Welcome to Indian Dental Academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy has a unique training program & curriculum that provides students with exceptional clinical skills and enabling them to return to their office with high level confidence and start treating patients
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Prenatal growth & development /diploma orthodontic course by indian dental ac...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Prenatal growth & development /diploma orthodontic course by indian dental ac...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Concepts of growth and development / orthodontic courses /certified fixed or...Indian dental academy
Welcome to Indian Dental Academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all
aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Clinical implications of growth and development /certified fixed orthodontic ...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Temporo Mandibular joint (TMJ) importance in orthodontic treatment /certifie...Indian dental academy
Welcome to Indian Dental Academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Prenatal growth /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Concepts of growth and development / orthodontic courses /certified fixed or...Indian dental academy
Welcome to Indian Dental Academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all
aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Clinical implications of growth and development /certified fixed orthodontic ...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Temporo Mandibular joint (TMJ) importance in orthodontic treatment /certifie...Indian dental academy
Welcome to Indian Dental Academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Prenatal growth /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
When it comes to maternal healthcare, a lot of factors need to be taken into consideration. Another report reveals that the past decades have displayed a tremendous decline in the maternal mortality ratio
Neural crest cell /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Growth of midface /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental acad...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
00919248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Prenatal growth /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Mandible growth pre natal & post natal / /certified fixed orthodontic courses...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
00919248678078
Neural crest cells 1 /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental ...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Neural crest cells 1 /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental ...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Neural crest cells in 2 parts / dental implant courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Neural crest cells / dental implant courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Anomalies of the first and second branchial archesDr Medical
https://userupload.net/8n9v7tg9jkl1
Anomalies of the branchial arches are the second most common congenital lesions of the head and neck in children [1]. They may present as cysts, sinus tracts, fistulae or cartilaginous remnants and present with typical clinical and radiological patterns dependent on which arch is involved. The course of a particular branchial anomaly is caudal to the structures derived from the corresponding arch and dorsal to the structures that develop from the following arch. Branchial anomalies are further typed into cysts, sinuses, and fistulas.
Embryology Course II - 2nd and 3rd Weeks of DevelopmentRawa Muhsin
This session discusses:
1. The changes that occur in the second week of life
2. Some of the main events of the third week and beyond, including gastrulation and notochord formation, as well as the growth of the villous system
Similar to Prenatal growth and development in orthodontics /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy (20)
Opportunity for Dentists (BDS/MDS )to relocate to United kingdom -Register as a DENTAL HYGIENIST/ DENTAL THERAPIST without Board exams and after approval you can register in GDC as a DH/DT and start working as a DH/DT Immediately and get paid.
You can complete the whole process in 3-4 months.Salary range for DH/DT is around 2500-3500 Pounds per month.
Eligibility / requirements-
1. An International English Language Testing System (IELTS) certificate
at the appropriate level.(Within 2 yrs of application date )
2: A recent primary dental qualification that has been taught and examined in English..(Within 2 yrs of application date )
3: A recent pass in a language test for registration with a regulatory authority in a country where the first language is English.
If you are interested Please contact us for more details.
1ST, 2ND AND 3RD ORDER BENDS IN STANDARD EDGEWISE APPLIANCE SYSTEM /Fixed ort...Indian dental academy
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals
who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry,
Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
I –Aligners are made with FDA approved transparent thermoplastic materials using 3D scanning, 3D Printing and finally Trays with Pressure vacuum formers.
Dear Doctor,
Indian Dental Academy Now offers comprehensive online Orthodontics course.
Course includes:
1.whiteboard lecture presentations
2.Case Discussions
3.with hundreds of pictures.
4.Demo on Models
5.Demo on Patients
6. subtitles in your own language
12 months unlimited access and support @350 USD only.
For Demo please visit :www.idalectures.com/preview/
For more details visit: www.idalectures.com
Please contact us for any clarifications:
idalectures@gmail.com
indiandentalacademy@gmail.com
Thanks & Regards
Indian Dental Academy
--
Indian Dental Academy
Leader in continuing dental education
www.indiandentalacademy.com
skype:indiandentalacademy
+919248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Cytotoxicity of silicone materials used in maxillofacial prosthesis / dental ...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Diagnosis and treatment planning in completely endntulous arches/dental coursesIndian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Properties of Denture base materials /rotary endodontic coursesIndian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Use of modified tooth forms in complete denture occlusion / dental implant...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
2. According to Aristotle
“He who sees things
grow from the beginning will have the
finest view of them”
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om
3. Human development
from ovulation to
fertilization
Human development begins at
fertilization when a male gamete or
sperm unites with a female gamete
or oocyte to form a single cell _
ZYGOTE
This highly specialized totipotent
cell marked the beginning of each
of us aswww.indiandentalacademy.c
a unique individual
om
4. Primordial germ cells
Gametes are derived from
“primordial germ cells” that are
formed in the epiblast during the
second week and that move to the
wall of the yolksac
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om
5. During the fourth week these cells
begin to migrate from the yolk sac
toward the developing gonads ,where
they arrive by the end of fifth week
.mitotic divisions increase their
number during their migration and
also when they arrive in gonad
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om
6. These primordial germ cells undergo
“GAMETOGENESIS” and
“CYTODIFFERENTIATION” to
complete their maturation
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om
7. GAMETOGENESIS
Gametogenesis {gamete formation}is the
process of formation and development of
specialized generative cells _
”GAMETES”
This maturation process is called
spermatogenesis in males and oogenesis
in females
During gametogenesis the chromosome
number is reduced to half by a process
called “meiosis”
www.indiandentalacademy.c
om
10. Cell divisions
There are two types of cell division
MITOSIS
“ It is the process by
whereby one cell divides ,giving rise to
two daughter cells that are genetically
identical to parent cell”
Before a cell enters mitosis ,each
chromosome replicates its DNA
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om
12. MEIOSIS
It is the cell division that
takes place in the germ cells to
generate male and female gametes
(egg & sperm) respectively
Meiosis requires two cell divisions to
reduce the number of chromosomes to
haploid number
MEIOSIS I
MEIOSIS II
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om
13. MEIOSIS
1. SYNAPSE FORMATION
2. CROSSOVER
3.INTERCHANGE OF CHROMATID
SEGMENTS
4. CHIASMA FORMATION
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om
15. FERTILIZATION
It is acomplex sequence of
coordinated molecular events that
begins with contact between a sperm
& oocyte & ends with intermingling
of maternal &paternal chromosomes
at metaphase of first mitotic
division of zygote ,a unicellular
embryo
Usual site of occurrence of
fertilization is ampulla of uterine
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om
16. Cleavage of zygote
zygote {after 30hrs after fertilization}
Repeated mitotic divisions
Two blastomeres
Four blastomeres
Eight blastomeres
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om
18. COMPACTION
After the nine cell stage ,blastomeres
change their shape and tightly align
themselves against each other to form a
compact ball of cells .
This phenomenon is called “compaction”
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om
19. Morula
when there are 12 to 32 blastomeres ,the
developing human is called morula {mulberry}
It was given its name because it resembles a mulberry
or black berry
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om
20. Formation of blastocyst
Shortly after morula enters uterus [about 4days
after fertilization} a fluid filled space appears
inside the morula
As the fluid increases in the blastocystic cavity ,it
separates the blastomeres into two parts
a. trophoblast {outer cell layer}
b. embryoblast {inner cell mass}
At this stage of development the conceptus is
called a blastocyst
www.indiandentalacademy.c
om
22. During cleavage the zygote is within thick zona
pellucida
After free blastocyst has floated in the uterine
secretions for two days the zona pellucida
degenerates and disappears
Shedding of zona pellucida permits the
blastocyst to increase rapidly in size about six
days after fertilization the blastocyst attaches to
endometrial epithelium
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om
23. TROPHOBLAST (as blastocyst attaches to the
endometrial epithelium)
a. Inner layer of cytotrophoblast
b. outer mass of syncytiotrophoblast
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om
24. During second week of human
development
Formation of amniotic cavity
Formation of embryonic disk
Formation of yolk sac
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25. Formation of amniotic cavity
After implantation of blastocyst
small space appears in embryoblast
This space is the primordium of amniotic
cavity lined by amnioblasts
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26. Morphological changes occur in embryoblast that
result in formation of flat almost circular
bilaminar plate of cells,this embryonic disk has
two layers
HYPOBLAST
EPIBLAST
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28. EPIBLAST
forms floor of amniotic cavity
HYPOBLAST
forms the roof of exocoelomic cavity and is
continuous with thin exocoelomic membrane
Yolk sac
exocoelomic membrane +hypoblast
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31. Prechordal plate
Prechordal plate develops as a
localized thickening of hypoblast,
which indicates the future cranial
region of embryo and the future site of
mouth. Prechordal plate is also an
important organizer of head region
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33. Formation of germ layers
third week
GASTULATION
A. it is formative process by which the three germ
layers and axial orientation are established in
embryos.
B. during gastrulation the bilaminar
embryonic disc is converted into trilaminar
embryonic disc.
C. first sign of gastrulation is appearance of
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34. Primitive streak
Primitive streak results from proliferation and
migration of cells of epiblast to median plane of
the embryonic disc
Primitive streak appears “caudally in the median
plane of the dorsal aspect of the embryonic
disc”
It is possible to identify the embryos craniocaudal
axis, its cranial and caudal end, its dorsal and
ventral surfaces and its right and left sides.
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35. PRIMITIVE NODE
As the primitive streak elongates by
addition of cells to its caudal end ,its cranial end
proliferates to form a primitive node .
Concurrently a narrow groove primitive
groove develops in the primitive streak that is
continuous with a small depression in the primitive
node - primitive pit
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38. primitive streak {cells leave its deep
surface and form }
mesenchyme{ a tissue consisting of
loosely arranged cells suspended in a
gelatinous matrix}
some mesenchyme forms intra
embryonic or embryonic mesoderm
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39. Cells from epiblast displace the hypoblast forming the
intraembryonic or embryonic endoderm
Cells remaining in the epiblast form the intra embryonic
or embryonic ectoderm
Reasearch data suggest that signaling molecules of
the transforming growth factor{TGF-B}superfamily
induce ,the mesoderm
TGF-B{nodal},T-box transcription factor{veg-t}
and Wnt signalling pathway appear to be involved in
specification of endoderm
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40. Fate of primitive streak
Primitive streak diminishes and becomes
insignificant structure in
sacrococcygeal region of embryo by
end of fourth week
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41. Notochordal process and
notochord
Some mesenchymal cells migrate cranially from
the primitive node and pit forming a median
cellular cord ,the notochordal process
the primitive pit extends into the notochordal
process forming a notochordal canal
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45. Notochordal process is a cellular tube extends
cranially from the primitive node to the prechordal
plate
The floor of notochordal process fuses with the
underlying embryonic endoderm
The fused layers gradually undergo degeneration
resulting in the formation of openings in the floor
of the notochordal process ,which brings the
notochordal process into communication with the
yolksac
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47. The openings rapidly become
confluent and the floor of the
notochordal canal disappears ,the
remains of notochordal process form a
flattened ,grooved notochordal plate
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48. Intrinsic signals from the primitive streak
region induce notochordal precursor cells
to form the notochord
Beginning at the cranial end of the
embryo ,the notochordal cells proliferate
and the notochordal plate infolds to form
the notochord
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49. NOTOCHORD
It is an intricate structure around which the
vertebral column forms
It extends from the oropharyngeal membrane to
the primitive node .
The notochord degenerates and disappears as
the bodies of the vertebrae form but it persists
as the nucleus pulposes of each intervertebral
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50. • Notochord functions as the primary
inductor in the early embryo
• The developing notochord induces the
overlying embryonic ectoderm to
thicken and form the “neural plate”
[the primordium of central nervous
system]
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51. NEURULATION :FORMATION OF
NEURAL TUBE
The process involved in the formation of
the neural plate and neural folds and
closure of the folds to form the neural
tube constitute neurulation.
These processes are completed by the
end of fourth week
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52. Neural plate and neural tube
As the notochord develops the embryonic
ectoderm over it thickens to form an
elongated ,slipper like plate of thickened
epithelial cells ,the NEURAL PLATE
NEURAL PLATE appears cranial to
primitive node ,dorsal to notochord and
mesoderm adjacent to it .
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54. As the notochord elongates ,the neural
plate broadens and eventually extends
cranially as far as the oropharyngeal
membrane ,eventually the neural plate
extends beyond the notochord
On about 18th day ,the neural plate
invaginates along its central axis to form a
longitudinal MEDIAN NEURAL
GROOVE ,which has neural folds on each
side
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57. The NEURAL FOLDS become
particularly prominent at the cranial end of
the embryo and are the first signs of brain
development .
By the end of the third week ,the neural
folds have begun to move together and
fuse ,converting the neural plate into
NEURAL TUBE
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59. NEURAL CREST
FORMATION
As the neural folds fuse to form the neural tube, some
neuroectodermal cells lying along the crest of each
neural fold lose their epithelial affinities and
attachments to neighbouring cells
As the neural tube separates from the surface ectoderm,
neural crest cells migrate dorsoventrally on each side
of neural tube .
They soon form a flattened irregular mass, the neural
crest, between the neural tube and the overlying surface
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62. Neural crest soon separates in to right and
left parts migrate into the dorsoventral
aspects of neural tube, here they give rise
to sensory ganglia and cranial nerves
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64. Neural crest cells migrate in various
directions and disperse within the
mesenchyme
Although these cells are difficult to identify
special laser techniques have revealed
neural crest cells disseminate widely
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65. Neural crest cells give rise to
1. Spinal ganglia
2. Ganglia of ans
3. Ganglia of cranial nerves
5,7,9,10
4. Pigment cells
5. suprarenal medulla
6. several skeletal and muscular
components in head
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66. Laboratory studies indicate that
BMP, Wnt,Notch,FGF are
involved in signalling systems of
neural crest formation and in
migration and differentiation of
neural crest cells
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67. PHARYNGEAL
APPARATUS
Pharyngeal apparatus are aslo known as
Branchial apparatus
The word Branchial is derived from greek
word Branchia which means
Gill.
The head and neck regions of a 4 week
human embryo resemble these regions in a
fish embryo of a comparable stage of
development hence the name
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69. Pharyngealapparatus consists of
1. Pharyngeal arches
2. Pharyngeal pouches
3. Pharyngeal grooves
4 pharyngeal membranes
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70. PHARYNGEAL ARCHES
The pharyngeal arches begin to develop
early in the fourth week as Neural crest
cells migrate into the future head and neck
regions
First pair of pharyngeal arches{primodium
of jaws} appear as surface elevations lateral
to developing pharynx
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72. BY the end of fourth week ,4 pairs of
pharyngeal arches are visible externally .
5 & 6 pharyngeal arches are rudimentary
and are not visible on surface of embryo
Pharyngeal arches are separated from
each other by fissures known as
pharyngeal groove
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73. Pharyngeal arch components
Each pharyngeal arch consists of a core of
mesenchyme {embryonic connective
tissue}and is covered externally by
ectoderm and internally by endoderm
This mesenchyme is derived from
mesoderm in third week ,during fourth week
most of the mesenchyme is derived from
neural crest cells that migrate into
pharyngeal arches
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74. Neural crest cells are unique in that
despite their neuroectodermal origin
they make a major contribution to
mesenchyme in head & neck region
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75. Fate of pharyngeal arches
Pharyngeal arches contribute extensively to formation of
face , nasal cavities, mouth,larynx,pharynx&neck
During fifth week, second pharyngeal arch enlarges and
overgrows the third and fourth arches ,forming an
ectodermal depression called cervical sinus
By the end of 7 week the second to fourth pharyngeal
grooves and cervical sinus have disappeared giving neck a
smooth contour
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77. Typical pharyngeal arch contains
1. aortic arch
2. a cartiliaginous rod
3. muscular component
4. nerve
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78. Derivatives of pharyngeal arch
cartilages
FIRST ARCH
Dorsal end of first arch cartilage [meckel
cartilage] is closely related to the developing ear
and ossifies to from two middle ear bones ,the
malleus and incus
Middle part of cartilage regresses but its
perichondrium forms the anterior ligament of
malleus and the sphenomandibular ligament
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79. Second arch
Dorsal end of second arch cartilage {Reichert
cartilage} aslo related to developing ear,ossifies to form
stapes of middle ear and the styloid process of temporal
bone
The part of cartilage between the styloid process and hyoid
bone regresses ,its perichondrium forms stylohyoid ligament
Ventral end of second arch cartilage ossifies to form lesser
cornu and superior part of body of hyoid bone
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80. Third arch cartilage ossifies to form greater
cornu and the inferior part of body of hyoid
bone
The fourth arch cartilage and sixth arch
cartilage fuse to form laryngeal cartilages,except
for epiglotis
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82. Derivatives of pharyngeal arch muscle
Derivatives of pharyngeal arch nerves
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83. Pharyngeal pouches
Primordial pharynx derived from foregut
widens cranially ,where it joins the primordial
mouth/stomodeum and narrows caudally
where it joins the esophagus.
The endoderm of pharynx lines the internal
aspects of pharyngeal arches and passes into
ballon like diverticula called pharyngeal
arches
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84. There are 4 well defined pairs of pharyngeal
pouches fifth pair is absent/rudimentary
First pharyngeal pouch
1. tubotympanic recess
2. tympanic membrane
3. tympanic cavity and mastoid antrum
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85. Second pharyngeal pouch
1. Palatine tonsil
2. Tonsillar sinus
Third pharyngeal pouch
1. Inferior parathyroid gland
Fourth pharyngeal pouch
1. Superior parathyroid galnd
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86. PHARYNGEAL GROOVES
head and neck regions of
human embryo exhibit four pharyngeal
grooves on each side,these grooves
separate the pharyngeal arches externally
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87. Pharyngeal membrane
it appears in floors of pharyngeal
grooves .these membranes separate pharyngeal
pouches from pharyngeal grooves
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88. Thyroid gland development
It is first gland to develop
after about 24 days after fertilization there
appears median endodermal thickening in
the floor of primordial pharynx
this thickening soon forms a small
outpouching Thyroid primodium
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89. Thyroid primodium is hollow but it soon becomes
solid and it divides into right and left lobes which
are connected by isthmus of thyroid gland
Thyroglossal duct
for a short time thyroid gland is
connected to tongue by a narrow tube ,the
thyroglossal duct.
By end of 7 weeks thyroid gland has assumed its
final site in neck ,by this time thyroglossal duct has
normally degenerated and disaappeared
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90. Development of face
Five facial primordia appear around large
primordial stomodeum early in 4 week ,they are
1. single frontonasal process
2. paired maxillary process
3. paired mandibular process
Facial development depends on the inductive
influence of the prosencephalic
&rhombencephalic organizing centers
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92. Frontonasal prominence surrounds the
ventrolateral part of the forebrain
Frontal part of frontonasal process forms the
forehead
The nasal part forms the rostral boundary of the
stomodeum, primodial mouth, nose
The paired maxillary prominence forms the lateral
boundaries of the stomodeum
The paired mandibular process forms the caudal
part of primitive mouth , stomodeum
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93. FORMATION of LNP and MNP
Nasal placode
By the end of 4th week bilateral oval thickenings of surface
ectoderm develop. These are known as nasal placodes.
by the end of 5th week the nasal placodes invaginate to form
nasal pits, in doing so they create a ridge of tissue that
surrounds each pit and forms nasal prominences
the prominences on the outer edge of the pits are lateral nasal
prominences and those of inner ridge are medial nasal
prominences
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95. FORMATION OF UPPER LIP
During the following 2 weeks the maxillary
prominences due to proliferation of
mesenchyme continue to increase in size and
grow medially compressing the MNP towards
the midline.
Subsequently the cleft between the MNP and
MP is lost and the 2 fuse, hence the upper lip is
formed by 2 MNP and 2 MP.
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97. NASOLACRIMAL DUCT
MP and LNP are seperated by deep furrow
known as nasolacrimal groove
The ectoderm in this floor of this groove forms
a solid epithelial cord that detaches from the
overlying ectoderm
After canalization the cord forms the
nasolacrimal duct, its upper end widens to form
lacrimal sac
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98. Lower jaw and lower lip are the first
formed parts of the face to be formed.
They result from merging of medial ends
of mandibular prominences in the medial
plane.
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103. Formation of nose
Nose is formed from 5 facial prominences.
Frontonasal prominence gives rise to nasal
bridge.
Merged medial nasal prominences provide
the crest and the tip.
Lateral nasal prominences form the sides
or alae of the nose.
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104. Intermaxillary segment
As a result of medial growth of maxillary
prominences the MNP merge forming
intermaxillary segment.
It has 3 components:
1. The labial component
2. upper jaw component
3. palatal component
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106. Summary of facial development
FNP forms fore head, dorsum apex of nose,
LNP and MNP.
LNP forms the sides of the nose
MNP forms nasal septum and philtrum of upper
lip.
Maxillary prominences forms the upper cheek
and most of upper lip.
Mandibular process gives rise to chin, lower lip,
lower cheek region
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107. Development of palate
Palate develops from two primordia
1. The primary palate
2. The secondary palate
Primary palate
early in the 6th week the primary palate
– median palatine process begins to develop
from the deep part of the intermaxillary
segment of maxilla
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108. The primary palate forms the
premaxillary part of maxilla .it
represents only a small part of the
adult hard palate
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109. Secondary palate
The secondary palate is the primodium of the
hard and soft parts of the palate
The secondary palate begins to develop early in 6th
week from two mesenchymal projections that
extend from the internal aspects of maxillary
prominences.
Initially these structures the lateral palatine
process or palatal shelves project inferomedially
on each side of tongue
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110. As the jaws develop tongue becomes relatively
smaller and moves inferiorly
During seventh and eighth week the lateral
palatine process ascend to horizontal position
superior to tongue
Gradually these process approach each other
and fuse in median plane they also fuse with
nasal septum and posterior part of primary
palate
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111. Bone gradually develops in the primary palate
forming the premaxillary part of the maxilla
concurrently bone extends from maxilla and
palatine bones into the lateral palatine process
to form hard palate
The posterior parts of these processes do not
become ossified they extend posteriorly
beyond the nasal septum and fuse to form
soft palate ,including its soft conical
projection uvula
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112. Anomalies of lip and palate
1. Anterior cleft anomalies
2. Posterior cleft anomalies
3. Clefts involving the upperlip
a. unilateral
b. Bilateral
c. median cleft lip
4 Complete cleft palate
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113. Facial clefts
INCISIVE FORAMEN is considered
the dividing landmark between the
anterior and posterior cleft deformities
Those anterior to incisive foramen
include
1. Lateral cleft lip
2. Cleft upper jaw
3. Cleft between primary and secondary
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114. Anterior defects are mainly due to partial
or complete lack of fusion of maxillary
prominence with medial nasal prominence
on one or both sides
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115. POSTERIOR CLEFTS
1. cleft palate
2. cleft uvula
Cleft palate:
Lack of fusion between palatal shelves
Smallness of shelves
Failure of shelves to elevate
Inhibition of fusion process
Failure of tongue to drop from between the shelves
because of micrognathia
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116. Anterior clefts vary in severity from a barely
visible defect in the vermillion of lip to
extension into nose
In severe cases the cleft extends to a deeper
level,forming a cleft of the upper jaw and the
maxilla is split between the lateral incisor and the
canine tooth
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117. OBLIQUE FACIAL CLEFT
failure of fusion of maxillary prominence to
merge with its corresponding lateral nasal process
o MEDIAN FACIAL CLEFT
incomplete merging of the two medial nasal
prominences in the midline .this anomaly is usually
accompanied by a deep grove between the right and left
sides of nose
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118. Development of salivary glands
During 6th, 7th, week salivary glands
development begins as solid epithelial buds
from primordial oral cavity
The club shaped ends of these epithelial
buds grow into the underlying
mesenchyme
The connective tissue in glands is derived
from neural crest cells
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119. Parotid gland
First to appear
They develop from buds that arise from the oral
ectodermal lining near angles of stomodeum
These buds grow towards ears and branch to
form solid cords with rounded ends
Later the cords canalize develop lumina and
become ducts by about 10th, weeks
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120. Rounded ends of the cords differentiate in to
acini
Secretions commence at 18 weeks
The capsule and connective tissue develop from
surrounding mesenchyme
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121. Submandibular gland
Appear late in 6th week
They develop from endodermal bulbs in the floor of
stomodeum ,they grow posteriorly ,lateral to tongue
Acini begin to form at 12 weeks
Secretory activity begins at 16 weeks
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122. Sublingual gland
They appear in 8th week
They develop from multiple endodermal
epithelial buds in paralingual sulcus
These buds branch and canalize to form 10
to 12 ducts that open inti floor of mouth
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123. Development of tongue
Tongue appears in embryos of
approximately 4 weeks in the form of
1. two lateral lingual swellings
2. one median swelling
3. the tuberculum impar
these three they arise from first
pharyngeal arch
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124. A second median swelling, copula or
hypobranchial eminence is formed by the
mesoderm of second, third, part of fourth
arch
A third median swellings formed by the
posterior part of the fourth arch marks the
development of the epiglottis
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125. The lateral lingual swellings overgrow the
tuberculum impar and merge ,forming the
anterior two thirds of tongue
Sensory innervation to this part of tongue is the
mandibular part of trigeminal nerve
Posterior part is formed from second ,third&
part of fourth arch
Sensory innervation to this part of tongue is
glossopharyngeal nerve
Extreme posterior part of tongue is innervated
by superior laryngeal nerve
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126. Special sensory innervation (taste) to
anterior two-thirds is chorda tympani
While to posterior is glosssopharyngeal
nerve
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127. Molecular regulation of facial
development
Much of the face is mainly derived from neural crest
cells that migrate into pharyngeal arches
In hind brain they(NCC) orginate from rhombomeres
(segmened regions)
They are eight segments
NCC from R1 & R2 migrate to first arch
Cells from R4 go to second arch
Those from R6 & R7 go to third arch
Those from R8 go to fourth and sixth arches
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128. Patterning of pharyngeal arches is regulated by HOX
genes carried by migrating neural crest cells
The expression patterns of HOX genes occur in
specific overlying patterns
The expression patterns determine the organization of
cranial ganglia and nerves and pathways of neural
regulation
Initially crest cells express the HOX genes from their
segment of origin ,but maintainence of this specific
expression is dependant upon interaction of cells with
mesoderm in pharyngeal arches
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129. A host of upstream and down stream genes are involved
in expression pattern
SONIC HEDGEHOG may be one of the upstream
regulators
Retinoids can also regulate HOX gene expression in a
concentration dependant manner
Regulation occurs through
retinioc acid response elements
In addition to HOX gene ,OTX2 also participate in
morphogenesis of first arch
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130. Thank you for Watching
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