range from normal to
problematic to mild, moderate, and severe. There is a continuum of dissociation
with no experiences to severe dissociation such as what psychologists see in
patients with Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID), previously known as Multiple
Personality Disorder.

31. 🔶 LEARNING DISABLED CHILDREN
◻️ The child does suffer from a special kind of learning disability which we labelas
executive functioning wherein a child forgets as soo as he learns. This condition is
definitely very restricting as the child is not in a position to equal other children even
though the I.Q level may not be poor.
◻️Such a child needs repetition of the content that is taught time and again. He
cannot retain what he has learnt for a long period of time.
◻️ In such a situation the teacher and parents have to be patient with him and habe
to devote time with the child so that he revises again and again so as to memorize
well.
◻️ Again here, scolding and reprimanding will not help as the child will only hey
demoralised as he is already trying his level best and cannot do better than that.
Also, comparing him with others would put him on the backfoot.

32. 🔹 Case Study
Conducting a case study of another human being is a radical departure
from an ordinary graduate level course assignment like conducting a
literature review. Living people are extraordinary more interesting than
paper and ink. While books are an indispensible repository of knowledge,
it takes imagination to bring them to life. People, on the other hand,
especially 4 years old girls like Zoe Frank, are a certain too wonderful for
human comprehension. The purpose of this qualitative research case
study is too observe,interview and report findings on a 4 year’s old
subject relative to six development elements.

33. ⚪CONCLUSION
By concluding, we would like to say that it’s important to spread lights on the child who is
facing difficulties because of their disabilities. Government is also trying hard to do better
for them and provide them the best they deserve . But it’s also our responsibilties to
look around ourselves and not just help them by giving money and food, we also need to
understand their situation and support them morally. It is said truly that if God don’t
gives them necessary parts and emotions, they always gives then something special and
unique which is going to boost their strength and power to survive and enjoy life as we
can see in previous slides in our child’s case.