Presentation by William Trent given during the March 2013 Looking Back, Moving Forward conference in Richmond, Virginia, hosted by University of Richmond and Virginia Commonwealth University.

1. “Looking Back, Moving Forward”
a conference on race, class, opportunity and school boundaries in the Richmond region
William Trent
The University of Illinois
March 14, 2013

2. Main Points
Segregation matters. There are serious and harmful educational
consequences.
Resegregation is reestablishing segregation but in a more
intense manner.
Desegregation is necessary but not sufficient to achieve the
benefits of diversity.
Integration should never be conflated to mean no more than
desegregation.

3. Resegregation of our schools is a long term trend
The next few slides present resegregation data for
school districts that were under court order to
desegregate. I served as an expert witness in each of
these districts.

4. Table 7
Percentage of Black Students in 90-100% Minority Schools
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
Charlotte-Mecklenburg 2.6 2.6 6.2 31.7 43.9
Kansas City * 26.1 54.7 76.3 77.2
Prince George’s County 20.0 55.4 68.9 82.7 88.7
San Francisco 48.4 55.6 69.2 73.6 65.3
St. Louis City * 59.4 55.4 67.3 61.0
* No data for Missouri for 1989-1990 school year.

5. Table 8
Percentage of Black Students in 50-100% Minority Schools
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
Charlotte-Mecklenburg 38.7 51.0 68.9 84.1 85.4
Kansas City * 100.0 96.0 98.4 98.8
Prince George’s County 90.7 95.4 99.1 99.9 100.0
San Francisco 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 97.9
St. Louis City * 98.5 99.4 99.4 97.8
* No data for Missouri for 1989-1990 school year.

6. Table 9
Percentage of Latino Students in 90-100% Minority Schools
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
Charlotte-Mecklenburg 1.1 .7 7.0 27.4 43.3
Kansas City * 9.6 19.7 33.3 31.1
Prince George’s County 22.9 52.5 71.2 84.2 88.3
San Francisco 55.2 59.1 69.5 76.1 66.7
St. Louis City * .0 4.0 14.9 12.0
* No data for Missouri for 1989-1990 school year.

7. Table 10
Percentage of Latino Students in 50-100% Minority Schools
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
Charlotte-Mecklenburg 41.1 53.9 76.9 82.0 83.8
Kansas City * 100.0 95.2 93.3 99.5
Prince George’s County 88.8 96.7 99.1 99.9 100.0
San Francisco 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 99.2
St. Louis City * 93.9 98.6 92.8 90.7
* No data for Missouri for 1989-1990 school year.

8. Percentage of Black Students in 50-100%
Minority Schools
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Chesterfield
County
33.0% 22.0% 22.6% 25.6% 26.4% 26.8% 25.9% 25.1% 23.8% 23.8%
Henrico
County
53.7% 53.4% 72.8% 70.7% 72.2% 73.1% 73.2% 73.1% 72.6% 83.2%
Richmond
Public
100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%

9. Percentage of Latino Students in 50-100%
Minority Schools
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Chesterfield
County
36.4% 31.6% 30.0% 36.5% 36.6% 35.3% 36.8% 35.3% 29.9% 27.6%
Henrico
County
10.2% 12.9% 15.9% 15.9% 17.1% 21.6% 19.4% 19.6% 20.4% 38.1%
Richmond
Public
100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%

20. Why do we care about Resegregation in education?
Resegregation is a threat to long persisting aspirations regarding equality of
educational opportunity:
A continuing concern to secure and protect the constitutional and human rights of
all citizens.
A continuing concern to achieve improved learning outcomes and academic
achievement.
A continuing concern to secure improved intergroup relations.
A continuing concern to secure improved long-term benefits in social mobility,
work and income.
A continuing concern to secure social justice and democracy.

21. School desegregation at its core is about
access to high quality educational
resources. Arguably that means access to
a rich curriculum and to excellent
teachers. The data suggests we are a long
ways away from accomplishing that goal.

22. Honors and AP Courses by High School
Table 5. Distribution of Honors and AP Courses by High School, School Years 1996-2000, SFUSD
High
School
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000
Honors
Courses
AP
Courses
School %
Black or
Latino
Honors
Courses
AP
Courses
School %
Black or
Latino
Honors
Courses
AP
Courses
School %
Black or
Latino
Honors
Courses
AP
Courses
School %
Black or
Latino
Honors
Courses
AP
Courses
School %
Black or
Latino
Balboa 5 1 50.56 0 0 48.37 7 2 46.15 4 2 46.51 6 3 48.55
Burton 13 7 44.94 15 7 48.28 12 5 49.28 13 6 46.96 13 5 46.63
Downtown 0 0 79.05 0 0 77.83 0 0 77.00 0 0 72.77 0 0 72.77
Galileo 14 4 23.51 13 6 25.15 12 5 24.36 16 9 23.75 14 8 22.79
Gateway . 0 0 . 0 0 . 0 0 30.10 0 0 39.46
Independence 0 0 45.97 0 0 49.59 0 0 49.86 0 0 47.00 0 0 49.40
International
Studies
Academy 4 3 47.40 3 2 46.28 4 4 45.60 8 4 49.48 6 3 53.85
Leadership . 0 0 . 0 0 34.15 0 0 45.60 0 0 49.43
Life Learning
Academy . 0 0 . 0 0 . 0 0 77.78 0 0 72.73
Lincoln 14 5 16.90 12 5 15.48 13 6 13.96 13 6 11.04 13 9 11.41
Lowell 16 21 14.05 18 21 15.04 16 22 14.62 17 24 14.93 16 24 13.18
Marshall 0 0 40.07 0 0 44.95 5 9 40.87 6 6 43.84 5 9 44.95
McAteer 8 3 53.47 8 6 54.14 10 6 51.39 9 6 53.16 9 5 52.86
Mission 4 3 52.27 3 2 54.99 2 1 57.03 8 2 58.37 7 6 61.16
Newcomer 0 0 35.15 0 0 27.03 0 0 9.20 0 0 31.22 0 0 36.61
O'Connell 0 0 56.90 1 0 54.84 0 0 56.83 0 0 56.56 1 0 58.62
School of the
Arts 3 4 26.09 3 5 25.55 3 6 25.69 3 4 26.75 2 5 28.11
Twain 0 0 44.30 0 0 40.54 0 0 36.65 0 0 30.22 0 0 29.15
Wallenberg 6 10 28.32 6 10 31.76 4 8 33.87 4 8 32.84 4 6 30.70
Washington 16 10 15.31 16 12 14.29 18 13 14.81 17 11 12.31 14 12 12.01
Wells 0 0 61.42 0 0 57.55 0 0 63.16 0 0 68.20 0 0 67.32

23. Access to AP courses by Race and Ethnicity. Detroit Metro Area 1995-1998
Table 4. AP Courses Offered By Public High Schools in the Detroit Metro
Area
Number
of AP
Courses
Offered
Maximum
1
CFactor
Points
Possible
Under
SCUGA
Guidelines
Number
of High
Schools
Racial Percentage Distribution of Students in
Schools by AP Courses Offered SY95-98
Senior Application Rate
to U of M, SY 95-98
Black Asian
American
Indians Hispanic White Black Hispanic White
None -1 24 38 8 11 29 4 2.16 3.89 2.28
1 0 14 20 3 9 13 6 2.86 6.19 2.83
2-3 1 25 13 10 25 11 14 3.67 7.05 2.16
4-5 2 29 18 14 27 16 22 7.53 7.89 3.32
6-7 3 13 2 4 9 8 12 1.89 3.90 2.15
8-19 4 42 9 61 19 22 41 7.75 22.26 9.37
Total N 147 186,915 14,646 5,040 11,499 495,006
Information on AP Courses from Detroit Free Press
1. The documentation for the C Factor indicates that a “-1”
can be awarded for some course-taking patterns. In
actuality, there is some ambiguity as to the extent to which
such a score is used .
1

25. 2007 Sociology of Education Association Annual Meeting

26. 2007 Sociology of Education Association Annual Meeting

27. 2007 Sociology of Education Association Annual Meeting

28. The proper education of any people includes sympathetic
touch between teacher and pupil; knowledge on the part of
the teacher, not simply of the individual taught, but of his
surroundings and background, and the history of his class
and group; such contact between pupils, and between
teacher and pupil, on the basis of perfect social equality, as
will increase this sympathy and knowledge; facilities for
education in equipment and housing, and the promotion of
such extracurricular activities as will tend to induct the child
into life.”
W.E.B. DuBois