4. EPIDEMIOLOGY
According to the federal directorate of immunization,Pakistan estimate
that 23000 children die from bacterial meningitis each year. However, a
2020 world health organization (WHO) report States that meningitis death
in Pakistan in 2020 were 18,025, which is 1.23% of all deaths.
According to the national meningitis Association,10-15% of people who
get meningococcal disease die. Of those who survive, about 1 in 5 have
permanent disabilities,such as hearing loss, brain damage, loss of kidney
function,or limbimportations.
5. ANATOMICAL BACKGROUND
Meningitis are composedof the
following 3 layers.
DURA MATER: This is the Outermost and
toughest Fibrous layer.
ARACHNOID MATER: A delicate layer
lies beneath the dura. It acts as a
cushionto brain and spinal card.
PIA MATER: An extremely delicate and
highly vascular innermost layer, directly
7. DEFINITION
A well consider medical
emergency condition, in which the
protectivelayers of the brain gets
inflamedby certain infectious
(bacteria, virus and fungus etc.)
and non-infectious factors (tumor
and chemicals) that can leads to
the subsequent complications.
8.
9. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
The infection stimulates an immuneresponse that causes the pia-
arachnoid membrane congestion and infiltration of inflammatory cells.
It can lead the pus formation that can later organized as adhesions and
obstruct the CSF outflow and ultimately hydrocephalus or cranial nerves
damage ( usually hearing loss).
CFS pressure, protein content and cellular reactions rises (varies according
to the causative organism).
10. ETIOLOGY
Although meningitis couldbe infectiveor non-infective based on etiology
but usually we encounter bacterial and viral meningitis.Well, Here are
some of the following causes.
Bacterial infection:
Streptococcus pneumonia
Neisseriameningitidis
Listeriamonocytogenes
Group B streptococcus (in newborn)
12. Conti…
Non-infectious causes:
caused by trauma to the nervous system
Trauma may be result from injury
Drug use
Cancers
Head injury
Brain surgery
Chemical irritation(e.g., medication, contrast agent’s)
13. CLINICAL PRESENTATION
High fever.
Positive brudzinski sign (Neck stiffness) and positive
. Kernig’s sign
Severe headache.
Nausea or vomiting.
Seizures.
Sleepiness or trouble walking
Photophobia
Petechiae or purpura /meningiococal rash
14.
15. DIAGNOSIS
CBC ( lymphocytes in viral and neutrophilia in bacterial meningitis
Spinal tap/ CSF study
Blood culture
CT/MRI
X-ray
PCR
Brudzinski test/ kernig’s test
16. TREATMENT
Depends on early recognition of the condition.
Antibiotics ( third generation Ceftriaxone / vancomycinetc.)
Antivirals
Dexamethasones
Anti convulsive therapy
Ibuprofen, acetaminophen or aspirin for headache
17. NURSING INTERVENTIONS
Frequently monitor vital signs
Reduce fever
Protect the patient from injury
Prevent seizure
Patients room shouldbe quiet and light dimly
Monitor the patient intake output
Examinethe patients abdomen for distention and bowel sounds
Reassure and inform the patient accordingly
