2. VOLLEYBALL WAS INVENTED IN 1895 BY WILLIAM G. MORGAN, PHYSICAL
DIRECTOR OF THE YOUNG MEN’S CHRISTIAN ASSOCIATION (YMCA) IN
HOLYOKE, MASSACHUSETTS. IT WAS DESIGNED AS AN INDOOR SPORT FOR
BUSINESSMEN WHO FOUND THE NEW GAME OF BASKETBALL TOO VIGOROUS.
MORGAN CALLED THE SPORT “MINTONETTE,” UNTIL A PROFESSOR FROM
SPRINGFIELD COLLEGE IN MASSACHUSETTS NOTED THE VOLLEYING NATURE
OF PLAY AND PROPOSED THE NAME OF “VOLLEYBALL.” THE ORIGINAL RULES
WERE WRITTEN BY MORGAN AND PRINTED IN THE FIRST EDITION OF THE
OFFICIAL HANDBOOK OF THE ATHLETIC LEAGUE OF THE YOUNG MEN’S
CHRISTIAN ASSOCIATIONS OF NORTH AMERICA (1897).
WILLIAM G.
MORGAN
5. In 1916 rules were issued jointly by the YMCA and the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA).
The first nationwide tournament in the United States was conducted by the National YMCA Physical
Education Committee in New York City in 1922. The United States Volleyball Association (USVBA) was
formed in 1928 and recognized as the rules-making, governing body in the United States. From 1928 the
USVBA—now known as USA Volleyball (USAV)—has conducted annual national men’s and senior men’s
(age 35 and older) volleyball championships, except during 1944 and 1945. Its women’s division was
started in 1949, and a senior women’s division (age 30 and older) was added in 1977. Other national
events in the United States are conducted by member groups of the USAV such as the YMCA and the
NCAA.
Volleyball was introduced into Europe by American troops during World War I, when national
organizations were formed. The Fédération Internationale de Volley Ball (FIVB) was organized in Paris
in 1947 and moved to Lausanne, Switzerland, in 1984. The USVBA was one of the 13 charter members of
the FIVB, whose membership grew to more than 210 member countries by the late 20th century.
INTERNATIONAL VOLLEYBALL COMPETITION BEGAN IN 1913 WITH THE FIRST FAR
EAST GAMES, IN MANILA. DURING THE EARLY 1900S AND CONTINUING UNTIL AFTER
WORLD WAR II, VOLLEYBALL IN ASIA WAS PLAYED ON A LARGER COURT, WITH A
LOWER NET, AND NINE PLAYERS ON A TEAM.
6. Volleyball - played by two
teams, usually of six players on
a side, in which the players use
their hands to bat a ball back
and forth over a high net,
trying to make the ball touch
the court within the opponents’
playing area before it can be
returned.
14. The playing court is 18m long and 9m wide and is surrounded by a free zone 3m
wide on all sides.
The space above the playing area is known as the free playing space and is a
minimum of 7m high from the playing surface.
For FIVB, world and official competitions, the free zone measures a minimum of
5m from the side lines and 8m from the ends lines. The free playing space is a
minimum of 7m high from the playing surface.
DIMENSIONS
15. PLAYING SURFACE
The playing surface is flat and a light colour. For FIVB, world and official competitions, only
a wooden or synthetic surface is allowed.
White colours are required for the lines. Other different colours are required for the playing
court and free zone.
LINE MARKINGS
All lines on the court are 5cm wide and are a light colour different from the colour of the
floor.
The boundary lines are the two side lines and end lines. The centre line divides the playing
court into two equal courts, 9m x 9m each. This line extends from beneath the net from
sideline to sideline.
On each court the rear edge of the attack line is drawn 3m back from the middle of the
centre line and marks the front zone.
16. ZONE AND AREAS
The front zone on each court is limited by the axis of the centre line and the rear edge of
the attack line. The front zone extends beyond the side lines to the end of the free zone.
The service zone is a 9m wide area behind each end line and extends to the end of the free
zone. It is 15cm long and drawn 20cm behind the end line as an extensi on of the side lines.
The substitution zone extends from both attack lines to the scorer’s table. The Libero
Replacement zone is part of the free zone on the same side as the team benches, extending
from the attack line up to the end line.
A penalty area, 1mx 1m, is located in the control area outside of the endlines.
17. NETS AND POSTS
The net is 2.43m high for men and 2.24m high for women. It is placed vertically over the
centre line. It is 1mwide and 9.5m-10m long and is 10cm square black mesh.
The height of the net is measured from the centre of the playing court.
The antenna is a flexible rod, 1.8m long and 10mm in diameter and made of fibreglass or
similar material. It is fastened on opposite sides of the net. The top of the antenna extends
80cm above the net and is marked with 10cm stripes of contrasting colour, usually red and
white.
The 2.55m high posts are placed 0.50m-1.0m outside the side lines. The posts are rounded
and fixed to the ground without wires.
19. SETTER
A setter runs the team’s offense. They aim to
receive the second touch, setting it for an attacking
player. Due to this responsibility, they need to have
strong communication skills as they direct the
offense and make quick decisions on the court.
LIBERO
This position focuses on defense. Liberos only
play in the back row and often receive the attack
or serve. Players with good passing and defensive
skills have the most success at this position.
20. MIDDLE BLOCKER
The middle blocker, sometimes known as the
middle hitter, is the tallest player on the volleyball
team. Their main role for the team is being the first
line of defense against the opposing team’s hits.
DEFENSIVE SPECIALIST
Defensive specialists come in to replace a player
who may not have the right skills for the back
row. Unlike the libero, defensive specialists must
make a substitution with the referees.
21. OUTSIDE HITTER
The outside hitter is also known as the left-side
hitter and is the lead attacker in the offensive
strategy. To be a successful outsider hitter, you
must be able to jump high, be quick on your feet,
and be ready to adapt to different situations.
OPPOSITE HITTER
Also known as the right-side hitter, these players
need to be a perfect balance of both offense and
defense. They will also get many opportunities to
hit the volleyball, so similar to the outside hitter,
jumping ability is vital..
23. NET
Volleyball net - the high net that separates the two
teams and over which the volleyball must pass.
BALL
Volleyballs - are round and traditionally consist of
eighteen nearly rectangular panels of synthetic or
genuine leather, arranged in six identical sections of
three panels each, wrapped around a bladder.
24. COURT
Volleyball court - the court on which volleyball is
playedcourt - a specially marked horizontal area within
which a game is played; "players had to reserve a court
in advance"
SCOREBOARD
A scoreboard is a large board for publicly displaying the
score in a game. Most levels of sport from high school
and above use at least one scoreboard for keeping score,
measuring time, and displaying statistics.
25. Volleyball jersey's just like in any other sport show unity of a
team. Jersey's all look alike with the exception of the
numbers on each jersey that helps the officials to identify
each player. In volleyball there maybe one jersey that is a
different color from all the others on the team with the
exception of the fonts on the lettering and numbers. This is
called a libero. This person is defensive specialist and once
the ball is in play must play only the back of the court.
UNIFORM
26. KNEE PADS
Knee-pads are protective gear worn on knees to
protect them against impact injury from falling to the
ground or hitting an obstacle, or to provide padding
for extended kneeling.
ARM SLEEVES
Arm sleeves are primarily worn for the benefits of the
compression they provide. Various sports medicine
studies have shown that this compression helps to
stabilize the arm muscles and increases blood flow,
both of which help in recovery after rigorous activity or
minor injuries.
27. Knee braces are supports that you wear
for a painful or injured knee. Some people
use them to prevent knee injuries during
sports. Braces are made from
combinations of metal, foam, plastic,
elastic material and straps. They come in
many sizes, colors and designs.
KNEE BRACES ANKLE BRACES
volleyball ankle braces is to reduce
abnormal ankle motion. Some fear that
depending on volleyball ankle braces
might weaken lower leg muscles and
increase knee injury risk.
28. WHISTLE
Whistle immediately when a fault has been identified, or the
ball is otherwise out of play. The whistle stops the rally and
draws attention to you. The whistle indicates you have
something to communicate. The whistle should be blown
with authority and should be loud and crisp.
SHOES
Volleyball shoes consist of a gum rubber sole
material. The rubber is designed to give excellent
traction on the gym floor and prevent the shoe from
sliding on the floor.
29. WATER BOTTLE
Water Bottle As is with any sport or physical activity,
drinking water is important to stay hydrated and
maintain energy levels.
TOWEL
A towel is a piece of absorbent fabric or paper used
for drying or wiping a body or a surface.
30. BAG
Having a bag to keep a player's volleyball
together and organized is important, just
as it is with any other sport. The more
accessories and equipment a player has,
the bigger the bag required.
32. Defensive Tactics in Volleyball
BLOCKING - It goes without saying that a blocker must watch an attacker of the opposite team
carefully. This will help a defensive player prepare for an attack hit, choose the right moment for
blocking and, finally, resist an attack of the opposite team successfully.
Blockers are volleyball players who play near the net with
arms out. There is no question that a blocker should have a
high vertical jump. When the need for blocking an attack hit
arises, a blocker should jump as high as possible. It’s
important to note that blockers need to position their hands
downwards.
When blocking the attack hit of the opposite team, defensive
volleyball players shouldn’t touch or cross the net. That’s
exactly what a defensive player needs to do for blocking an
attack hit of the opposite volleyball team.
33. If a defensive volleyball player is capable of diving, rolling
and sliding then he/she will be able to get low and prepare
for resisting an attack successfully.
Without a doubt, such a defensive tactic makes it
easier for volleyball players to resist an attack of the
opposite team. All of this means that defensive
volleyball players must work on diving, rolling and
sliding technique regularly.
Defensive Tactics in Volleyball
DIVING, ROLLING, SLIDING - The job of a defensive volleyball player is not to let the ball hit the
ground. If this happens for some reasons the volleyball team will lose a point. So, in order to
prevent such a situation from happening, a volleyball player must be able to dive, roll and slide.
34. SETTING - setting is the final stage of preparing for an
attack hit. You need to know that there are two types
of volleyball sets – an overhand shot as well as
overhead shot. Setting involves hitting the ball with
palms.
Passing Tactics in Volleyball
DIGGING - a dig is an accurate and controlled volleyball
shot. A dig is also known as the first shot after an attack
of the opposite team is resisted. As previously
mentioned, a volleyball team has the right to make 3
shots only. So, dig is the first of 3 shots.
35. SERVING - Serve is considered to be one of the most important
shots in volleyball. There are different types of serves in
volleyball – float serve, jump serve as well as topspin serve.
Obviously, a server should aim to make it difficult for the
opposite team to dig and pass the ball.
SPIKING - A spike is another type of an attack hit in volleyball.
After the ball is digged and set, it’s time for an attacker to carry
out the attack hit. And of course, an attacker should aim to land
the ball on the opposite side of the court to win a score for
his/her team.
Attacking Tactics in Volleyball
46. REFEREE 1
The first referee has authority over all other members of the officiating crew.
The first referee should talk to all the officiating crew members before the match starts,
going over any questions officials might have about their responsibilities.
The first referee should have a talk with the second referee before the match starts
discussing issues such as pre-match protocol and anything that will help the match run
more smoothly.
REFEREE 2
The second referee should establish a rapport with thescorekeeper and libero
tracker. If the scorer and libero tracker have a problem or don't understand
something, they should be comfortable enough to ask the second referee for help.
47. SCOREKEEPER
The scorekeeper's main job is to make sure the score is correct at all times.
The scorekeeper uses a score sheet to keep track of the game.
If there is a difference between the score on the score sheet and the visual
score (flip score, electronic scoreboard, etc.) the visual score should be
changed to match the score on the scoresheet unless the mistake on the
scoresheet can be determined and corrected.
One of the referees should check the accuracy of the scoresheet at the end
of each set.
48. SCOREKEEPER
Pre-match
• Before the match starts, the scorekeeper should fill in the pre-match info –team names,
starting line ups, etc.
During the match
• Records points when they are scored
• Watches the servers and indicates immediately to the referees when a server has served
out of
order. It's also good preventive officiating to watch teams rotation in case assistance
is needed for the second referee to determine the correct team alignment.
• Records player substitutions and team timeouts
• Records any sanctions
• Records all other events as instructed by the referees
• Records the final result of the set
• In the case of a protest, after the first referee gives authorization,the scorekeeperlets
the game captain write a statement for protest on the scoresheet.
49. SCOREKEEPER
After the match
• Records the final result of the match
• Signs the scoresheet
ASSISTANT SCORER
The assistant scorer (or libero tracker) sits at the scorer's table next to the
scorekeeper.
The assistant scorer's main function is to record libero replacements on to a
libero tracking sheet.
• Notifies any fault with libero replacements
• Operates the manual scoreboard on the scorer's table
• Checks the score on the scoreboard with the score on the scoresheet
50. LINE JUDGES
If only two line judges are used, they stand at the corner of the endline that is
closest to the right hand of each referee, diagonally from the corner.
The line judges watch the endline and sideline of their respective corners.
For FIVB and Official Competitions, four line judges are used. Each line judge
stands in the free zone 1 to 3 meters, lined up with the imaginary extension of their
respective line.
Line judge's main responsibilityis to make signals to help out the referees in
making judgment calls.Line judges may be instructed to use flags to make the
signals.
