This document summarizes a study on modifying cotton textiles with titanium dioxide (TiO2) to impart self-cleaning properties under daylight irradiation. The researchers functionalized cotton surfaces using plasma or UV treatments, then deposited TiO2 via sol-gel or powder coating methods. They found RF-plasma or MW-plasma followed by TiO2 from a titanium tetra-isopropoxide colloid most effectively discolored wine and coffee stains on different cotton types under daylight. Electron microscopy showed 5-7 nm TiO2 crystallites remained stable after 20 washings. X-ray diffraction revealed rutile formation on one cotton fiber type.
Synthesis and characterization of nano tio2 via different methodshena78
Titanium Dioxide nanoparticles are the ultra fine particles Particles of titanium dioxide (TiO2) have the diameters less than 100 nm. It is believed to be one of the three most produced nanomaterials , along with silicon dioxide nanoparticles and zinc oxide nanoparticles.
1. TiO2 nanofibers were fabricated using electrospinning of a solution containing polyvinyl acetate (PVAc), ethanol, acetic acid, and titanium tetraiso propoxide. The nanofibers were annealed at 450°C to form anatase TiO2.
2. The TiO2 nanofibers had diameters between 170-280 nm and demonstrated high surface area. Photocatalytic tests showed the TiO2 nanofibers were able to degrade over 90% of a 10 ppm Rhodamine B solution within 6 hours of UV light exposure without dispersing into a powder first.
3. Using a polymer like PVAc in the electrospinning process allowed
Visible Light Assisted Degradation of Eosin Yellow using Heteroatom Functiona...IJERA Editor
10 ppm EY dye were successfully photodegraded using visible light active 0.75wt% Ba & 0.25wt% Zr codoped
TiO2 nanomaterial that were synthesized by Sol-gel method as nanomaterials under irradiation for 20
minutes and characterized by various advanced instrumental techniques. The X-ray Diffraction Spectroscopic
showed that the prepared nanomaterial were in the anatase phase with 2θ at 25.3º. UV-visible Diffuse
Reflectance Spectra analysis explained that the dopants found in the TiO2, imparts a significance absorption
shift towards visible region and their exisistance were confirmed by X-ray Photoelectron Spectral data.
Quantitatively the formation of hydroxyl radical by the nanomaterial in aqueous solution under visible
light irradiation was investigated by the photoluminiscent technique. Finally the effects of different parameters
in the photocatalytic degradation of EY were established in aqueous solution
The document summarizes research on the preparation of a titania intercalated graphite oxide hybrid material and its photocatalytic activity. Specifically, it discusses how vein graphite from Sri Lanka was oxidized to produce graphite oxide using Hummers' method. The graphite oxide was then exfoliated and used to intercalate with nano titanium dioxide synthesized from titanium oxysulfate. Characterization techniques showed the successful intercalation of TiO2 nanoparticles in the graphite oxide layers. Testing found the hybrid material demonstrated greater photocatalytic activity in degrading methyl orange under UV light compared to nano TiO2 alone, indicating its potential for applications in photocatalysis.
Project report on Textile effluent treatment by electrochemical processBrijmohan Sharma
This document provides an overview of a student project on treating textile effluent water using an electrochemical process. It includes a certificate verifying the students conducted the project, an acknowledgements section thanking those who helped with the project, and a preface describing how the project helped the students learn. The contents section outlines the document, which explores using electrochemical treatment to make textile wastewater safer before discharge by reducing parameters like BOD, COD and suspended solids. The aim is to compare electrochemical treatment to conventional ETP methods and reduce treatment costs.
The document summarizes ongoing research to develop coatings for gravitational wave detectors like Advanced LIGO that minimize thermal noise. Coating thermal noise currently limits detector sensitivity. Research is focused on optimizing coating design and materials like titania-doped tantala to reduce mechanical loss. Experiments aim to better understand dissipation mechanisms to guide further improvements for Advanced LIGO and future detectors. An international collaboration of coating laboratories is working to characterize coatings and identify promising solutions.
The document summarizes ongoing research to develop improved coatings for reducing thermal noise in gravitational wave detectors like Advanced LIGO. Key areas of focus include reducing dissipation in tantala coatings through doping, investigating alternative high index materials, measuring material properties more precisely, and studying approaches for cancelling thermal noise effects through optimized coating designs. Several research groups outlined ongoing experiments and modeling efforts aimed at better understanding coating sources of thermal noise and informing future coating developments for gravitational wave detectors.
Synthesis and characterization of nano tio2 via different methodshena78
Titanium Dioxide nanoparticles are the ultra fine particles Particles of titanium dioxide (TiO2) have the diameters less than 100 nm. It is believed to be one of the three most produced nanomaterials , along with silicon dioxide nanoparticles and zinc oxide nanoparticles.
1. TiO2 nanofibers were fabricated using electrospinning of a solution containing polyvinyl acetate (PVAc), ethanol, acetic acid, and titanium tetraiso propoxide. The nanofibers were annealed at 450°C to form anatase TiO2.
2. The TiO2 nanofibers had diameters between 170-280 nm and demonstrated high surface area. Photocatalytic tests showed the TiO2 nanofibers were able to degrade over 90% of a 10 ppm Rhodamine B solution within 6 hours of UV light exposure without dispersing into a powder first.
3. Using a polymer like PVAc in the electrospinning process allowed
Visible Light Assisted Degradation of Eosin Yellow using Heteroatom Functiona...IJERA Editor
10 ppm EY dye were successfully photodegraded using visible light active 0.75wt% Ba & 0.25wt% Zr codoped
TiO2 nanomaterial that were synthesized by Sol-gel method as nanomaterials under irradiation for 20
minutes and characterized by various advanced instrumental techniques. The X-ray Diffraction Spectroscopic
showed that the prepared nanomaterial were in the anatase phase with 2θ at 25.3º. UV-visible Diffuse
Reflectance Spectra analysis explained that the dopants found in the TiO2, imparts a significance absorption
shift towards visible region and their exisistance were confirmed by X-ray Photoelectron Spectral data.
Quantitatively the formation of hydroxyl radical by the nanomaterial in aqueous solution under visible
light irradiation was investigated by the photoluminiscent technique. Finally the effects of different parameters
in the photocatalytic degradation of EY were established in aqueous solution
The document summarizes research on the preparation of a titania intercalated graphite oxide hybrid material and its photocatalytic activity. Specifically, it discusses how vein graphite from Sri Lanka was oxidized to produce graphite oxide using Hummers' method. The graphite oxide was then exfoliated and used to intercalate with nano titanium dioxide synthesized from titanium oxysulfate. Characterization techniques showed the successful intercalation of TiO2 nanoparticles in the graphite oxide layers. Testing found the hybrid material demonstrated greater photocatalytic activity in degrading methyl orange under UV light compared to nano TiO2 alone, indicating its potential for applications in photocatalysis.
Project report on Textile effluent treatment by electrochemical processBrijmohan Sharma
This document provides an overview of a student project on treating textile effluent water using an electrochemical process. It includes a certificate verifying the students conducted the project, an acknowledgements section thanking those who helped with the project, and a preface describing how the project helped the students learn. The contents section outlines the document, which explores using electrochemical treatment to make textile wastewater safer before discharge by reducing parameters like BOD, COD and suspended solids. The aim is to compare electrochemical treatment to conventional ETP methods and reduce treatment costs.
The document summarizes ongoing research to develop coatings for gravitational wave detectors like Advanced LIGO that minimize thermal noise. Coating thermal noise currently limits detector sensitivity. Research is focused on optimizing coating design and materials like titania-doped tantala to reduce mechanical loss. Experiments aim to better understand dissipation mechanisms to guide further improvements for Advanced LIGO and future detectors. An international collaboration of coating laboratories is working to characterize coatings and identify promising solutions.
The document summarizes ongoing research to develop improved coatings for reducing thermal noise in gravitational wave detectors like Advanced LIGO. Key areas of focus include reducing dissipation in tantala coatings through doping, investigating alternative high index materials, measuring material properties more precisely, and studying approaches for cancelling thermal noise effects through optimized coating designs. Several research groups outlined ongoing experiments and modeling efforts aimed at better understanding coating sources of thermal noise and informing future coating developments for gravitational wave detectors.
The adsorption behavior of Methylene blue dye, Bismarck brown Y dye, and Indigo dye on to Sphagnum cymbifolium (moss) was investigated as a function of flow rate, and bed height through the fixed bed process.
One of the main objectives of this research is to expand the field of application of natural biomass for the treatment of dye waste waters from industrial effluents. Additionally, it is aimed at elucidating the dependency or otherwise of flow rate, and bed height on adsorption using the fixed bed technique method of adsorption.
The biomass was characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy in order to examine the morphology of the biomass. The screened biomass samples were characterized at 1000 ×magnification, and 500 ×magnification respectively for their surface morphologies. This was done using a scanning electron microscope which was equipped with an energy dispersive x-ray spectrophotometer employed for the elemental composition analyses. It was equally characterized with Fourier Transformed Infrared Spectroscopy before and after adsorption to ascertain the functional groups responsible for the adsorption. This was done using a Fourier Transformed Infrared Spectrophotometer (Perkin-Elmer, England) in the wavelength range of 350-4000 nm.
Results for the biomass morphology obtained through the Scanning Electron Microscopy revealed the presence of tiny pores. These pores represent sites where dye molecules could be trapped in the course of the adsorption. The result from the Fourier Transformed Infrared Spectroscopy after adsorption show that C-H, C≡H, C≡C functional groups were responsible for the adsorption. For methylene blue dye, at the flow rate of 20 m3/s, the amount of dye adsorbed was 18.80 mg/g, 22.70 mg/g at 30 m3/s, and 25.40 mg/g at 40 m3/s. For Bismarck brown Y dye, at the same range of flow rate, the amount of dye adsorbed ranged from 12.34 mg/g - 20.62 mg/g. For indigo dye, the values obtained ranged from 6.48 mg/g - 17.71 mg/g. In addition, at the bed height range of 4.0 - 6.0x10-2(m), the amount of dye adsorbed ranged from 6.31 mg/g - 27.73 mg/g for methylene blue dye. Within the same range of bed height, the amount of dye adsorbed ranged from 16.40 mg/g - 25.60 mg/g for Bismarck brown y dye, and 12.57 mg/g - 17.71 mg for indigo dye.
Synthesis of Titaniumdioxide (TIO2) Nano ParticlesIOSR Journals
Titanium dioxide (TiO2) nano particles were synthesized using a sol-gel technique and characterized using XRD, SEM, and FTIR. XRD analysis confirmed the particles had an anatase crystalline structure. SEM images showed the particles were spherical and strongly aggregated. FTIR analysis detected hydroxyl groups on the particle surfaces. The band gap of the TiO2 nano particles was calculated to be 3.2 eV.
#scichallenge2017 Photocatalytic Degradation of Synthetic Wastewaters Contain...Seher Elif Mekik
#scichallenge2017
In our project, it was aimed to purify wastewaters containing methylene blue component and harmful to environment from methylene blue. For this purpose, synthetic methylene blue waste water was formed and chemically treated by photocatalysis.
Synthesis and charecterization studies of nano ti o2 prepared via sol gel methodeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
This document discusses the chemical structure and effectiveness of flame-retardant finishes. It explains that there are three main categories of flame retardants: primary retardants based on phosphorous or halogens, synergistic enhancers like nitrogen or antimony, and adjunctive retardants that use physical mechanisms. The key mechanisms of flame retardancy are the condensed phase, which alters the pyrolysis of fibers; and the gas phase, which interferes with combustion reactions through free radicals. Certain combinations of chemicals are most effective for different fiber types.
This document summarizes research on using laser processing techniques to deposit nanocrystalline titanium dioxide (nc-TiO2) films for use in dye-sensitized solar cells. Pulsed laser deposition was used to deposit a dense TiO2 layer and laser direct-write was used to deposit porous nc-TiO2 layers of varying thickness. Solar cells made with laser-processed nc-TiO2 layers showed a power conversion efficiency of up to 4.3% under solar illumination. Thicker nc-TiO2 layers increased short circuit current but decreased open circuit voltage, due to increased recombination losses. Laser processing techniques allow conformal deposition of nc-TiO2 without masks or additional patterning steps.
This document summarizes the synthesis, characterization, and properties of nickel ferrite (NiFe3O4) nanoparticles. Nickel ferrite was synthesized using a sol-gel technique and sintered at 600°C. X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed the formation of nickel ferrite and showed structural changes due to ion shifting between lattice sites. Scanning electron microscopy images showed agglomerated, porous nanoparticles with an average size of 0.21μm. AC conductivity measurements showed a conductivity of 1.0 x 10-4 S/cm due to dipole polarization. Dielectric properties were also measured as a function of frequency.
1. The document discusses the recycling of polyester, specifically polyethylene terephthalate (PET). PET is commonly used in textiles and plastic bottles.
2. Recycled PET (rPET) is considered more environmentally friendly than virgin PET as it uses less energy and emits fewer carbon emissions. rPET can be used to make new textiles, carpets, and sleeping bags.
3. The document then outlines processes for depolymerizing and recycling PET waste through glycolysis. The recycled PET can be used to produce polyester polyols, coatings, textile softeners, and hydrophobic dyes. It can also be used as reinforcement in concrete and to strengthen recycled paper.
Removal of dye from polluted water using novel nano manganese oxide-based mat...Dr. Md. Aminul Islam
Dyes are priority pollutants, commonly found at significant concentrations in textile effluents. The presence of dyes stuffs in wastewater can cause severe problems to aquatic life and human beings. Therefore, the removal of dyes from wastewater is important in order to minimize their hazardous effects on the environment. One way of removing dyes is to use nanosized manganese oxides (MnOs). To date, there has been much work reported on the use of nanosized MnOs as sorbents for dyestuffs. They are promising sorbents for commercial use due to their amorphous nature, high specific surface areas (SSA), mesoporous structure, and low to the moderate point of zero charge (pHPZC). This review summarizes the toxicity and recent advances for removing dyes from wastewater using nanosized MnO sorbents. The article also describes the various experimental parameters necessary for adsorption optimization, such as adsorption time, pH, initial dye concentration, amount of sorbent and temperature. Adsorption mechanisms investigated by various modeling approaches are also discussed. In particular, it was observed that much work has been reported on the use of birnessite and its composites for dye removal. There are many papers reporting on the use of MnO in batch mode dye removal, but very few that report on the use of MnO in continuous column removal systems. Therefore, there is still a considerable need for further research to develop effective and economical large scale MnO column systems for commercial use.
This presentation contains various aspects of Graphene like synthesis techniques, characterization, commercialization, mechanical and electrical properties and present and future application.
This document summarizes research on producing activated carbon from waste tea using potassium carbonate (K2CO3) as the activating agent. The objectives were to use waste tea as a raw material and determine how process parameters influence the activated carbon characteristics. Waste tea was carbonized at different temperatures and times, with varying K2CO3 amounts and impregnation periods. Testing showed that the surface area, yield, micropore and mesopore volumes depended on the carbonization conditions and K2CO3 levels. Micropores predominantly formed between 500-800°C, while mesopores increased at 900°C. Waste tea proved a potential low-cost source for high surface area, porous activated carbon.
Preparation and Characterization of Activated Carbon from Hura Crepitans Linn...theijes
Activated carbons were thermally prepared from Hura Crepitan L. seed shells. Zinc chloride (ZnCl2) and Phosphoric acid (H3PO4) were separately used as the activating agents. The activated carbons obtained were characterized by determining the percentage yield, moisture content, ash content and percentage fixed carbon. The adsorption of methylene blue by the activated carbon was done using 0.1 to 0.5g of the activated carbon. The results revealed that the percentage yield and ash content of H3PO4 impregnated activated carbon was higher than ZnCl2 impregnated activated carbon. On the other hand ZnCl2 impregnated activated carbon had higher moisture content and percentage fixed carbon. It was also revealed that ZnCl2 impregnated activated carbon had greater adsorption capacity than H3PO4 impregnated activated carbon. However it was found that the higher the adsorbent (activated carbon) dosage, the higher the adsorption capacity.
Synthesis of nanoparticles- physical,chemical and biologicalPriya Nanda
This document discusses various methods for synthesizing nanoparticles, including physical, chemical, and biological approaches. Physical methods include ball milling, melt mixing, physical vapor deposition techniques like sputtering and laser ablation. Chemical methods involve reducing metal salts or using sol-gel processes. Biological methods use microorganisms, plant extracts, proteins like ferritin, or biomolecular templates to synthesize nanoparticles. The document compares top-down lithography approaches to bottom-up assembly and provides many examples of synthesizing specific nanomaterials.
The document discusses disinfection and sterilization methods for reducing microorganisms in water treatment. It describes different disinfection techniques including physical methods like heat, radiation, and filtration and chemical methods like chlorine and ozone. The key factors that influence disinfection effectiveness are concentration and contact time, known as the CxT value. Regulations control disinfection byproducts that form when disinfectants react with organic matter in water.
Sintering of Silica-Nickel NanocompositesIJRES Journal
This document summarizes research on the sintering of silica-nickel nanocomposites. Silica-nickel composite powders with varying nickel contents were synthesized via a sol-gel process and heat treated. The powders were then pressed and sintered at temperatures from 1100-1250°C. Densification of the composites increased with both higher sintering temperature and longer sintering time. Higher nickel content also led to greater densification. Maximum densification occurred at 1250°C for 2 hours for compositions with 15-20% nickel. The nickel particles formed during heat treatment were in the nanoscale range of 27-60 nm as characterized through XRD and TEM analysis.
This article studies the effect of surface modification of polyester (PET) and silk fabrics by exposing to cold plasma discharge. The cold plasma discharge was proceeded using oxygen/Argon mixed gas as a working gas and different plasma device parameters have been studied such as: different time, different current and different hydrostatic pressure. Treated fabrics are characterized by the measurements and evaluation of mechanical properties, air permeability, Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) and the changes in surface morphological of pretreated fabrics were characterized by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Energy Dispersive X-Ray Analysis (EDX)). Then the exposed plasma fabrics at optimum conditions were modified with prepared nano-silver. The antibacterial activity for treated fabrics against gram positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aurous) and gram negative bacteria (Escherichia coli) were examined. Also the ultraviolet protection factor (UPF) values increase for both exposed fabrics but the increase is not significant in silk fabrics while antibacterial properties were highly improved by the treatment of fabric. As an applied part for the efficiency of the plasma and nano-treatment, oxygen and oxygen/argon mixed gas plasma and/or nano-silver treated silk samples were separately dyed with Natural Red Lac Dye. Finally, as a metrological part, the uncertainty budget of tensile strength measurement of polyester samples was calculated and analyzed with a well verified traceability via applying all the measurements which are traceable to SI units.
Self-Cleaning Finish on Cotton Textile Using Sol-Gel Derived Tio2 Nano FinishIOSR Journals
Abstract: TiO2 Nano Particles have been synthesized using titanium tetrachloride as precursor through Sol-gel
technique. The characterization of synthesized particles was done in XRD and FTIR analysis. It is revealed from
XRD and FTIT spectroscopy that the TiO2 nano particle formation. Subsequently the synthesized particles were
applied on the Cotton textile plan woven fabrics using pad patch method using 1 wt% of acrylic binder. While
coating three different contraction of TiO2 Nano particles were maintained. The self cleaning action of nano
coated fabric has been quantified by measuring photo catalytic degradation of stain due to visible light
irradiation. %of Decrease in K/S value is increased with respect to increase in TiO2 concentration as well as
duration of visible light irradiation. Keywords: TiO2 Nano particls, Self-cleaning property, Nano-Sol, Photocatalysis
PREPARATION OF POROUS AND RECYCLABLE PVA-TIO2HYBRID HYDROGELecij
Nano TiO2, one of the most effective photocatalysts, has extensive usein fields such as air purification,
sweage treatment, water spitting, reduction of CO2, and solar cells. Nowadays, the most promising method to
recycle nano TiO2during the photocatalysis is to immobilize TiO2onto matrix, such as polyvinyl alcohol
(PVA). However, due to the slow water permeability of PVA after cross-linking, the pollutants could not
contact with nano TiO2photocatalyst in time. To overcome this problem, we dispersed calcium carbonate
particles into a PVA-TiO2 mixture and then filmed the glass. PVA-TiO2-CaCO3 films were obtained by
drying. Through thermal treatment, we obtained the cross-linked PVA-TiO2-CaCO3 films. Finally, the
calcium carbonate in the film was dissolved by hydrochloric acid, and the porous PVA-TiO2 composite
photocatalyst was obtained. The results show the addition of CaCO3 has no obvious effect on PVA
cross-linking and that a large number of cavities have been generated on the surface and inside of porous
PVA-TiO2 hybrid hydrogel film. The size of the holes is about 5-15μm, which is consistent with that of
CaCO3.The photocatalytic rate constant of porous PVA-TiO2 hybrid hydrogel film is 2.49 times higher than
that of nonporous PVA-TiO2 hybrid hydrogel film.
The adsorption behavior of Methylene blue dye, Bismarck brown Y dye, and Indigo dye on to Sphagnum cymbifolium (moss) was investigated as a function of flow rate, and bed height through the fixed bed process.
One of the main objectives of this research is to expand the field of application of natural biomass for the treatment of dye waste waters from industrial effluents. Additionally, it is aimed at elucidating the dependency or otherwise of flow rate, and bed height on adsorption using the fixed bed technique method of adsorption.
The biomass was characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy in order to examine the morphology of the biomass. The screened biomass samples were characterized at 1000 ×magnification, and 500 ×magnification respectively for their surface morphologies. This was done using a scanning electron microscope which was equipped with an energy dispersive x-ray spectrophotometer employed for the elemental composition analyses. It was equally characterized with Fourier Transformed Infrared Spectroscopy before and after adsorption to ascertain the functional groups responsible for the adsorption. This was done using a Fourier Transformed Infrared Spectrophotometer (Perkin-Elmer, England) in the wavelength range of 350-4000 nm.
Results for the biomass morphology obtained through the Scanning Electron Microscopy revealed the presence of tiny pores. These pores represent sites where dye molecules could be trapped in the course of the adsorption. The result from the Fourier Transformed Infrared Spectroscopy after adsorption show that C-H, C≡H, C≡C functional groups were responsible for the adsorption. For methylene blue dye, at the flow rate of 20 m3/s, the amount of dye adsorbed was 18.80 mg/g, 22.70 mg/g at 30 m3/s, and 25.40 mg/g at 40 m3/s. For Bismarck brown Y dye, at the same range of flow rate, the amount of dye adsorbed ranged from 12.34 mg/g - 20.62 mg/g. For indigo dye, the values obtained ranged from 6.48 mg/g - 17.71 mg/g. In addition, at the bed height range of 4.0 - 6.0x10-2(m), the amount of dye adsorbed ranged from 6.31 mg/g - 27.73 mg/g for methylene blue dye. Within the same range of bed height, the amount of dye adsorbed ranged from 16.40 mg/g - 25.60 mg/g for Bismarck brown y dye, and 12.57 mg/g - 17.71 mg for indigo dye.
Synthesis of Titaniumdioxide (TIO2) Nano ParticlesIOSR Journals
Titanium dioxide (TiO2) nano particles were synthesized using a sol-gel technique and characterized using XRD, SEM, and FTIR. XRD analysis confirmed the particles had an anatase crystalline structure. SEM images showed the particles were spherical and strongly aggregated. FTIR analysis detected hydroxyl groups on the particle surfaces. The band gap of the TiO2 nano particles was calculated to be 3.2 eV.
#scichallenge2017 Photocatalytic Degradation of Synthetic Wastewaters Contain...Seher Elif Mekik
#scichallenge2017
In our project, it was aimed to purify wastewaters containing methylene blue component and harmful to environment from methylene blue. For this purpose, synthetic methylene blue waste water was formed and chemically treated by photocatalysis.
Synthesis and charecterization studies of nano ti o2 prepared via sol gel methodeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
This document discusses the chemical structure and effectiveness of flame-retardant finishes. It explains that there are three main categories of flame retardants: primary retardants based on phosphorous or halogens, synergistic enhancers like nitrogen or antimony, and adjunctive retardants that use physical mechanisms. The key mechanisms of flame retardancy are the condensed phase, which alters the pyrolysis of fibers; and the gas phase, which interferes with combustion reactions through free radicals. Certain combinations of chemicals are most effective for different fiber types.
This document summarizes research on using laser processing techniques to deposit nanocrystalline titanium dioxide (nc-TiO2) films for use in dye-sensitized solar cells. Pulsed laser deposition was used to deposit a dense TiO2 layer and laser direct-write was used to deposit porous nc-TiO2 layers of varying thickness. Solar cells made with laser-processed nc-TiO2 layers showed a power conversion efficiency of up to 4.3% under solar illumination. Thicker nc-TiO2 layers increased short circuit current but decreased open circuit voltage, due to increased recombination losses. Laser processing techniques allow conformal deposition of nc-TiO2 without masks or additional patterning steps.
This document summarizes the synthesis, characterization, and properties of nickel ferrite (NiFe3O4) nanoparticles. Nickel ferrite was synthesized using a sol-gel technique and sintered at 600°C. X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed the formation of nickel ferrite and showed structural changes due to ion shifting between lattice sites. Scanning electron microscopy images showed agglomerated, porous nanoparticles with an average size of 0.21μm. AC conductivity measurements showed a conductivity of 1.0 x 10-4 S/cm due to dipole polarization. Dielectric properties were also measured as a function of frequency.
1. The document discusses the recycling of polyester, specifically polyethylene terephthalate (PET). PET is commonly used in textiles and plastic bottles.
2. Recycled PET (rPET) is considered more environmentally friendly than virgin PET as it uses less energy and emits fewer carbon emissions. rPET can be used to make new textiles, carpets, and sleeping bags.
3. The document then outlines processes for depolymerizing and recycling PET waste through glycolysis. The recycled PET can be used to produce polyester polyols, coatings, textile softeners, and hydrophobic dyes. It can also be used as reinforcement in concrete and to strengthen recycled paper.
Removal of dye from polluted water using novel nano manganese oxide-based mat...Dr. Md. Aminul Islam
Dyes are priority pollutants, commonly found at significant concentrations in textile effluents. The presence of dyes stuffs in wastewater can cause severe problems to aquatic life and human beings. Therefore, the removal of dyes from wastewater is important in order to minimize their hazardous effects on the environment. One way of removing dyes is to use nanosized manganese oxides (MnOs). To date, there has been much work reported on the use of nanosized MnOs as sorbents for dyestuffs. They are promising sorbents for commercial use due to their amorphous nature, high specific surface areas (SSA), mesoporous structure, and low to the moderate point of zero charge (pHPZC). This review summarizes the toxicity and recent advances for removing dyes from wastewater using nanosized MnO sorbents. The article also describes the various experimental parameters necessary for adsorption optimization, such as adsorption time, pH, initial dye concentration, amount of sorbent and temperature. Adsorption mechanisms investigated by various modeling approaches are also discussed. In particular, it was observed that much work has been reported on the use of birnessite and its composites for dye removal. There are many papers reporting on the use of MnO in batch mode dye removal, but very few that report on the use of MnO in continuous column removal systems. Therefore, there is still a considerable need for further research to develop effective and economical large scale MnO column systems for commercial use.
This presentation contains various aspects of Graphene like synthesis techniques, characterization, commercialization, mechanical and electrical properties and present and future application.
This document summarizes research on producing activated carbon from waste tea using potassium carbonate (K2CO3) as the activating agent. The objectives were to use waste tea as a raw material and determine how process parameters influence the activated carbon characteristics. Waste tea was carbonized at different temperatures and times, with varying K2CO3 amounts and impregnation periods. Testing showed that the surface area, yield, micropore and mesopore volumes depended on the carbonization conditions and K2CO3 levels. Micropores predominantly formed between 500-800°C, while mesopores increased at 900°C. Waste tea proved a potential low-cost source for high surface area, porous activated carbon.
Preparation and Characterization of Activated Carbon from Hura Crepitans Linn...theijes
Activated carbons were thermally prepared from Hura Crepitan L. seed shells. Zinc chloride (ZnCl2) and Phosphoric acid (H3PO4) were separately used as the activating agents. The activated carbons obtained were characterized by determining the percentage yield, moisture content, ash content and percentage fixed carbon. The adsorption of methylene blue by the activated carbon was done using 0.1 to 0.5g of the activated carbon. The results revealed that the percentage yield and ash content of H3PO4 impregnated activated carbon was higher than ZnCl2 impregnated activated carbon. On the other hand ZnCl2 impregnated activated carbon had higher moisture content and percentage fixed carbon. It was also revealed that ZnCl2 impregnated activated carbon had greater adsorption capacity than H3PO4 impregnated activated carbon. However it was found that the higher the adsorbent (activated carbon) dosage, the higher the adsorption capacity.
Synthesis of nanoparticles- physical,chemical and biologicalPriya Nanda
This document discusses various methods for synthesizing nanoparticles, including physical, chemical, and biological approaches. Physical methods include ball milling, melt mixing, physical vapor deposition techniques like sputtering and laser ablation. Chemical methods involve reducing metal salts or using sol-gel processes. Biological methods use microorganisms, plant extracts, proteins like ferritin, or biomolecular templates to synthesize nanoparticles. The document compares top-down lithography approaches to bottom-up assembly and provides many examples of synthesizing specific nanomaterials.
The document discusses disinfection and sterilization methods for reducing microorganisms in water treatment. It describes different disinfection techniques including physical methods like heat, radiation, and filtration and chemical methods like chlorine and ozone. The key factors that influence disinfection effectiveness are concentration and contact time, known as the CxT value. Regulations control disinfection byproducts that form when disinfectants react with organic matter in water.
Sintering of Silica-Nickel NanocompositesIJRES Journal
This document summarizes research on the sintering of silica-nickel nanocomposites. Silica-nickel composite powders with varying nickel contents were synthesized via a sol-gel process and heat treated. The powders were then pressed and sintered at temperatures from 1100-1250°C. Densification of the composites increased with both higher sintering temperature and longer sintering time. Higher nickel content also led to greater densification. Maximum densification occurred at 1250°C for 2 hours for compositions with 15-20% nickel. The nickel particles formed during heat treatment were in the nanoscale range of 27-60 nm as characterized through XRD and TEM analysis.
This article studies the effect of surface modification of polyester (PET) and silk fabrics by exposing to cold plasma discharge. The cold plasma discharge was proceeded using oxygen/Argon mixed gas as a working gas and different plasma device parameters have been studied such as: different time, different current and different hydrostatic pressure. Treated fabrics are characterized by the measurements and evaluation of mechanical properties, air permeability, Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) and the changes in surface morphological of pretreated fabrics were characterized by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Energy Dispersive X-Ray Analysis (EDX)). Then the exposed plasma fabrics at optimum conditions were modified with prepared nano-silver. The antibacterial activity for treated fabrics against gram positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aurous) and gram negative bacteria (Escherichia coli) were examined. Also the ultraviolet protection factor (UPF) values increase for both exposed fabrics but the increase is not significant in silk fabrics while antibacterial properties were highly improved by the treatment of fabric. As an applied part for the efficiency of the plasma and nano-treatment, oxygen and oxygen/argon mixed gas plasma and/or nano-silver treated silk samples were separately dyed with Natural Red Lac Dye. Finally, as a metrological part, the uncertainty budget of tensile strength measurement of polyester samples was calculated and analyzed with a well verified traceability via applying all the measurements which are traceable to SI units.
Self-Cleaning Finish on Cotton Textile Using Sol-Gel Derived Tio2 Nano FinishIOSR Journals
Abstract: TiO2 Nano Particles have been synthesized using titanium tetrachloride as precursor through Sol-gel
technique. The characterization of synthesized particles was done in XRD and FTIR analysis. It is revealed from
XRD and FTIT spectroscopy that the TiO2 nano particle formation. Subsequently the synthesized particles were
applied on the Cotton textile plan woven fabrics using pad patch method using 1 wt% of acrylic binder. While
coating three different contraction of TiO2 Nano particles were maintained. The self cleaning action of nano
coated fabric has been quantified by measuring photo catalytic degradation of stain due to visible light
irradiation. %of Decrease in K/S value is increased with respect to increase in TiO2 concentration as well as
duration of visible light irradiation. Keywords: TiO2 Nano particls, Self-cleaning property, Nano-Sol, Photocatalysis
PREPARATION OF POROUS AND RECYCLABLE PVA-TIO2HYBRID HYDROGELecij
Nano TiO2, one of the most effective photocatalysts, has extensive usein fields such as air purification,
sweage treatment, water spitting, reduction of CO2, and solar cells. Nowadays, the most promising method to
recycle nano TiO2during the photocatalysis is to immobilize TiO2onto matrix, such as polyvinyl alcohol
(PVA). However, due to the slow water permeability of PVA after cross-linking, the pollutants could not
contact with nano TiO2photocatalyst in time. To overcome this problem, we dispersed calcium carbonate
particles into a PVA-TiO2 mixture and then filmed the glass. PVA-TiO2-CaCO3 films were obtained by
drying. Through thermal treatment, we obtained the cross-linked PVA-TiO2-CaCO3 films. Finally, the
calcium carbonate in the film was dissolved by hydrochloric acid, and the porous PVA-TiO2 composite
photocatalyst was obtained. The results show the addition of CaCO3 has no obvious effect on PVA
cross-linking and that a large number of cavities have been generated on the surface and inside of porous
PVA-TiO2 hybrid hydrogel film. The size of the holes is about 5-15μm, which is consistent with that of
CaCO3.The photocatalytic rate constant of porous PVA-TiO2 hybrid hydrogel film is 2.49 times higher than
that of nonporous PVA-TiO2 hybrid hydrogel film.
Photo-electrocatalytic activity of TiO2 nanotubes prepared with two-step anod...Iranian Chemical Society
To improve the photo-catalytic degradation of salicylic acid, we reported the fabrication of ordered TiO2 nanotube arrays by a simple and effective two-step anodization method and then these TiO2 nanotubes treated in a methanol solution under UV light irradiation. The TiO2 nanotubes prepared in the two-step anodization process showed better photo-catalytic activity than TiO2 nanotubes prepared in one-step anodization process. Also, compared with TiO2 nanotubes without the UV pretreatment, the TiO2 nanotubes pretreated in a methanol solution under UV light irradiation exhibited significant enhancements in both photocurrent and activity. The treated TiO2 nanotubes exhibited a 5-fold enhancement in photocurrent and a 2.5-fold increase in the photo-catalytic degradation of salicylic acid. Also the effect of addition of persulfate and periodate on the photo-catalytic degradation of salicylic acid were investigated. The results showed that the degradation efficiency of salicylic acid increased with increasing persulfate and periodate concentrations. These treated TiO2 nanotubes are promising candidates for practical photochemical reactors.
Journal of Science and Technology is an strive for Original Quality Research papers and Strictly No Plagiarism on all the Publications. It’s provided fast publication process in our journal. that has immediate, worldwide, barrier-free access to the full text of research articles without requiring a subscription to the articles published in this journal.
Nanometric TiO2 powders were obtained from low tem-perature calcination of a TiO2 resin prepared using the Pechini’s method. Firing the TiO2 resin at 500 oC/2h a powder with anatase phase was obtained, otherwise firing the TiO2 resin at 700 oC/2h a powder with rutile phase was achieved as measured by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The anatase powder presented average particle size of 60 nm observed by Scanning Electronic Microscopy (SEM-FEG) micrographs and average crystallite size of 13 nm calcu-lated from the XRD, while the rutile powder presented av-erage crystallite size of 34 nm. Nanocrystalline TiO2 films with good homogeneity and optical quality were obtained with 80 nm and 320 nm in thickness by Electron Beam Physical Vapour Deposition (EB-PVD) in vacuum on amorphous quartz substrates submitted at 350oC during the evaporation. The 80 nm-thick film presented average particle size of 140 nm and roughness (Ra) of 1.08 nm and the 320 nm-thick film showed average particle size of 350 nm and roughness (Ra) of 2.14 nm measured by Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). In these conditions of deposi-tion the films presented only anatase phase observed by XRD and MicroRaman spectroscopy.
PREPARATION OF POROUS AND RECYCLABLE PVA-TIO2 HYBRID HYDROGELecij
Nano TiO2, one of the most effective photocatalysts, has extensive usein fields such as air purification, sweage treatment, water spitting, reduction of CO2, and solar cells. Nowadays, the most promising method to recycle nano TiO2during the photocatalysis is to immobilize TiO2onto matrix, such as polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). However, due to the slow water permeability of PVA after cross-linking, the pollutants could not
contact with nano TiO2photocatalyst in time. To overcome this problem, we dispersed calcium carbonate particles into a PVA-TiO2 mixture and then filmed the glass. PVA-TiO2-CaCO3 films were obtained by drying. Through thermal treatment, we obtained the cross-linked PVA-TiO2-CaCO3 films. Finally, the
calcium carbonate in the film was dissolved by hydrochloric acid, and the porous PVA-TiO2 composite photocatalyst was obtained. The results show the addition of CaCO3 has no obvious effect on PVA cross-linking and that a large number of cavities have been generated on the surface and inside of porous PVA-TiO2 hybrid hydrogel film. The size of the holes is about 5-15µm, which is consistent with that of CaCO3.The photocatalytic rate constant of porous PVA-TiO2 hybrid hydrogel film is 2.49 times higher than that of nonporous PVA-TiO2
hybrid hydrogel film
Barium titanate (BaTiO3) doped with rare-earth elements (REE) is used as dielectric in the manufacture of multilayer ceramic capacitors (MLCCs). The most common REE oxide employed as dopant for this application is Y2O3. The behavior of the Y3+ in the BaTiO3 structure depends on its concentration and the sintering conditions, among other factors, which can induce the formation of secondary phases that are a potential cause a detriment to the electrical properties of BaTiO3. The purpose of this work is to perform a phase characterization of BaTiO3 doped with different concentrations of Y2O3, validating its possible contribution to the formation of secondary phases. The role of Y2O3 was evaluated on two kinds of raw materials. The first one is pure BaTiO3 (< 100 ppm Y) and the second kind is a commercial formulation designed for MLCCs known as X7R (-55°C and 125°C, 15% tolerance), which among other elements, already contained 1 wt% of Y2O3. High concentrations of Y2O3 (1% up to 20 wt%) were used aiming to promote structural changes, and even the formation of secondary phases in amounts suitable to be detected by X-ray diffraction. Heat treatment of powder and sintering of ceramics (powder compacted at 2 MPa) were conducted in air (1310°C in air for 3 h, two steps: 1350°C then 1150°C 15 h). A phase transition from tetragonal to a mixture of tetragonal and cubic was observed as Y2O3 concentration increases in the thermally treated powder and in the corresponding ceramics. Commercially formulated powder showed higher densification than pure BaTiO3, and produced cubic structure at higher Y2O3concentrations. The phase Ba6Ti17O40is detected in the 20 wt% Y2O3-doped sample.
The document describes the fabrication of thin films using a modified physical vapor deposition (PVD) module. Titanium dioxide and aluminum thin films were deposited on silicon substrates. The process involved evaporating the materials in a vacuum chamber using a tungsten boat. Samples were characterized using optical microscopy, atomic force microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and I-V testing. The results showed that the surface morphology and thickness of the thin films changed with increasing evaporation time. Optical microscopy images showed different surface structures after 1, 5, and 15 minutes of evaporation. Atomic force microscopy revealed the topography, thickness, and roughness of the titanium dioxide and aluminum thin films.
The document discusses barium perovskites as potential humidity sensing materials. Three key points:
1) Samples of BaMO3 (M=Ti, Zr, Hf, Sn) were prepared via wet chemical synthesis or solid state reaction and tested for their electrical response to humidity.
2) All samples showed an increase in capacitance and conductivity with increasing humidity, indicating interaction between water vapor and the crystal surfaces. Sensitivity was highest at low frequencies and decreased with increasing humidity.
3) Time response to humidity changes was typically 10-100 seconds for intermediate humidity levels. Response time was influenced by the amount of mesopores in the material, with shorter response times associated with less mesoporous
Modifying of li ni0.8co0.2o2 cathode material by chemical vapor deposition co...Alexander Decker
The document summarizes research on modifying the cathode material LiNi0.8Co0.2O2 by depositing thin ceramic oxide coatings via chemical vapor deposition to improve its thermal stability. Al2O3 and ZnO coatings were deposited. X-ray diffraction analysis showed the Al2O3 coating did not significantly change the material's structure, while the ZnO coating resulted in a new phase, likely a nickel-zinc compound. Electrochemical testing found the Al2O3-coated material had lower specific capacity in the first cycle but better capacity retention over subsequent cycles compared to the uncoated material. Differential scanning calorimetry also showed the Al2O3 coating reduced the exothermic reaction
Fabrication and characterization of uniform ti o2 nanotube arrays by sol gel ...Science Padayatchi
The document summarizes the fabrication and characterization of uniform TiO2 nanotube arrays synthesized using a sol-gel template method with an alumina membrane. Scanning electron microscopy images showed the TiO2 nanotubes were ordered and uniform, with diameters controlled by the alumina pore size. Transmission electron microscopy confirmed the hollow, open-ended structure of individual nanotubes. X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy demonstrated the nanotubes had an anatase crystal phase. UV-vis absorption spectroscopy exhibited a blue shift in the TiO2 nanotubes compared to bulk TiO2, attributed to quantum size effects.
Maiyalagan, Fabrication and characterization of uniform ti o2 nanotube arrays...kutty79
TiO2 nanotubes have been synthesized by sol–gel template method using alumina membrane.
Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Raman spectroscopy, UV absorption
spectrum and X-ray diffraction techniques have been used to investigate the structure, morphology
and optical properties of TiO2 nanotubes. SEM image showed that TiO2 nanotubes obtained were ordered and
uniform. The diameter and length of the nanotubes were decided by the pore size and thickness of alumina
template. Raman and XRD measurements confirmed the crystallinity and anatase phase of the TiO2 nanotubes.
The optical absorption measurement of TiO2 nanotubes exhibits a blue shift with respect to that of the
bulk TiO2 owing to the quantum size effect.
Fabrication and characterization of uniform ti o~ 2 nanotube arrays by sol ge...materials87
The document summarizes the fabrication and characterization of uniform TiO2 nanotube arrays synthesized using a sol-gel template method with an alumina membrane. Scanning electron microscopy images showed the TiO2 nanotubes were ordered and uniform, with diameters controlled by the pore size of the alumina template. X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy confirmed the nanotubes had an anatase crystal phase. Optical absorption measurements exhibited a blue shift compared to bulk TiO2, attributed to quantum size effects.
High-performance dye-sensitized solar cell using dimensionally controlled tit...Devika Laishram
The subject of the current study is a concoct of anatase and rutile mixed phase titania synthesized at 40 C and
10 C. At these sub-zero temperatures, highly crystalline, phase-oriented nanostructured titania were formed.
At 40 C, nanocrystals of TiO2 consist of the anatase phase while nanorods dominated by the rutile phase form
at 10 C. These samples are remarkable photoanode materials with excellent photon scattering ability in dyesensitized solar cells (DSSCs). On performance optimization of DSSCs, a composition of 0.5 wt% TiO2 (prepared
at 40 C) and P25 improved the photon harvesting by providing a large number of sites for interaction, resulting
in a high photocurrent of 18.46 mA cm2 and 8.6% photoconversion efficiency.
This document discusses inorganic fibers, including their classification, preparation methods, properties, examples, and applications. It describes how inorganic fibers such as carbon, glass, boron, and silicon carbide fibers are prepared through various chemical vapor deposition and thermal treatment processes. The key properties of inorganic fibers are their high strength, stiffness, thermal and chemical resistance. Common applications include uses in composite materials for aircraft and spacecraft due to their ability to withstand high temperatures during re-entry. The future of inorganic fibers is focused on developing new composite materials for additional applications.
Applicatuion and syntheis of tio2 projectBigil Gupta
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2012 synthesis and photocatalytic application of ternary cu–zn–s nanoparticle...Ngoc Khuong
This document discusses a study on synthesizing and characterizing ternary Cu-Zn-S nanoparticle-sensitized TiO2 nanotube arrays (Cu-Zn-S/TiO2 NTAs) as a novel photocatalyst. Cu-Zn-S nanoparticles were deposited onto TiO2 NTAs using a pulse electrodeposition method. Under simulated solar illumination, the Cu-Zn-S/TiO2 NTAs exhibited significantly enhanced photocatalytic degradation of 2,4-D and 9-AnCOOH pollutants compared to unmodified TiO2 NTAs. After 150 minutes, 100% of 2,4-D was degraded using Cu-Zn-S/TiO2 NTAs compared to 51.8
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The present work demonstrates for the first time the facile fabrication of TiO2 nanotube arrays (TNTAs) by a fluoride-free solid-state anodization process using LiClO4 containing solid polymeric electrolyte. The resulting nanotubes were tested for photoelectrochemical water splitting. The elimination of liquid electrolytes in electrochemical anodization constitutes a paradigm shift for the formation of nanoporous and nanotubular metal oxides. Our results open a new area of research that uses the distinctive properties of solid polymer electrolytes to achieve targeted doping and nano-morphologies. Characterization of the grown TNTAs indicated solid state anodized TNTAs to consist purely of the anatase phase of titania. The solid-state anodization process provides several advantages over conventional liquid electrolytes such as easy handling and processing, better charge transport, environmentally benign …
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2. A. Bozzi et al. / Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry 174 (2005) 156–164 157
water [8]; (b) at 100 ◦ C from sol–gel exposed to water vapor talline and amorphous regions. The C2 and E cotton samples
[9]; (c) at temperatures 60–180 ◦ C from TiO2 –SiO2 films ex- were pretreated in a conventional RF-plasma cavity (Har-
posed to water vapor [10]. In the last case, the treatment with rick and Co., UK). A variety of functional groups like: C O,
water vapor reduced the temperature necessary to produce O C O, COH, COOH, CH2 OH were introduced on
anatase crystallites in the sol–gel films to temperatures be- the fabric surface through the reaction between the active O-
low 100 ◦ C by phase separation of the TiO2 from the SiO2 ; species (singlet 1 O2 , atomic O, anion-radical O− and cation-
(d) anatase nano-crystals were produced more recently on radical O+ ) induced by the plasma activation of the gas phase
cotton fabrics from the TTIP alkoxide solution at low tem- on the carbon textile surface [16]. These oxygen function-
perature by sol–gel process with grain sizes of ∼20 nm. The alities obtained in the 0.1 mbar cavity of the RF-plasma at-
anatase phase was attained on the cotton textile surface by tained a higher concentration with longer treatment times up
boiling the textiles in water for 3 h [11]. to ∼30 min. This time has been chosen for RF-plasma pre-
Acrylic emulsions of TiO2 have been coated on tex- treatment during this study. Recently, the preparation of di-
tiles with the purpose of inducing self-cleaning effects un- verse catalysts using plasma technology has been described
der daylight irradiation [12], but the coating showed some [17,18]. The experimental conditions used during the RF-
degradation after being exposed to the action of daylight. plasma pretreatment were: plasma generator at 13.56 MHz;
Another low temperature fixation of TiO2 anatase nano- plasma power 100 W and a residual gas pressure of 0.1 mbar.
crystals on plastic substrates has been carried out recently
from silica–titania gels showing anatase cluster formation 2.2.2. MW-plasma
after hot water treatment [13]. The direct preparation of The C2 and E cotton samples were also pretreated in a
anatase/polymer nano-composite films from sol–gel titania MW-plasma cavity (Vacotec Corp., Neuchatel, Switzerland).
on polymer films is generally not possible due to the low re- A schematic representation of the MW-plasma unit is shown
sistance of the organic polymers to heat treatment [14,15]. in Fig. 1. Experiments were performed at 2.45 GHz. The
Recently polymers films with negative surface groups have power was varied from 100 to 600 W, the reaction times were
been exchanged with TiO2 to attach the titania on their surface changed from 10 to 180 s, the gas flow was between 20 and
by electrostatic attraction [14]. One of the reasons to under- 100 ml/min, and the gas pressure varied from 0.02 to 2 mbar.
take the present research is to explore the commercial poten- Before the sample treatments the plasma MW-chamber was
tial of the TiO2 semiconductor on cotton textiles prepared at evacuated for 2 h up to 0.01 mbar. MW-plasma in air (air-
relatively low temperatures for self-cleaning purposes. This MW-Plasma) was used to oxidize the cotton surface. The
study aims at the discoloration of organic materials includ- pretreatment time was varied between 5 and 45 s and usu-
ing dyes, pigments and grease on the modified cotton textile ally 120 ◦ C were not exceeded in this way. This is below
loaded with TiO2 . The use of TiO2 loaded flexible substrates the temperature of 180 ◦ C the upper limit for cotton textiles.
will possibly allow their application during the photodegrada- The ionized gas is composed atomic oxygen, ionic forms of
tion of micelles, oils, solvents, sooth, aromatic and aliphatic oxygen (negative and positive), radicals formed due to the
hydrocarbons under daylight. interaction of O-excited species and residual water vapor.
2.2.3. Vacuum–UV (V–UV)
2. Experimental
The cotton fabrics were also pretreated using the 185 nm
line of a low pressure mercury source from Ebara Corp.,
2.1. Materials
Iwasaki Electric Co., Shiba, Japan having a power of 25 W.
The scheme of the installation used is shown in Fig. 2. The
Base treated cotton (C2 ) and mercerized cotton samples
lamp wall consists of synthetic silica able to transmit the
(E) were used throughout this work. The mercerized cot-
ton network contained a variety of stabilizers, oxidants and
tensides to eliminate the natural grease, pectine, lignine and
stains associated with untreated cotton fibers. Titanium tetra-
chloride (TiCl4 ), titanium tetra-isopropoxide (TTIP), nitric
acid (HNO3 ) and hydrochloric acid (HCl) were Fluka p.a.
reagents and used as received. Triple distilled water was used
in all experiments.
2.2. Pretreatment of synthetic textiles fabrics
2.2.1. RF-plasma
Cellulose is the main component of wood and plant fibers.
Cotton is almost pure cellulose formed by d-glucose units Fig. 1. Schematic of a microwave-plasma (MW-plasma) unit used to pretreat
and its macro-structure is heterogeneous consisting of crys- the surface of cotton textiles.
3. 158 A. Bozzi et al. / Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry 174 (2005) 156–164
Fig. 2. Schematic of the V–UV unit used to pretreat the surface of cotton textiles.
184 nm lights. This wavelength comprises 25% of the total and peroxide groups form upon either pretreatment [17]. The
lamp output. 75% of the lamp output consisted of 254 nm bac- overall hydrophilicity of the textile surface was observed to
tericide radiation. Since the vacuum–UV activation proceeds drastically increase due to this pretreatment.
with a lower energy than the plasma activation, no cationic
or anionic oxygen species are formed in the gas phase. Only 2.3. Preparation of TiO2 colloids
atomic and excited oxygen species are formed and this is
the difference with the plasma methods described in section 2.3.1. TTIP as colloidal TiO2 precursor
(a) and (b) above. This leads to a more defined and uniform Titanium tetra-isopropoxide (TTIP, 20 ml) was added
modification of the textile surfaces with an increased polar- drop-wise to 300 ml of 2-propanol acidified by 1 ml of con-
ity because it contains a variety of oxygen functional groups centrated HNO3 and cooled at ∼0 ◦ C in an ice bath. The solu-
formed by the reactions of free radicals with the O2 in the tion was stirred for ∼1 h to attain total dissolution of the poly-
gas phase. The upper textile layers are excited by the incom- meric chains and produce a transparent colloidal solution.
ing UV light up to ∼100 A or the equivalent of about 50
˚
atomic layers [17,18]. Either by plasma or by vacuum–UV 2.3.2. TiCl4 as colloidal TiO2 precursor
pretreatment the residual oxygen at the pressures worked was An aliquot of 10 ml TiCl4 were slowly added to 1 L (0.5 M
sufficient to modify the textile surfaces due to the absorption HCl) aqueous solution. The reaction vessel was immersed in
cross-section of the O2 for plasma radiation or ultraviolet an ice-bath to prevent precipitation of TiO2 polymeric-sol
light. Fig. 3 shows in a simplified way the functional groups during to the kinetically fast and highly exothermic hydrol-
introduced in the cotton fibers by plasma or V–UV treatment. ysis process. The Cl− -ions in the solution were eliminated
A significant number of carboxylic, percarboxylic, epoxide by dialysis adding continuously distilled water within 2 days
Fig. 3. Diagram indicating the modification of cotton textiles induced by plasma or V–UV pretreatment.
4. A. Bozzi et al. / Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry 174 (2005) 156–164 159
using a cellulose membrane. The Cl− -ions have to be elimi- was measured in a GC (Carlo Erba, Milano) provided with a
nated since they interfere during the photo-catalytic destruc- Poropak S column.
tion of the stains by the TiO2 clusters on the textile surface
[16]. 2.6. Elemental analysis
Elemental analysis of the TiO2 loading on the textile fab-
2.4. Deposition of colloidal and TiO2 Degussa P25
rics was carried out by atomic absorption spectrometry using
powder coated textiles
a Perkin-Elmer 300 S unit.
2.4.1. Colloidal TiO2 2.7. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM)
Pretreated 4 × 12 cm textiles samples were immersed in
the chosen TiO2 colloidal suspension and exchanged for A Philips CM 300 (field emission gun, 300 kV, 0.17 nm
30 min as described in Section 2.2. Afterwards, the samples resolution) HRTEM microscope and a Philips EM 430
were dried in two steps: (a) first in air for 24 h at 22 ◦ C (lab- (300 kV, LaB6 , 0.23 nm resolution), provided with energy
oratory temperature) and (b) followed by heating at 100 ◦ C dispersive spectrometers (EDS) were used to measure the
for 15 min. The exchange operation to load the TiO2 on the particles sizes of the titania clusters coating the textile fab-
textiles was carried out immediately after the fabric pretreat- rics. The textiles were embedded in epoxy resin (Embed 812)
ment by any of the three techniques mentioned above. The and the fabrics were cross-sectioned with an ultra-microtome
reason for this is that the radicals formed at the fabric surface (Ultracut E, Reichert-Jung) to a thin section of 50–70 nm.
react with the humidity and oxygen of the air. This deacti- Magnification from about 1000× to 450,000× were used to
vates the radicals induced by the pretreatment. The textile characterize the samples and this allowed the determination
samples were then washed with distilled water under son- of the TiO2 cluster size up to the nanometer range.
ication to remove the TiO2 particles that did not attach to
the fabric surface. During this study we found that only pre- 2.8. X-ray diffraction
treated surfaces were able to fix TiO2 from colloidal solutions
(or powder suspensions or the combination of both. The dyes The crystallographic phase of the TiO2 on the textile sam-
with carboxylate groups have been recently reported to be ples was determined by a Siemens X-ray diffractometer using
able to anchor TiO2 via coordination [14]. Cu K␣ radiation.
2.4.2. TiO2 Degussa P25 powder
3. Results and discussion
The pretreated cotton textiles were immersed in a previ-
ously sonicated (30 min) aqueous solution of TiO2 Degussa 3.1. Development of CO2 due to the degradation of
P25 (5 g/l) and heated for 1 h at 75 ◦ C. The textile was dried wine, coffee, make-up and grease stains on C2 and E
for 1 h at 100 ◦ C and then the unattached TiO2 particles on cotton textiles prepared by different methods
the textile surface were washed out in distilled water by 5 min
sonication. A loading of 1.0–1.5% (w/w) for the sample 7 of Table 1 shows the values of the CO2 volumes formed dur-
Table 3 was determined by elemental analysis (see Section ing mineralization of organic various stains by TiO2 under
2.6). light. In practice besides the CO2 a small amount of inor-
ganic anions and cations are also produced during the min-
2.5. Irradiation procedure and evaluation of the textiles eralization process since the chromophore functional groups
cleaning action of red wine contain lycopenes, carotenoids and other natural
pigments besides a small amount of cations and anions. The
The photochemical reactor consisted of 80 ml cylindrical reaction vessel described in Section 2.5 of the experimental
Pyrex flasks containing a strip of textile of 48 cm2 positioned part was used for the CO2 determination. The evolution of
immediately behind the wall of the reactor. The wine stains CO2 of a red wine stain on C2 cotton pretreated by RF-plasma
are introduced on the cotton fabric using a micro-syringe with after 24 h irradiation is shown in the first line of Table 1 to
50 l of red wine. The irradiation of samples was carried out produce the highest amount of CO2 (2000 l) under solar
in the cavity of a Suntest solar simulator (Hanau, Germany) simulated light (50 mW/cm2 ).
air-cooled at 45 ◦ C. The Suntest lamp had a wavelength distri- Fig. 4 shows the evolution of CO2 as a function of irradi-
bution with 7% of the photons between 290 and 400 nm. The ation time for wine stains. It is seen that the CO2 evolution
profile of the photons emitted between 400 and 800 nm fol- increases at a slower pace at the beginning and more steeply
lowed the solar spectrum with a light intensity of 50 mW/cm2 above 8 h irradiation (trace c). Very small amounts of CO2
corresponding to 50% of AM1 (AM1 is light intensity of the were observed when cotton was irradiated with daylight in
midday equatorial solar radiation). The radiant flux was mon- the absence of TiO2 and wine (trace a). Also, small amounts
itored by a LSI Corporation power meter of Yellow Springs, of CO2 were observed when the cotton was stained with wine
CO., USA. The CO2 volume produced during the irradiation in the absence of TiO2 (trace b).
5. 160 A. Bozzi et al. / Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry 174 (2005) 156–164
Table 1
Textile type C2
Sample name Pre-treatment Pre-treatment time TiO2 precursor Red wine spot Coffee spot Make-up-spot Grease spot
CO2 (l) CO2 (l) CO2 (l) CO2 (l)
C2–2 RF-plasma 60 min TiCl4 2000 1800 1350 1900
C2–3 V–UV 15 min TTIP 1700 1430 1050 1270
C2–4 V–UV 30 min TTIP 1000 960 680 860
C2–5 V–UV 15 min TiCL4 1800 1280 880 1010
C2–6 V–UV 60 min TTIP 700 700 530 710
C2–13 MW-plasma 15 s TTIP 1200 1150 550 540
C2–14 MW-plasma 30 s TTIP 1200 1830 890 1330
C2–15 MW-plasma 15 s TiCl4 600 690 720 620
C2–16 MW-plasma 30 s TiCl4 600 790 400 290
TTIP sol–gel having a favorable action on the TiO2 structure
and dispersion on the textile surface. Generally the amount of
CO2 evolved under Suntest light irradiation on cotton (C2 ) is
significantly higher than for the mercerized cotton (E) sam-
ples. This is due to the adverse effect of the networking, sur-
face and oxidative additives used to mercerize the cotton (E)
samples. The TiO2 loaded textile allows for bigger time inter-
vals for the cleaning by conventional methods since the red
wine stains are already partially degraded on the TiO2 loaded
textiles due to the action of daylight and will be more recep-
tive towards the application of detergents during household
washing with the accompanying cost saving.
Table 3 shows the discoloration of red wine stains pre-
pared from different procedures on the cotton sample (C2 )
but pretreating with the UV-irradiation unit shown in Fig. 3.
By inspection of Table 3 it is seen that the surface textiles pre-
Fig. 4. CO2 evolution under Suntest light irradiation (50 mW/cm2 equivalent
to the daylight intensity in Switzerland in an average day) for C2 cotton treated with two UV low-pressure mercury lamps evolved the
samples pretreated for 30 min by V–UV as a function of time: (a) cotton highest quantity of CO2 from red wine stains. These quanti-
C2 alone; (b) cotton C2 with wine stain; and (c) cotton sample C2-2 stained ties are 5–7 times higher in l CO2 compared to the to CO2
with wine. evolved by red wine stains on textiles not coated with TiO2
(see Table 1) for textiles pretreated with only one UV lamp.
Table 2 presents the results for the evolution of CO2 from The results shown in Table 3 use the reactor shown in Fig. 3
the discoloring and/or decomposition of the wine stain on to perform the experiments allowing for a better geometry
mercerized cotton samples (E). The sample E-19 with a red and a closer distance between the cotton sample and the light
wine stain shows the most favorable CO2 evolution after 24 h source. The TiO2 Degussa P25 powder loading of the cot-
Suntest light irradiation. It was prepared using TTIP as the ton sample consisting of 80% anatase and 20% rutile having
TiO2 precursor and pretreating with MW-plasma for 15 s. The crystalline sizes of 30–40 nm seems to be the most suitable
MW-plasma treatment that is accompanied by heat seems to titania active in the removal of the pigments associated with
increase the contact between the cotton tissue and the surface red wine stains.
Table 2
Textile type E
Samples name Pre-treatment Pre-treatment time TiO2 precursor Red wine spot Coffee spot Make-up spot Grease spot
CO2 (nl) CO2 (nl) CO2 (Hi) CO2 (nl)
E-7 RF-plasma 60 min TTIP 200 300 250 360
E-8 RF-plasma 60 min TiCl4 125 160 150 150
E-9 V–UV 15 min TTIP 150 150 140 190
E-10 V–UV 30 min TTIP 140 170 130 120
E-11 V–UV 15 min TiCl4 100 130 160 190
E-12 V–UV 60 min TiCl4 160 220 150 160
E-17 MW-plasma 15 s TiCl4 550 450 370 460
E-18 MW-plasma 30 s TiCl4 170 250 330 280
E-19 MW-plasma 15 s TTIP 700 800 690 620
E-20 MW-plasma 30 s TTIP 600 650 610 640
6. A. Bozzi et al. / Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry 174 (2005) 156–164 161
Table 3
UV pretreated cotton type C2 red wine stains
Sample name Gas Lighted lamps TiO2 source Stain CO2 after 24 h irradiation (area)
Sample 7 Air 2 lamps Degussa P25 Wine 11807
Sample 14 Argon 8 lamps TiO2 (TTIP 10–15 nm) Wine 11501
Sample 13 Argon 8 lamps Degussa P25 Wine 11112
Sample 10 Air 8 lamps TiO2 (TTIP 10–15 nm) Wine 11064
Sample 3 Vacuum 2 lamps Degussa P25 Wine 9783
Sample 6 Vacuum 8 lamps TiO2 (TTIP 10–15 nm) Wine 9724
Sample 11 Argon 2 lamps Degussa P25 Wine 9391
Sample 5 Vacuum 8 lamps Degussa P25 Wine 8986
Sample 9 Air 8 lamps Degussa P25 Wine 8792
Sample 12 Argon 4 lamps Degussa P25 Wine 7659
Sample 4 Vacuum 4 lamps Degussa P25 Wine 7407
Sample 8 Air 4 lamps Degussa P25 Wine 7003
Table 4
UV pretreated cotton type C2 coffee stains
Sample name Gas Lighted lamps TiO2 source Stain CO2 after 24 h irradiation (area)
Sample 7 Air 2 lamps Degussa P25 Coffee 12308
Sample 14 Argon 8 lamps TiO2 (TTIP 10–15 nm) Coffee 11769
Sample 13 Argon 8 lamps Degussa P25 Coffee 10192
Sample 3 Vacuum 2 lamps Degussa P25 Coffee 9748
Sample 10 Air 8 lamps TiO2 (TTIP 10–15 nm) Coffee 9407
Sample 6 Vacuum 8 lamps TiO2 (TTIP 10–15 nm) Coffee 7682
Sample 8 Air 4 lamps Degussa P25 Coffee 7578
Sample 12 Argon 4 lamps Degussa P25 Coffee 7294
Sample 5 Vacuum 8 lamps Degussa P25 Coffee 7224
Sample 4 Vacuum 4 lamps Degussa P25 Coffee 6530
Sample 9 Air 8 lamps Degussa P25 Coffee 6183
Sample 11 Argon 2 lamps Degussa P25 Coffee 6132
Table 4 shows the discoloration of a coffee stain from only for the absorption of 4% of the incident light [1–4] a
different TiO2 precursors on the cotton sample (C2 ) and pre- multilayer TiO2 coating would be favourable for the photo-
treating with the UV unit shown in Fig. 3. By inspection of catalytic activity specially leading to increased or total TiO2
Table 4, it is seen that the pretreated cotton with two UV low light absorption.
pressure mercury lamps evolved the highest quantity of CO2
from the coffee stains.
3.2. Transmission electron microscopy of the most
efficient samples used in red wine discoloration on
cotton textiles
Fig. 5 presents the cross section of one cotton fibre on the
sample C2-2 loaded with TiO2 after 20 household washings.
The TiO2 layer was observed to be present in the same form
as before the washing cycles. This lends support to the stable
fixation achieved for TiO2 on the cotton C2-2 fibres. This
sample has been described in Table 1. The TiO2 layer had a
thickness of 180–300 nm. The sample C2-2 shows the highest
CO2 evolution from the decomposition of wine stains under
daylight irradiation. This is the reason why this sample was
selected to perform the TEM observation. These TEM results
strongly suggested that TiO2 crystalline clusters on the cot-
ton surface accounts for only a small amount of the total area
of the textile covered by TiO2 . The titania on the textiles was
identified by energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS) showing
that only a fraction of the TiO2 on the cotton was in a crys- Fig. 5. Transmission electron microscopy of a cotton textile sample C2-2
talline phase. The multilayer TiO2 coating was prepared from showing the stable TiO2 coating after 20 washings. For other experimental
the TiCl4 precursor. Since one monolayer of TiO2 accounts details see text.
7. 162 A. Bozzi et al. / Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry 174 (2005) 156–164
Fig. 8. Classical scheme for the production of highly oxidative species by
TiO2 under light irradiation with wavelengths <400 nm.
is a confirmation that a high dispersion of TiO2 clusters was
attained on the E-cotton samples.
Fig. 6. Transmission electron microscopy of a cotton textile sample E19 3.3. Mechanism suggested for the discoloration of stains
showing the TiO2 coating around a single cotton fiber. For other experimental on cotton textiles
details see text.
Fig. 8 shows the accepted mechanism during the last 25
Fig. 6 shows the TiO2 coating around E-19 single cotton years for the generation of highly oxidative radicals on the
fiber loaded with TiO2 in the way described in Table 2. A TiO2 surface when light below 400 nm is applied on the pho-
TiO2 coating of 150–220 nm thick was observed by TEM. tocatalyst surface [19,20]. Fig. 9a shows the intervention of
Clusters of TiO2 between 5.77 and 6.80 nm were found by TiO2 under daylight irradiation when photo-decomposing
HRTEM on the E-19 surface and are shown in Fig. 7. This a grease stain. The Suntest light which follows the solar
Fig. 7. High resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) of a Fig. 9. (a) Suggested scheme for the discoloration of grease stains under
cotton textile sample E19 showing the TiO2 clusters before washing. This Suntest light irradiation mediated by TiO2 photocatalyis. (b) Suggested
figure was Fourier filtered to enhance the atomic lattice constant. For other scheme for the discoloration of wine and coffee stains under Suntest light
experimental details see text. irradiation by TiO2 photocatalyis.
8. A. Bozzi et al. / Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry 174 (2005) 156–164 163
Fig. 10. Mechanism of photo-discoloration of the tannin pigment of wine
under daylight irradiation.
spectrum is absorbed directly by the TiO2 since the grease
absorbs light only <290 nm.
The mechanism of stains absorbing the incoming daylight
radiation is shown in Fig. 9b. This is known from several
studies during the last 20 years suggesting a dye sensitized
process when synthetic dyes like Orange are used [21,22].
Fig. 9b presents the scheme for the discoloration of the natu-
Fig. 11. (a) X-ray diffraction of (a) cotton C2-13 samples loaded with TTIP
ral colored pigment RH due to the generation of OH◦ , HO2 ◦ at time zero; (b) cotton C2-13 sample loaded with TTIP after 24 h irradiation
and H2 O2 on the TiO2 surface [23]. Fig. 9b suggests that in with Suntest solar simulated light (50 mW/cm2 ); and (c) cotton C2 blank. (b)
the case of synthetic dyes colored pigments sensitize a pro- X-ray diffraction of cotton C2-2 samples loaded with TiCl4 after RF-plasma
cess leading to dye discoloration under daylight irradiation. pretreatment after a 60 min photo-discoloration of a wine stain using Suntest
irradiation. The peaks marked with a small arrow correspond to the position
The decomposition of the organic compound goes through a
of rutile peaks.
cation intermediate (stain+ ) leading ultimately to the produc-
tion of CO2 . The electron injected into the TiO2 conduction
band starts the oxidative radical-chain leading to stain dis- wine stain. Fig. 11b shows the C2-2 sample before irradia-
coloration. tion. The position of the rutile peaks is indicated by arrows
Fig. 10 shows the mechanism for tannin photo-degradation in Fig. 11b. The sample C2-2, shows a high stain mineral-
in analogy with the photo-induced degradation reported re- ization efficiency for red wine, coffee, make-up and grease
cently for the lycopene, a natural pigment [24,25]. The tan- (Table 1) due to the presence of amorphous and rutile phase
nins and lycopenes are pigments found in plants and fruits. TiO2 .
Lycopene is a pigment of the carotenoid family. It is not only
found in the red wine used a probe molecule during this study
but it also gives its particular color to tomatoes and other veg- 4. Conclusions
etables.
Cotton textiles of the type C2 were treated with ammonia
3.4. X-ray diffraction studies of loaded TiO2 surfaces only mineralize more effectively stains of pigmented com-
pounds and grease upon TiO2 loading under daylight than E-
Fig. 11a shows the X-ray diffraction pattern for a blank cotton textiles containing several additives and surface form-
C2 sample (trace c) and for the samples C2-13 (see Table 1 ing agents. When light is harvested directly by the TiO2 , an
for the preparation details). Traces (a) and (b) before and increased CO2 evolution was observed with respect to wine
after discoloration of a wine stain after 24 h with Suntest and coffee stains under similar experimental conditions on
light are also shown in Fig. 11a. No crystalline phases of the same TiO2 loaded textile. The surface pretreatment of
TiO2 were found in traces (b) and (c). It is interesting to note the cotton textile used in this study allows to attach TiO2
that the cotton sample C2-13 loaded with amorphous TiO2 directly on the textile by functionalization of the cotton tex-
as shown by trace (b) was able to discolor the wine stain tile with a variable density of functional groups negatively
(Table 1). No difference is observed between traces (b) and charged. This pretreatment seems not to degrade the cotton
(c) in Fig. 11 showing the stability of the amorphous TiO2 surface. The pretreatment is applied in dry conditions in the
coating on the cotton during the photo-degradation of the absence of solvents. Also, the times employed for the cotton
9. 164 A. Bozzi et al. / Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry 174 (2005) 156–164
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