PE

1. CHAPTER 2: TEAM COMPOSITIONS, FACILITIES,
AND EQUIPMENT NECESSARY FOR PLAYING
SOFTBALL AND VOLLEYBALL

2. TEAM COMPOSITION OF THE GAME SOFTBALL
Listed below are the members that complete the team
composition for softball:
1. Batter 7. Third Baseman
2. Pitcher 8. Outfielders
3. Catcher
4. First Baseman
5. Second Baseman
6. Shortstop

3. 1. Batter - A team sends one batter out of the field at a
time. The batter competes against the entire opposing
team, which will strategize in a bid to prevent the batter
from getting to the bases before the ball does. The
games begin with the batter hitting the ball, thrown by
the pitcher, with a bat. He or she will then drop the bat
and run, attempting to make it to first base before the
ball, depending on where the ball lands.

4. 2. Pitcher – The pitchers throw or pitch the ball from
the pitcher's mound. He or she must always stand with
both feet on the pitcher's rubber – a rectangular area
on the mound – when making the pitch. The rubber
and the mound are all on level ground. However, once
the ball has been hit, the pitcher must ensure that
neither foot is on the rubber.

5. 3. Catcher – Positioned behind the home plate, the
catcher plays a crucial role in gaining points. Helping
to throw balls ahead of the batter before reaching the
bases, the catcher also catches balls fielded from the
third base.

6. 4. First Baseman – Who stands at the first base, to the
right of the pitcher. He or she will catch throws at first
base to prevent the other team from scoring.

7. 5. Second Baseman – Who stands at the second
base, positioned opposite the home base across the
field. Also known as the second bagger, sometimes,
they do not usually stand at the exact right angle
that marks the second base, but more towards the
first base instead. The second baseman may catch
balls at second base and help the first baseman.

8. 6. Shortstop – Stands between the second and
third bases and is responsible for balls in that area.
Most balls do end up there. The shortstop has
many responsibilities, including catching and
fielding, and are very versatile and agile players.
This is perhaps the most challenging position on
the field.

9. 7. Third Baseman – The remaining base is reserved for
the third baseman. This area is the corner diagonally
opposite the first base. The third baseman has to
catch the hits that land around his or her area, in
addition to their most important responsibility - to
throw the ball, if they get it, to the catcher before the
opponent reaches the home plate.

10. 8. Outfielders – There are three outfielders, and their
positions called right fielder, center fielder, and left
fielder. The outfielders are positioned outside the area
mounted by the four bases (infield square), with the
right one standing closest to the first base.

12. Facilities and Equipment
Here are the following facilities and equipment used
in softball:

13. Softball Diamond
The area of the softball field that is enclosed by
three bases and a home plate. It also includes the
boxes, several designated areas on a ball field where
the batter or catcher or coaches are positioned. It
measures 60x60 feet square.

15. Catcher’s Mitts
A glove used by the first baseman and
catcher.

16. Protector
All catchers must wear masks, throat protectors, and
helmets during game and warm-up. To prevent
injuries and hitting the ball.

17. Softball Bat
The bats are round and made of one piece of hand
wood bounded wood. It can be plastic, bamboo, or
metal. Its maximum measurements are 34 inches in
length, two 1⁄4 inches in diameter at its barrel and,
38 ounces in weight.

18. Softball Balls
A 12-inch ball for fast pitch and men's coed slow
pitch softball. An 11- inch ball is used for women's
slow pitch games. The circumference of the ball
ranges from 11 7/8 to 12 1/8 inches. It weighs from 6
1⁄4 to 7 ounces.

19. Pitcher’s Plate
It is made of wood or rubber, which measures 24
inches long and 6 inches wide

20. Home Plate
It is made up of five-sided figure rubber or other
suitable material.

21. Softball Gloves
Any player may wear the gloves, but mitt may be
used only by the first baseman and catcher.

22. Backstops and Batting Cages
The wall or fence behind the home plate which holds
the ball on the field of play. This is to keep the players
and spectators from getting hurt by foul balls or bats
that players toss after hitting the ball.

23. Lesson 2.2: Team Composition, Facilities
and Equipment of the Game Volleyball

24. Team Composition of the
Game Volleyball
The match shall be played between two teams of six
players each. A minimum of four players is required to
prevent a forfeit. There are three players in each of the
zones. Front row players can block the opponent's
attacks and attack the ball in the attack zone.

25. Back row players are players who play defense by
digging the opponent’s attacks and attack the ball
behind the attack line. Players are rotating clockwise
on the court, winning the rally after the opponents
serve.

26. 1. Outside Hitter (wing spiker, left side) – The player
who carries the server receives the libero's
responsibility.
2. Right Side Hitter (wing spiker) – Has a similar role
than an outside hitter. They play front row and back
row and are carrying pass, attack, serve, and
defense responsibilities.

27. 3. Opposite Hitter – The player who most often
scores the most points in the team.
4. Setter – The playmaker, point guard, or the
quarterback of the volleyball team. A setter’s
responsibility is to run the team’s offense and build
up offensive scoring opportunities.

28. 5. Middle Blocker – (Center, middle, middle
hitter) A player with the primary responsibility of
stopping the opponent's offense.
6. Libero – A back-row specialist who is allowed
to play backcourt only.

29. Facilities and Equipment Of the
Game Volleyball

31. Playing Area
The playing area includes the playing court and free
zone. It shall be rectangular and symmetrical.
Dimensions
The playing court is rectangle measuring 18 x 9m,
surrounded by a free zone on all sides, which is at
least 3 m deep. The zone for free play is the zone
above the play area that is free from any
obstructions.

32. Dimensions
The free play space from the playing surface should
be a minimum of 7 m in height. For FIVB, World, and
Official Competitions, the free zone shall measure
5m from the sidelines and 6.5 m from the end lines.
The free playing space shall measure a minimum of
12.5m in height from the playing surface.

33. Playing Surface
The surface must be flat, horizontal, and uniform. It
must not present any danger of injury to the players.
It is forbidden to play on rough or slippery surfaces.
For FIVB, World and Official Competitions, only a
wooden or synthetic surface is allowed. The FIVB
must previously approve any surface. On indoor
courts, the surface of the playing court must be of a
light color.

34. For FIVB, World and Official Competitions, while
colors are required for the lines. Other colors,
outdoor courts, a slope of 5 mm per meter is
allowed for drainage. Court lines made of solid
materials are forbidden.

35. Lines of the Court
All lines are 5 cm wide. They must be of a light color,
which is different from the floor's color and any
other lines.

36. Boundary Line
Two sidelines and two end lines mark the playing
court. Both sidelines and end lines are drawn inside
the dimensions of the playing court.
Center Line
The centerline axis divides the playing court into two
equal courts measuring 9 x 9m each; however, the
entire width of the line is considered to belong to
both courts equally. This line extends beneath the net
from sideline to sideline.

37. Attack Line
On each court, an attack line, whose rear edge is
drawn from the centerline’s axis marks, the front
zone. FIVB, World and Official Competitions, the
attack line is extended by the addition of broken
lined from the sidelines, with five 15 cm short lines 5
cm wide, drawn 20 cm apart to mark the limit of the
coach’s area of operation

38. Zones and Areas
Front Zone
On each court, the front zone is limited by the
center line's axis and the rear edge of the attack line.
The front zone is considered to extend beyond the
sidelines to the end of the free zone.

39. Service Zone
The service zone is a 9m wide area behind each end
line. It is laterally limited by two short lines, each 15
cm long, drawn 20 cm behind the end line as an
extension of the sidelines. Both short lines are
included in the width of the service zone. In-depth,
the service zone extends to the end of the free zone.

40. Substitution Zone
The substitution zone is limited by the extension of
both attack lines up to the scorer’s table.
Libero Replacement Zone
This is part of the free zone on the side of the
team benches, limited by the extension of the
attack line up to the end line.

41. Warm-Up Area
For FIVB, World and Official Competitions, the
warm-up areas, sized approximately 3 x 3m, are
located in both of the bench side corners, outside
the free zone.
Penalty Area
A penalty area, sized approximately 1 x 1m and
equipped with two chairs, is located in the control
area, outside the prolongation of each line. A 5 cm
wide red line may limit them.

42. Temperature
The minimum temperature shall not below 10o C
(50o F). For FIVB, World and Official Competitions,
the maximum temperature shall not be higher than
than 25o C (77o F), and the minimum not lower
than 16o C (61o F).
Lighting
For FIVB, World, and Official Competitions, the
lighting on the playing area, should be 1000 to
1500 lux measured at 1 m above the playing area's
surface.

43. Net and Posts Height of the Net
Placed vertically over the centerline, there is a
setting at the height of 2.43 m for men and 2.24
m for women. Its height is measured from the
center of the playing court. The net height (over
the two sidelines) must be the same and must
exceed the official height by more than 2 cm.

44. Side Bands
Two white bands are fastened vertically to the net
and placed directly above each sideline. They are 5
cm wide and 1 m long and are considered as part of
the net.

46. Antennae
An antenna is a flexible rod, 1.80 m long and 10
mm in diameter, made of the fiberglass or similar
material. An antenna is fastened at the outer edge of
each sideband. The antennae are placed opposite
sides of the net. Each antennae‘s top 80 cm extends
above the net and is marked with 10 cm stripes of
constructing color, preferably red and white. The
antennae are considered as part of the net and
laterally delimit the crossing space.

48. Posts
The posts supporting the net are placed at a
distance of 0.50-1.00 m outside the sidelines. They
are 2.55 m high and preferably adjustable. For all
FIVB, World, and Official Competitions, the posts
supporting the net are placed at a distance of 1 m
outside the sidelines. The posts are rounded and
smooth, fixed to the ground without wires. There shall
be no dangerous or obstructing devices.

49. Balls
The ball shall be spherical, made of flexible
leather or synthetic leather case with a bladder
inside, made of rubber or a similar material. Its
color may be a uniform light color. Synthetic
leather material and color combinations of balls
used in official international competitions

50. should comply with FIVB standards. Its
circumference is 65-67 cm, and its weight is 260-
280 g. Its pressure inside shall be 0.30 to 0.325
kg/cm2 (4.26 to 4.61 psi) (294.3 to 318.82 mbar or
hPa).