The document discusses ecosystems, defining them as communities of living organisms interacting with non-living environmental components. It provides details on different types of ecosystems, including aquatic ecosystems like marine and freshwater, and terrestrial ecosystems like forests, deserts, grasslands, and mountains. The document also outlines the fundamental characteristics of ecosystems, how they are structured and the processes within them involving energy flow, nutrient cycling, and changes over time. Factors that can impact ecosystem health are described, as well as some ways to maintain ecological balance.

1. .

2. ECO
SYSTEM
HARSHIT YADAV
SGT UNIVERSITY GURUGRAM-
HARYANA

3. INTRODUCTION
An ecosystem is a community of living
organisms in conjunction with the non-
living components of their environment,
interacting as a system. These biotic and
abiotic components are linked together
through nutrient cycles and energy
flows. Ecosystems are controlled by
external and internal factors

4. DEFINITION
Ecosystem is a community of living
organisms in conjunction with the non
living components of their environment
(water, air & mineral soil) interacting as a
system

5. ECOSYSTEM PROCESS
Ecosystem is controlled by two factors
 External Factors - control overall structure of
ecosystem. eg. Climate
 Internal Factors in ecosystem not only control
ecosystem processes, but are also controlled
by them

6. AQUATIC/ TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEM
AQUATIC ECOSYSTEM
They are biggest ecosystem found in a body of
water.
TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEM
They can be found anywhere apart from heavily
saturated place.

7. .
 AQUATIC ECOSYSTEM
• The Marine Ecosystem
• The Freshwater Ecosystem
TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEM
• The Forest Ecosystem
• The Dessert Ecosystem
• The Grassland Ecosystem
• The Mountain ecosystem

8. FUNDAMENTAL CHARACTERISTICS
• Living
• Non-living
STRUCTURE
• Energy flow
• Cycling of matter
PROCESS
• Dynamic
• Succession
CHANGE
• Organic compounds
• Inorganic substances
ABIOTIC
• Autotrophs
• Heterotrophs
BIOTIC

9. CHANGES IN ECOSYSTEM
THAT EFFECT HEALTH
Urbanization
Industrialization
Deforestation
Land
reclamation
Pollution
Population
explosion
Excess use
of resources

10. WAYS TO MAINTAIN
ECOLOGICAL BALANCE
Manage Natural Resources carefully
Control Population
Protect water
Recycle
Reduction in pollution
Prevent deforestation

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