The document outlines the evolution of human civilization from the Pleistocene age to the Chalcolithic age, detailing significant periods such as the Paleolithic, Mesolithic, Neolithic, and Chalcolithic ages. It describes the development of tools, lifestyle changes from nomadic hunter-gatherers to agricultural societies, and advancements in pottery and culture. Key archaeological sites and their contributions to understanding human history, like Mehrgarh and Bagor, are highlighted throughout.

1. STONES – BEST BUDDY
 It is believed man appeared in ‘pleistocene’ age (2
million years ago)
 From Africa to rest of the world
 Evidence of homo sapiens from 70,000 years ago
 Pre history can be devided in to different periods
based on tools used

2. PALEOLITHIC AGE
 Old stone age
 Three periods
 Lower Paleolithic Age: 250,000 to 100,000 BCE
 Middle Paleolithic Age: 100,000 to 40,000 BCE
 Upper Paleolithic Age: 40,000 to 10,000 BCE

3. PALEOLITHIC AGE- GENERAL FEATURES
 Tools: undressed, not having perfect shapes
 Lifestyle: nomads, hunter-gatherers
 Fire discovered
 Facts to note down
 Robert Fruee Foot discovered first stone tool at
Pallavaram
 ‘Quartzite’ - widely used to make tools

4. MESOLITHIC AGE (MIDDLE STONE AGE)
 Major climate change: warmer & humid, rainfall
 Domestication of animals (wild ancestor of dog)
 Tools: Dressed, size reduced- ‘microliths’
 Activity: Hunting + Fishing
Other points to note
 Tool materials: Chert, Quartz, Agate
 Proto types of houses, pots (Chopani mando in UP)
 Burials of skeleton at bagor

5. NEOLITHIC AGE (NEW STONE AGE)
 Tools: more dressed, polished
 Agriculture practice (Wheat, Barley, Ragi, etc.)
 Mehrgarh
 Invention of Pottery and Wheel
 Settled life started
 ‘Neolithic Revolution’

6. NORTH WESTERN (KASHMIRI)
 Dwelling pits with conical roof
 Variety of ceramics
 Stone and Bone tools
 Absence of microliths
 Koldhiwa : evidence of rice
Mehrgarh – cotton

7. CHALCOLITHIC AGE
 Tools: metals + stone
 First copper
 Painted Pottery: black and red types more common
 Lived in rectangular, circle house clusters
 Rotation Cultivation: maybe kharif or rabi crops
 Indication of religious practice: mother goddess
(depicted in a storage jar of Malwa in an applique
design)

8. POTTERY CULTURE
 Kayatha: sturdy red – slipped ware, chocolate color
design
 Ahar: black and red, white decoration
 Malwa: coarse in fabric, thick buff surface
 Jorwe: black on red, matt surface trecited with wash
 Prabhas & Rangpur: glossy surface, Lustrous red
ware